...any risk of side-effects. Vaccination is designed to create immunity by administering weakened diseased cells into an individual to stimulate the immune system to develop immunity to the harmful pathogen (Phac-aspc.gc.ca, 2014). Vaccination plays an important role within society of protecting humans and eradicating harmful diseases (Vaccines.gov, 2015). This essay will identify and...
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...threatening diseases it is important to get the child immunized on the routine basis. There is the possible risk of every vaccination and it should be informed prior to the immunization as in specific there are lot of controversies about Measles Mumps Rubella immunization leading to autism. Therefore, this research essay will focus on the issues related to conflict of autism as a side effect of measles mumps rubella vaccine. The PICO process is the method to develop a framework and answer to a clinical question using evidence based practice based on literature research. The acronym PICO stands for P (Population/patient)-this addresses the specific population. From the scenario, it can be identified that the 11month baby as the patient or population. I (Intervention) – intervention can be treatment, procedure, diagnostic test, and risk or prognostic factors. In this scenario the intervention will measles mumps rubella vaccine immunization. C (Comparison) –not to immunize O (Outcome)- is the effect of the intervention. For example, it is the risk that comes after certain comparison. Therefore, the outcome in the scenario is causes autism. Hence, the question that was developed using PICO process is “In the infants does immunizing with Measles Mumps Rubella (MMR) in comparison to no immunization leads to development of autism?” (Huang et al, 2006) The result of this research is based on the different database and literature reviews with search based on the immunization in infants...
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...Vaccines are a preventative medication to confer immunity against one or several diseases. Vaccinations stimulate a response in the immune system that will protect the individual from the targeted disease. This is achieved from injecting a patient with an antigenic variation of the disease or a synthetic substitute. Vaccines are considered as one of the greatest medical achievements and are responsible for the world-wide eradication of smallpox. Although child immunisations are effective in prevention of disease, some parental concerns persist that vaccines may cause autism. Three specific proposals for this cause include; the vaccine for measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) and a toxic preservative named thimerosal. This essay will investigate both...
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...is the issue that needs to be discussed. Why are vaccines a necessity of current times? Even though vaccines may have some side effects, they have saved many lives as everyone already knows. They prevent many types of diseases and stop the spread of others. Just image having to send your children to school that’s filled with other children carrying diseases and viruses. Viruses such as small pox, measles, and mumps that could invade your child’s body which in most circumstances will then be brought home and spread to other family members. Therefore, every child in America needs to be vaccinated before beginning school because vaccines can prevent disease, save lives, and alleviate sick days at school. Firstly, many of these contagious diseases in children are preventable. Many of the viruses that cause diseases such as measles, mumps, or small pox are very dangerous. Sometimes the symptoms are very mild or not even noticed. While other times the symptoms can be severe, possibly even leaving a residual effect. For example, as everyone knows, if an adult male contracts mumps, this may cause sterility. Another example is polio, although preventable, once this disease is contracted it can lead to permanent muscle weakness. Once someone contracts one of these types of disease, it can possibly be fatal. Fortunately, these types of diseases are now avoidable thanks to vaccines. All of these viruses and more now have an enemy, it’s called a vaccine. From the “Feed a cold, starve a fever”...
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...Running head: IMMUNIZATION:RISKS VS BENEFITS Immunization: Risks vs Benefits Gail D. Adams G124/ENC1101 Section 07 Abstract As the world population continues to grow, the issue of whether or not to immunize our children is one that needs to be investigated, and resolved. This paper will inform the reader of both the risks, and the benefits associated with immunization, as well as, dispel the rumors and misinformation surrounding the vaccines used. Immunization: Risks vs Benefits In the world we live in today, the incidence of serious or deadly disease still remains, and just because the U.S. has not had a pandemic recently, the possibilities of a disease of epic proportions is basically only a plane ride away. It is very important to be educated and informed about immunization, the risks versus benefits, so that we can be wise and immunize. Immunization Benefits Immunization against deadly diseases has been a hot topic for many years, and the public needs to be informed on both the benefits and risks that are associated with the vaccines, so that all people can make a well informed decision on whether or not to vaccinate. There seems to be many misconceptions about the vaccines, but the cold, hard, truth is that immunization prevents illness, disability, and death from vaccine preventable diseases such as: polio, diphtheria, pneumonia, rubella, tetanus, pertussis, measles, and rotavirus diarrhea. About 22.4 million infants did not receive the diphtheria...
