...AMERICAN JOURNAL OF UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH VOL. 8, NO. 1 (2009) Cyanine Dyes: Fine Structures in Their Absorption Spectra Anna Zarow and Yeung-gyo Shin Department of Chemistry/Physics Kean University 1000 Morris Avenue Union, New Jersey 07083 USA Received: October 13, 2008 Accepted: May 19, 2009 ABSTRACT Absorption spectra were studied for two series of 3 cyanine dyes with varying length of conjugated hydrocarbon chains. Fine sturctures in absortpiton spectra were analyzed to –8 determine its concentraion dependence as the concentraion of dyes were changed from 10 M to –4 10 M. In all 6 dyes studied, ratios of minor peaks to the major peak remained constant within the experiemntal error. These results indicate that the origin of the absorption fine structure is due to the electronic coupling, an intramolecular process, rather than the aggragates formation, an intermolecular process. I. INTRODUCTION cm‾ . This observation is not accordance with Particle in a Box estimation nor a state of the art computational method [7-9] which predict the absorption spectra of these dyes to be consist of a smooth single peak. One possible explanation of the caused for the splitting is attributed to the ability of the dye molecules to form dimmers or trimers as mentioned in “Experiments in Physical Chemistry”. This explanation is very attractive one since resonance structure prevalent throughout the molecule implies extensive -electron network that forces the molecule to be planar. More...
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...INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Dyes are commonly used in our industry. Many dyes are too expensive and that is why many people find ways to have a cheaper one. Syzygium Aqueum or locally known as Tambis is a common tree in the Philippines and some part of Asia. The seeds of this tree have been found out by the researcher that it has biological active compounds of tannins which are needed in producing dyes. In this study, the researcher concluded that the leaves extract also of the said tree may possibly contain also a biological active compound of tannin which will be use as the raw material in producing dyes. Thus, this will be a great help to people in many ways such as drawing activities, colouring activities, and etc. Statement of the Problem This study aims to answer these following questions; 1. Is there any significant difference between the color of the extract of Tambis leaves from Turmeric Rhizome dye? 2. Is there any significant difference between the effectiveness of Tambis leaves extract from Turmeric Rhizome dye? 3. Is there any significant difference between its long lasting effects of Tambis leaves from Turmeric Rhizome dye? Significant of the Study In this study, extracting the tannin from the leaves of Tambis tree will be used as the raw material in producing dyes. Conducting this study will help people minimize buying high cost dyes; instead choose the leaves of Syzygium Aqueum as dyes. Scope and Delimitation The study...
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...GRADE:9N Tie-dye is an ancient art. In Japan they have a form of tie-dye called Shibori they've been using since the 8th century or earlier. Batik is a type of dyeing used for generations in India and is similar to tie-dye. Other techniques associated with tie-dye have been used for hundreds of years in West Africa and other parts of the world. These techniques are the inspiration for 1960's hippie fashion. Tie-dye sure has come a long way. I WOULD LIKE TO THANK THE FOLLOWING PERSONS FOR MAKING THIS PROJECT A SUCCESS,1ST OF ALL GOD FOR MAKING THE RESOURCESPOSSIBLE,NIA,MS.DANIEL,THE INTERNET AND LASTLY MYSELF FOR WORKING HARD AND DEDICATING AND I HOPE YOU LEARNT A LOT FROM THIS. 1.WHAT IS TIE AND DYE? 2.THE HISTORY OF TIE AND DYE-(INCLUDE WHERE IT WAS INVENTED,WHEN,NAMEOF PERSON WHO INVENTED IT. 3.THE MATERIALS USED IN TIE AND DYE. 4 THE STEPS /PROCEDURES USED TO CARRY OUT TIE AND DYE. Tie dye is a technique for dying natural fabrics that results in interesting, colorful patterns. The technique involves crumpling, pleating or folding the fabric into various patterns, then tying it with string, hence the name. The tied fabric is dipped into vats of dye, then wrung out and rinsed. Tied areas accept dye unevenly amidst the folds, creating varied patterns in the finished product. It is important to select natural fabrics to tie dye, as synthetic material does not readily accept dye. Cotton is an excellent choice, making tie dye tee shirts a favorite...
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...2 Sem 3 CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Akshay L. Shettigar has satisfactorily completed his proposal entitled “Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent.” for the year 2014-2015. Signature of the Project guide Signature of the Examiner (Prof. Mrs Radhika Birmole) Date and college Stamp Signature of the H.O.D. Proposal (i) Project Title: Biodegradation study of Triphenylmethane dye Crystal Violet by bacterium isolated from textile effluent. (ii) Introduction: Synthetic dyes are extensively used in textile dyeing, paper printing, colour photography, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industries [1]. Over ten thousand different dyes with an annual production of over 7x105 metric tons worldwide are commercially available [2]. 2% of dyes that are produced are discharged directly in aqueous effluent and 10% are subsequently lost during the textile coloration process [3]. Major classes of synthetic dyes include azo, triphenylmethane and anthraquinone dyes, some of them are known to be very toxic and mutagenic to living organism. With the increasing use of wide variety of dyes pollution by dye-waste water is becoming increasingly alarming. Colour removal, in particular, has recently become a major scientific interest. Although several physicochemical methods...
