...the, “various interactions and contacts of patients at different institutions of care” (Vaartico-Rajalin et al., 2015, p. 2) can expose them, their families, and caregivers to the many lurking infections that are not as easily controlled. Infections transmitted in this manner are termed hospital acquired infections (HAI). To protect everyone in these environments, as well as in any care institution or home care setting from the threat of infection, the CDC has set standards for the use of personal protection equipment (PPE). PPE as explained by the Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) includes: gloves, gowns, masks, and goggles, and can also include other items based on the severity of the situation (Valdez, 2015). The determination of what items of PPE to wear and when to wear them, is based on...
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...At home, forms of protection from EV-D68 include: washing hands often with soap and water for about 20 seconds or use an alcohol-based sanitizer, avoiding close contact with infected people, like kissing or sharing eating utensils, when coughing and/or sneezing, contain droplets by covering your mouth with your elbow or using a tissue, keeping sick children home, and cleaning and disinfecting surfaces most touched or in contact with the sick...
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...PR ACTICE STAndARd Infection Prevention and Control Table of Contents Introduction Standard Statements Application of evidence-based measures Application of professional judgment Risk reduction Communication Maintaining a Quality Practice Setting Case Scenarios Appendix Glossary of Clinical Terms References 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 11 12 OuR MISSIOn is to protect the public’s right to quality nursing services by providing leadership to the nursing profession in self-regulation. OuR vISIOn is excellence in nursing practice everywhere in Ontario. Infection Prevention and Control ISBN 1-897074-32-8 Pub. No. 41002 Copyright © College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009. Commercial or for-profit redistribution of this document in part or in whole is prohibited except with the written consent of CNO. This document may be reproduced in part or in whole for personal or educational use without permission, provided that: • Due diligence is exercised in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • CNO is identified as the source; and • The reproduction is not represented as an official version of the materials reproduced, nor as having been made in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, CNO. First published February 1996 as Infection Control Guidelines (ISBN 1-894557-33-6) Reprinted January 2000, October 2000, revised for Web June 2003, reprinted January 2004 as Infection Control (ISBN 1-894557-44-1) Revised June 2004, December 2005. Reprinted May 2008 (ISBN 1-897074-32-8)...
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...Epidemiology of Influenza Bethany Baird Grand Canyon University Concepts in Community and Public Health NRS-427V September 19, 2014 Epidemiology of Influenza Influenza is an illness that is seen and addressed on a yearly basis. Each year, come fall, individuals line up a their local clinic or physician’s office to acquire the influenza vaccine in an attempt to ward off the seasonal virus known as the flu. “The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs (American Lung Association, n.d.).” There are 3 main strains of the seasonal influenza virus that break off into further subcategories. This virus can affect people of all ages and demographics. According to the National Foundation for Infectious Diseases, the flu affects over 60 million people every year in the United States alone . While during “flu season” there are a number of illnesses that are prevalent, influenza has identifiable signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms associated with the flu are often very recognizable but also may vary in their severity. One of the most prominent symptoms is a sudden onset of fever and feverish chills accompanied by body and joint aches. This could be referred to as the “cardinal sign” of the flu (American Lung Association, n.d.). Other symptoms include cough, sore throat, headaches, and runny nose. These symptoms can be associated with the common cold, however, when coupled with fever and body aches, there is...
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...Unit 9 1. Using specific examples, explain the differences between infection & contamination. The entry and development (of many parasites) or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals. Infection is not synonymous with infectious disease; the result may be inapparent (see Inapparent infection) or manifest (see Infectious disease). The presence of living infectious agents on exterior surfaces of the body, or on articles of apparel or soiled articles, is not infection, but represents contamination of such surfaces and articles. (SeeInfestation and Contamination.). Contamination—The presence of an infectious agent on a body surface, in clothes, bedding, toys, surgical instruments or dressings, or other inanimate articles or substances including water and food. Pollution is distinct from contamination and implies the presence of offensive, but not necessarily infectious, matter in the environment. Contamination of a body surface does not imply a carrier state. 2. What type of reservoir does the pathogen Treponema pallidum have? Explain why it is said to cause acute and possible chronic illness in infected patients. Humans are the natural reservoir of Syphilis. The type of microbe: spirochaete is transmitted from an infected person to a new host usually through sexual intercourse, although it can also enter the body via a skin abrasion on close contact with an infected person. Acute (short live and rapid) in the primary stage and chronic...