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...Vaccines are a preventative medical intervention established to avoid contracting serious infectious diseases. They work through the “process of introducing foreign proteins or inactive cells into the body to trigger immune activation before the patient is exposed to the real pathogen” (Adams, Holland & Urban, 2014). As a result, memory B cells are formed, which will rapidly produce large quantities of antibodies to neutralize the pathogen when exposed to the actual infectious organism. This essay will discuss the advantageous of vaccinations, and why they should still be implemented regardless of their adverse reactions. Similar to most medical interventions, vaccinations are not without adverse effects. Some common adverse effects include “redness and discomfort at the site of injection, fever, minor aches or arthralgias” (Adams et al., 2014). A live vaccination may present with a “subclinical appearance of the disease”, for example, a minor rash may be associated with the measles vaccination (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Although severe reactions are uncommon, anaphylaxis is always possible. In addition, vaccinations are also contraindicated for patients who have a “weakened immune system or who are currently experiencing symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting or fever” (Adams et al., 2014). Most vaccines are pregnancy category C and vaccinations are often delayed in pregnant patients until after a delivery to avoid any potential harm to the fetus...
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...BSD113 ECONOMICS ASSESSMENT 2: RESEARCH ESSAY Writing your research summary Your writing style needs to be clear and efficient . Some key advice would be: • remember structure in writing: introduce, discuss and conclude • use short sentences – long sentences lose the reader • one argument/idea per paragraph • but be careful how you think about one argument/idea – a paragraph stretching over two pages is NOT acceptable so look for natural breaks, sub-arguments/ideas • nor will a paragraph with only one or two sentences look right, so think about how to combine some points (see comments below). This assessment is a formal academic piece of writing. The words and language style you use will convey this. Language used should be appropriate. Things to avoid include informal language, shorthand or colloquialisms. A short checklist of advice would include: • use “do not” instead of “don’t” • write in the third person, ie avoid using personal pronouns. For example, “Research shows that...” rather than “I think that...”. Descriptions should be quantified and/or relative to a comparable benchmark. For example: • Instead of saying “there was a massive increase in young people’s drinking” you would phrase it as “young people’s drinking increased by X% over the period (include citation of where your evidence came from)”. Tables and figures in themselves do nothing to enhance an argument unless they are clear AND explained...
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...controversial discussion as parents question whether it should be mandatory or optional when they feel the cons outweigh the pros. The government says it is the right thing to do for parents and their families to remain safe from illnesses and diseases. However, there have been opinions of opposition voiced by parents and health advocates about whether or not it is worth the risk of being sick once vaccinated and whether these vaccinations actually work. The argument on both sides range from First Amendment right issues all the way to disabling health concerns. This essay will serve to examine and elaborate both the positive and negative perspectives on vaccinations in infants and children and why certain parents hesitate in vaccinating their children. The center of disease and control prevention(CDCP) claim there are five important vaccinations every child should receive. The chicken pox vaccine, measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) Vaccine, the Hepatitis vaccine, the haemophilus influenza type B(HIB) Vaccine, and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. The chicken pox vaccine is probably the most common immunization. Chicken pox is an airborne disease that spreads quickly among younger children. Some symptoms include fever and an itchy, bumpy red rash. Before the vaccination came to pass, approximately 100 people on average would die from chicken pox every year(CDC). Just like anything injected into the body, there are risks to this vaccine. However, the chances of these...