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...Food dyes are used in many common foods. There are some food dyes that are banned, some that people are allergic too, and some that ADHD kids cannot have because there is suspicion that it may cause hyperactivity. I wanted to research this to see what grape drinks people can have that has the least amount of dye in it. Some food dyes, or food colorings, are banned from the United States and other countries. These food dyes consist of FD&C Orange No. 1; FD&C Red No.32; FD&C Yellows No. 1, 2, 3 and 4; FD&C Violet No. 1; and FD&C Reds No. 1 and 4. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is an agency of the United States federal government that tests, inspects, approves, and sets safety standards for foods, food additives, drugs, cosmetics, and household medical devices. Many countries with the same food coloring controls, like Canada and Great Britain, also banned the use of Red No. 10 and Yellow No. 5 is also always undergoing test. In the 1970s, a soviet scientist claimed a link between the dye and cancer. The U.S. test proved some correlation as well. It was never linked to death or illness, but the substance was banned from the United States in 1967. Some people are allergic to food dyes. A dye called cochineal dye, also called carmine, is not harmful to most people, but there have still been reports of patients having...
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...electrochemsci.org Natural Dye Extracted from Rhododendron Species Flowers as a Photosensitizer in Dye Sensitized Solar Cell Hee-Je Kim1, Yeo-Tae Bin1, S.N. Karthick1, K.V. Hemalatha*,1, C. Justin Raj1, S.Venkatesan2, Songyi Park1, G. Vijayakumar3 1 School of Electrical Engineering, Pusan National University, Jangjeon, Geumjeong, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea. 2 Measurements Laboratory, Gujarat Tea Processors and Packers Ltd., Khokhra, Ahmadabad-380008, Gujarat, India 3 Department of Chemistry, RVS Faculty of Engineering, Affiliated to Anna university, Coimbatore, India * E-mail: hemaac@gmail.com Received: 7 February 2013 / Accepted: 4 April 2013 / Published: 1 May 2013 The natural dye, anthocyanin, was extracted from the flowers of Rhododendron species with three different colors, pink, red and violet, using a simple extraction technique, and was used as the sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells. The dyes were treated with nitric and acetic acids to examine their effects on the power conversion efficiency. According to the experimental results, the performance was better with the acetic acid-treated anthocyanin. The Jsc value for the acetic acidtreated pink, red and violet dyes increased to 0.887, 0.932 and 0.737 mA/cm2 compared to nitric acid treated and bare dye. The conversion efficiency of the acetic acid-treated pink, red and violet was 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.28%, respectively, which was higher than the nitric acid-treated and bare dye. This paper briefly discusses...
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...Conjugated Cyanine Dyes Introduction Since cyanine dyes have a long conjugation in its structure, these structures have been known to have several functions that include light-energy conversion, nonlinear optics, sensitization2,3, aggregation3, etc.2 Cyanine dyes are particles with a positive charge in its structure delocalized through a string of double bond carbons with amino end groups.1, 2 In this experiment, three solutions of cyanine dyes were studied through spectroscopy. The family of cyanine dyes studied for this experiment were: 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-cyanine iodide (p = 3), 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-carbocyanine iodide (p = 5), and 1,1’-diethyl-2,2’-dicarbocyanine iodide (p = 7). The number of carbons in the conjugated carbon chain is noted as “p” in both equation 1 and 2 below. A particle-in-a-box model is a standard model in quantum chemistry that confines conjugated electron movement to the borders of the molecule itself, and models the distance of the conjugated string as the sides of an inelastic box.1 According to Kuhn, the particle-in-a-box model can be used for predicting the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax) for a series of conjugated dyes.1 It is useful to determine a semi-empirical equation that can be used for a series of dye molecules because this empirical parameter may be adjusted to achieve the best fit to the data.1 The following equation represents the free electron model, which is used for calculating the maximum wavelengths for each dye, on which the...
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...A. Rationale The not sure ingredients of commercial dye leads the researcher to make an alternative dye that is ecofriendly. The Basella Rubra Linn otherwise known as Alugabati has little fruits in its steam that contains a vilote fluid has an ability to give a material for example a cloth with a color together with the combination of Hibiscus known as gumamela. They can both make an alternative dye that is not high in cost and in the same time not that hard to do. B. Hypothesis, research questions, Engineering Goals, Expected Outcomes. B1.Hypothesis 1. The extract from both plants can be turned as dye 2. The extract of this both plant can combine to form color. B2. Research Question a. Does the mixture of this 2 plants extract to formed dye? b. How effective is the used of this alugbati extract and gumamela extract as dye in terms of: A. Applied to a cloth. B. Time of longness it is applied B3. Engineering Goal This study aims to determine if alugbati and gumamela extract can became a dye that is used to color a materials such as our clothes. If this study succeed it means we can use it on our daily living such as in school and homes as an alternative dye. B4. Expected Outcome This extract from alugbati and gumamela will give of great benefits in providing and alternative dye. C. Research Methods and conclusion Experimental...