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...examine the meniscus at the top until it successfully met 50 mL. After that was done, the excess base was then disposed of via sink drain. After that process, the acid on the side was set directly underneath the nozzle of the buret with paper towel underneath to prevent rogue spills. A precaution made was to measure out the largest droplets possible to ensure the more accurate results when checking how many droplets were in a milliliter. In contrast to the other method of letting droplets quickly run, it has shown the incorrect method yielded 23 drops per milliliter while the used method listed 11 drops per milliliter. This choice was made knowing that larger droplets will be dropped near the end due to accumulation of liquid when slowly dropping. Prior knowledge of the acid from previous failed attempts gave the call to pour in about half of the base before slowing down the droppage. The base was then stirred with a metal flat piece to disperse the red color. Then slowly was 20 drops added until 3/4ths of the buret was missing. Then it was reduced to 5 drops, 2 drops, and eventually 1 while stirring after each addition. The changes of increments went off lab members’ discretion and judgement based off the longevity of the red blotches in the flask. In each millimeter drops were counted carefully in caution of the acid neutralizing midway of the milliliter. The counting reset every milliliter. Eventually the measurement marks were gone in this trial and there was a blind spot, in...
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...Western Governors University Kyle Mawer HAT1 Task 3 A1. Outbreak SARS stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome. This syndrome is a viral respiratory infection caused by a member of the coronavirus family (PubMed Health.gov, 2011). This virus belongs to the same family of viruses that cause the common cold. Linked to being a serious form of pneumonia, it presents symptoms like difficulty breathing, fevers, cough, chills and shaking, and muscle aches. The outbreak of SARS originated in the Guangdong Province, in southern China, in November 2002. It is suspected that SARS started in small mammals in China and spread to humans who handled these mammals (PubMed Health.gov, 2011). Another source states contaminated sewage was found to be responsible for the outbreak in a housing estate in Hong Kong affecting over 300 residents (Chan-Yeung, M., 2003). On February 21, Liu Jianlun, a 64-year-old Chinese physician from traveled to Hong Kong to attend a family wedding despite the fact that he had a fever. Epidemiologists determined that Mr. Jianlun passed on the SARS virus to other guests at the Metropole Hotel where he stayed—including an American businessman en route to Hanoi, Vietnam by the name of Jonny Chen (SARS, 2012). Mr. Chen grew ill in a Vietnam Hospital. Dr. Carlo Urbani, who was a member of the World Health Organization, contracted the SARS virus after caring for Mr. Chen. Dr. Urbani was the first to formally identify SARS as a unique disease...
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...gram positive obligate aerobe, meaning it could only live in oxygen containing environments. This explains why pulmonary tuberculosis is so common because the lungs create a perfect environment for mycobacterium tuberculosis growth, due to high levels of oxygen. Tuberculosis can infect any organ in the body but it mainly infects the lungs. Tuberculosis can be either latent TB or active TB. Latent TB is when mycobacterium tuberculosis is present in the body but the immune system is fighting the bacteria so the body has not yet developed tuberculosis and remains dormant in the body. Tuberculosis can only be transmitted from person to person through air droplets. Thus, when an infected person expels saliva into the atmosphere any persons who inhales those droplets may get tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the air droplets can also survive in the air for several minutes. This means that you could contract tuberculosis even after the infected person leaves the room. Extrapulmonary TB (TB outside the lungs) is not easily transmitted. You cannot contract TB through kissing, holding hands, or touching objects an infected person may have...