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...in his essay “The Harms of Vaccines Are Greatly Outweighed by the Benefits,” the number of annual global cases of polio, a disease which Americans began taking strong steps to eradicate in the 1980s, dropped from over 65,000 cases in 1982 to less than 2,000 in 2002, a more that ninety-five percent decrease in only twenty years (22). On the other hand, Neil Z. Miller reports in “The Harms of Vaccines Are Widespread and Underreported” that patients file only around 20,000 reports of injuries due to vaccines every year (16). While this may seem like a large number at first glance, readers must take into account the fact that this number, still less than a third of those who died from polio just thirty years ago, includes reactions to not only polio vaccines but to all types of immunizations. In addition, most of the reported injuries are more akin to allergic reactions or brief illnesses rather than serious, life-threatening diseases like polio. While 20,000 may seem like an impressive number of injuries, one must take into account the historical perspective. Many people today have never known a life before vaccines were commonplace, and they can easily forget the damages contagious diseases caused even as recently as decades ago, only focusing on what they can see today (Dalrymple 22). While vaccines’ effects on an individual’s health are important, their effects on public health, the health of the entire population, are perhaps even more so. In Carolyn Poirot’s essay, “The...
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...Exploratory Essay To Vaccinate or Not To Vaccinate Vaccines were brought to the United States by Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse in 1800. (The College of Physicians of Philadelphia) Dr. Waterhouse pushed for public vaccinations to eradicate the small pox epidemic through community immunity. “Community immunity” or “herd immunity” is where a significant percentage of the population is immune to a disease, either through vaccination or prior illness, so the spread of the disease is unlikely. ( National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases). Since 1800, many vaccines have been developed including the polio vaccine by Dr. Salk in 1954. With massive polio vaccinations since 1954, eradication of the disease was declared in 1994 in the Americas. However nowadays there are many groups that believe vaccines are doing more harm than good. A recent perceived rise in autism rates and the push for more vaccines during infancy has caused some parents and researchers to believe there is a relationship between the vaccines and autism. Out of concern for safety of their children, some parents are choosing not to vaccinate or alter the government recommended vaccination schedule. Many doctors agree with government schedules for vaccinations and relate them to the elimination and reduction of diseases such as polio, measles, mumps, pertussis and more. This essay will explore the positions of parents, researchers and physicians regarding vaccines against disease. Most parents evaluate...
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...D1: unit 5 The way the media presented the MMR case in front of the public created a great contribution towards the public perception. It has also had a negative impact on the scientific information, which was given out parallel to the rumors regarding the link between MMR vaccine and autism. In 2003, a science based film named "Hear the silence” has influenced the media by naming Dr. Wakefield as "Bad Scientist" [6].This seemed to have disregarded the value of a scientist and his knowledge in front of the public. On the other hand, the media have done their best to emphasize the MMR vaccine scare by putting headlines " MMR LINKED TO AUTISM" in newspapers like the "EVENING STANDARD" [6]. All of this highly influenced people’s thinking and resulted in a lot of parents refusing the MMR vaccines for their children. However, when Dr Wakefield’s theory got proven as a "Swine flu outbreak" as said in an article of Media Influence, it opened people’s eyes about the reality behind the false link. The impact of the media on public was made by using Sensationalistic Language to attract the public’s attention. It is a sensitive topic because it questions parenthood and whether the parents are taking the right decisions for their children’s health. Whilst this aspect was important, media also sketched scientists as respected and intelligent human beings who are not meant to make mistakes. So why was it that they destroyed this image in front of general public? The answer can be that partially...