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...Running Head: Blood Splatter Analysis Blood Spatter Analysis Kenisha Callahan AJS 592 Dr. Steven Gilbert Blood Spatter Analysis Blood spatter analysis is “the systematic assessment of the visual patterns of bloodstains at crime scenes based on the physics of fluids” (Brodbeck, 2012, p. 51). It has been studied since 1895 when Dr. Eduard Piotrowski published "Concerning the Origin, Shape, Direction and Distribution of the Bloodstains Following Head Wounds Caused by Blows." The next acknowledgment of BPA was in 1955 when Dr. Paul Kirk entered blood splatter evidence in the State of Ohio v. Samuel Sheppard case. Dr. Herbert MacDonell started training personnel of law enforcement about blood spatter analysis in 1971. Since that time, bloodstain pattern analysis has grown and continues to develop. Blood pattern analysis is used in a lot of crime scene investigations and can hold valuable information. Blood spatters can indicate important clues such as, the number of blows to the victim, the force of the blows, weapon used, and position and/or movement of the victim and suspect. Blood spatter can be classified into three categories, low velocity, medium velocity, and high velocity (Saferstein, 2011). Low velocity spatter consists of large separate or compound drops with diameters measuring three millimeters or more. It is usually the result of dripping blood. Medium...
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...The cilia work like a filter for the lungs. The same as a filter works for a vehicle. When the filter doesn’t work properly in the lungs, it causes them to swell, effecting how the rest of the body functions, potentially leading to death. If the filter in a car gets clogged it effects how the vehicle runs and can eventually lead to a vehicle that doesn’t run and what satisfaction is a vehicle that doesn’t run? Pertussis is an acute infection caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Humans are the source of infection and it is spread from person to person through respiratory droplets via inhalation or direct contact and occurs worldwide and year round. Anytime one laughs, coughs, sneezes, hugs, kisses, or just breathes pertussis can be spread as a result of the closeness with the respiratory droplets. The period of communicability for pertussis is five days after starting antibiotic treatment and are utmost contagious two weeks after coughing begins. (London, Ladewig, Davidson, Ball, Bindle, & Cowen, 2014, pg. 1158). Like many other diseases come the nasty side effects. With pertussis it can be easily mistaken for a cold for the reason that its early symptoms are runny nose, low-grade fever, mild cough, and apnea and usually last for one to two weeks. During the second stage the mild coughing changes to rapid high pitched coughs that can induce vomiting and causes one to tire easily. The second stage usually lasts for one...
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...C4 THE SAMPLING, THE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF THE BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL ZMLIM 2015/2016 dr n. med. MONIKA ŁYSAKOWSKA IMPORTANT • The microbiology results begins with the patient and not at the door of the microbiology laboratory. • The proper collection and transport of specimens is critical • The communication between the microbiology laboratory and those collecting specimens may be necessary • All samples should be treated as if infectious materials SUCCESSFUL LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS Advance planning Collection of adequate and appropriate specimens Sufficient documentation Biosafety and decontamination Correct packaging Rapid transport Choice of a laboratory that can accurately perform the tests Timely communication of results SUFFICIENT DOCUMENTATION CASE INVESTIGATION FORM Should include: Patient information • Age (or date of birth), sex, ID number/complete adress Clinical information • Date of onset of symptoms, clinical and immunization history, risk factors or contact history where relevant, anti-microbial drugs taken prior to specimen collection Laboratory information • Acute or convalescent specimen • Other specimens from the same patient SUFFICIENT DOCUMENTATION CASE INVESTIGATION FORM- LABORATORY Receiving laboratory records: date and time when specimen was received Name and initials of the person receiving specimen Record of specimen quality SUFFICIENT DOCUMENTATION LABELING SPECIMENS Patient’s name ...
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...that usually affects children. This disease spread rapidly through direct contact with people that are also infected and this virus spread even more in respiratory droplets or airborne transmission (Dworkin, 2010). Mumps is said to be discovered by Ernest William Goodpasture and Claude Johnson during 1934, based on their critical analysis, they have further proven that mumps is a virus. This discovery was further enhanced by the German Biologist, John Enders and American biologist Karl Habel, who...
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...------------------------------------------------- Applications of Epidemiology – A Case Study Shaneil White July 19, 2015 hSA505 Dr. Chad Moretz July 19, 2015 hSA505 Dr. Chad Moretz Analyze Good Health Hospital’s records and itemize recent nosocomial infections that occurred within the past year. In your report, categorize the different parameters (i.e., person, time, place, ethnicity, and gender) used in the compilation of data into the nformation summative. Currently at the Good Health Hospital, there’s a nosocomial outbreak of E. coli on Ward 10 on the second floor. Four cases have been identified so far linked to spoil food from the cafeteria, with two more cases pending. After meeting with chief administrator Joe Wellborn, one patient could possibly been symptomatic with the bacteria prior to admission. Parameters discussion below: * Person: 4 identified cases. (1. Male, age 23), (2. Female, age 21), (Male, age 15), and (Female, age 42). * Place: Good Health Hospital, Ward 10, second floor; Good Health Hospital cafeteria. Also research has indicated that other area hospitals around Tampa Bay has been contaminated with E. coli as well. * Time: Within the past week. Propose at least six (6) questions for the health care administrator at Good Health Hospital, regarding potential litigation issues with infections from the nosocomial diseases. Rationalize, in your report, the logic behind your six (6) questions. Traditionally, nosocomial infections have generally...
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...the form of physical reassurance, assisting with cups, or direct physical contact when applying lotions or eye drops. Any infectious agent transmitted by the contact or droplet route can potentially be transmitted during the medication round. Hand hygiene is widely acknowledged to be the single most important activity for reducing the spread of infection. Facility X states in its “policy and procedures” that it follows the concept of the ‘5 moments for hand hygiene’ developed by the World Health Organization. This includes washing hands: 1 Before touching a patient, 2 Before a procedure, 3 After a procedure, 4 After touching a patient, 5 After touching patient’s surroundings/belongings These 5 times are mostly adhered to in facility x, except for step 5, washing hands after touching a patients surroundings. This was often overlooked, possibly because of the lack of association between the items in the room and part laziness. At facility x, the use of suitable alcohol based hand rub before each patient contact is encouraged, and is in plentiful supply on the medication trolley and with the washbasins. Alcohol based hand rubs require less time to perform hand hygiene than regular hand washing procedures with a liquid soap and water. Pump bottles are more easily accessible than basins. Alcohol-based hand rubs are less likely to cause irritation to the skin when used...
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...FINAL EXAM REVIEW Know which residents make up the majority of Long-term Care facility admissions [page 1] Difference between a policy and a procedure [page 5] Policy is a course of action that should be taken every time a certain situation occurs. (Example, a very basic policy is that healthcare information must remain confidential.) Procedure is a method or way of doing something. (Example, your facility will have a procedure for reporting information about residents. The procedure explains what form to complete, when and how often to fill it out, and to whom it is given.) Scope of practice for nursing assistants, specific tasks outside of the scope of practice [page 15] The things you are allowed to do and how to do them correctly. Tasks outside the scope of practice: NAs do not administer medications unless trained and signed to do so, NAs do not honor a request to do something outside the scope of practice, not listed in the care plan, or not on the assignment sheet, NAs do not usually perform procedures that require sterile technique. NAs do not diagnose or prescribe treatments or medication, NAs do not tell the resident or the family the diagnosis or the medical treatment plan. Describe the purpose of the care plan [page 16] A care plan is created for each resident by the nurse or doctor. The care plan is a guide to help the resident reach and maintain the best level of health possible. Long-term care survey process [page1] Surveyors study how well staff care...
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