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...Mag Fos English 2 Research essay 11/30/11 What Is Autism, What Can Cause It, and What Treatments Are There? I remember the first time I watched my two year old niece Melody. It was the middle of July so I decided to take her to the local swimming pool. I thought we would have a blast but I was quickly met with the realization that the day was going to be very challenging. Melody was not at all entertained by the company of all the other children there. She was quite content in her own company. She also seemed to have trouble understanding me, which made it extremely hard for me to comfort her, or persuade her to stay in the pool area where we were set up, or pretty much anything that I wanted her to do. Melody was constantly walking away to the other end of swimming pool, when I tried to get her to come back she screamed, and not any old scream it was a horrific scream, like I was really hurting her. Since then I have been over to my brother’s house several times to see Melody but I am yet to take her on my own again. After observing Melody on those few occasions I decided to do some research on autism and other associated disorders. What is Autism? Autism is a disorder that affects brain development that impairs social interaction and communication (Autism-Help.Org, 2000-2010). Autism is not fully understood by doctors and scientist but is often referred to as one of the disorders listed under the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Autism spectrum disorders have...
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...Introduction Scientific frauds could be also called as knowledgeable deception and they are high on rise, some of them stayed within the scientific community making headlines and some them have reached the public who have paid the price of such frauds such as in the case of Autism linked MMR vaccine, which had caused a stir and people still remain to be affected by it and then there is the case of Woo-Suk Hwang,an stem cell researcher who rose to fame however soon it was known that the data was fabricated and the papers were retracted.The general public wasnt affected by it however it does involve and time and money to replicate such results and which is never acheived. So it actually a fraud or a human error, the only difference between a fraud and an error is intention. It could be argued that is there any room for scientists to make errors and yes we all are capable of making errors, they can make errors too however they have the chance to correct such errors before publishing such data instead such papers do see the light of the day, a lot is dependent on these scientific researchers then why is the data tampered and results are achieved per the own needs, a research shouldn’t driven as per the needs of an individual or for any sector [1]. It is based on any actual data which may eventually lead to saving lives or aiming for a better world or better resources or a better environment. Driving factors for scientific frauds Science is a result driven discipline, a ‘Publish...
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...Until Every Piece Fits Autism: a pervasive developmental brain disorder, has taken over controversial issue debates, and impacted families all across the globe. Autism has been a part of my life beginning at age five, before I could even conceptualize what a complex disorder it truly is. I was in kindergarten and like any other five year-old, I was curious about how other people acted. I noticed that some kids were more socially isolated than others, had trouble making friends or even playing with others. I noticed that when it got really loud, or whenever we were doing an activity involving a lot of tactile input, certain kids would pull away and repeat certain behaviors. One particular kid would hunch his back, hyper-extend his fingers, shake them vigorously, as if to dry them off in absence of paper towels, and rock back and forth on his heels. These types of behaviors were relatively commonplace in my experience and I accepted them as absolutely harmless. I had seen the calming affect these rituals had on my classmate. My five year-old self was unknowingly picking up on behaviors that were the hallmark of autism. I attended an elementary school that was located in the autism hub of the county; so several students with autism were mainstreamed, or assimilated, into my classes. These students were not the majority. Rather, neurotypical students, a term used to describe children without a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder, composed the majority of our school’s population...
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...In his 1932 novel, Brave New World, Aldus Huxley predicts a civilization that strives on the distraction of mindless pleasure. In his future, people are controlled by their desire for happiness, comfort, and satiation. They are taught to live without goals or dreams, without hard work and rewards. Instead, they are constantly rewarded, to the point that it is no longer something to look forward to or earn; it is simply a necessity of daily life. In his world, humans are so distracted by this constant stream of serotonin and dopamine, that they cannot see what is happening right before their eyes: they are being controlled. Sadly, we must admit there is some very eye-opening truth to Huxley’s prediction. Our overwhelming need for technology is becoming a source of mass unconsciousness, which could easily feed into Huxley’s idea of our future. Past generations, such as the Baby Boomers and Generation X, have less understanding and connection to technology than Generation Y. The internet has become an indispensable tool which is often taken for granted. It is so common that it no longer is seen as the vast plane of information and exploration that it is; but, instead is used merely for gaming, TV, and social media. Dr. Sally Nimon describes the difference between generations well when she states that “to Baby Boomers […] and even Generation X‐ers […] phenomena such as mobile phones and the internet represent tools that can aid them in the performance of their daily lives; to Millennials...
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