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...Title: Isolation and Process Optimization of textile dye degrading bacteria Abstract: Bacteria can remove dyes from wastewater and soil, leading to a decrease in their toxicity. The detoxification rate depends upon media and culture conditions. The decolourization/removal of textile dyes like bromophenol blue, methylene blue, methyl green, and malachite green, in addition to various other industrial dyes, using bacteria isolated from soil has been an important area of research for bioremediation and the present work is focused on this specific aspect. The effect of independent variables such as time, temperature, pH, and agitation on decolorization efficiency of bacteria has been optimized. Biodegradation of methylene blue and bromophenol blue was demonstrated by monitoring the effects of the different parameters and determining optimal conditions for degradation activity. Introduction Several industrial activities, such as textile dyeing, olive oil extraction and the manufacture of pulp and paper are characterized by intensive water consumption rates. They release huge amounts of more or less coloured effluents into the environment. As far as synthetic dye release is concerned, textile dyeing facilities and the manufacture of dyestuffs are two major polluting sources. In addition, traditional textile dyeing processes generate a large amount of coloured effluents, because about 100 litres of water are required to process 1 kg of dyed fabrics. Moreover, up to 15% of applied...
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...Removal of Methylene Blue and Malachite Green Dye Using Different Form of Coconut Fibre as Absorbent Y.C. Wong*, M.S.R. Senan and N.A. Atiqah Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Locked Bag 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia Abstract: In this study, coconut fibres are grounded and sieved into the size of 150 μm granular form and filament form of uniform size 2.0 cm for absorption test of methylene blue and malachite green dye in single dye solution were studied. As a result, granular form of coconuts have higher percentage removal dye of methyelene blue and malachite green blue which is 98.3% and 99.0%. This study shows a major approach of turning the agricultural waste to an added value product which is absorbent for wastewater treatment especially in textile industries sector. Keywords: Coconut fibre, absorption, melethylene blue dye, malachite green dye. 1. INTRODUCTION Water pollution has become a serious problem around the world including Malaysia. Malaysia is one of the country that fall into this negatively impacts on the sustainability of water resources. Many industries sector in Malaysia such as textile, paper, paint, pharmaceuticals, food, leather, cosmetics, tannery, printing and plastics used wide verieties of dye in order to color their product for example such as batik in textile industry. Among those industries sector in Malaysia, textiles industry ranked first in the usage of dyes for coloration of fiber [1]. Considering...
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...and stimulating growth. Many people do not understand the fascination a woman or a man for that matter has with their hair. Newer shorter procedures to make hair look naturally more lustrous, smooth, and manageable have evolved. In this article, the author attempts to fill the lacunae in our knowledge of hair cosmetics and esthetic procedures relevant in today's rapidly changing beauty-enhancing industry (Madnani, Khan, 2013). In this research project, the unethical research practice to be avoided is the experimentation of chemicals on someone without their consent. The best thing to do would be to buy a manikin head for your experiments with coloring and relaxers. The different types of dyes, if not used properly, can damage hair. For example, the most popular type of dye is permanent dye because of its longevity and array of different colors to choose from. A change of shade from dark to light and the reverse is possible....
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...can be designed for the biodegradation of various wastes. Since waste management itself is a well-established industry, genetics and enzymology can be simply "bolted-on" to existing engineering expertise. Examination of effluents from the chemical and petrochemical industries shows that such effluents typically contain either one or a limited range of major toxic components. In some cases other considerations (such as aesthetic ones) can be important for removal of certain components (such as dyes). This means that in general one industry may apply one or a few genetically modified bacterial strains to get rid of its major toxic waste. However, it may be important to contain the "waste-eating" bacteria within the manufacturing plant, and not release these with the waste water. In such cases, filter installations will have to be built to separate the bacteria from the effluent. The release of dyes into the environment constitutes only a small proportion of water pollution, but dyes are visible in small quantities due to their brilliance. Due to this problem, mankind nowadays has concern about the potential adverse effects to the chemical industry on the environment, although the response in some parts of the world has been much faster and more intense than...
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...with Direct Dyes Introduction Direct dyes, also called substantive dyes, are popular dyes for dyeing cellulosic fibers such as cotton. It can also be used to dye protein fibers such as wool. The purpose of this experiment is to study the exhaustion and water fastness behavior of three classes of direct dyes (1% Solophenyl Yellow, 1% Cuprophenyl Red & 1% Cuprofix Blue) when used on cotton and wool fabrics. Materials: 3 pieces of 2g bleached cotton fabric 3 pieces of 2g scoured wool fabric Stock solutions: 1% Soda Ash | | 1% Solophenyl Yellow | (Class A dye) | 1% Cuprophenyl Red | (Class B dye) | 1% Cuprofix Blue | (Class C dye) | Recipes: The liquor ratio of the dye baths to be 50 : 1 and the final dyeing temperature to be 95°C. Dye/Chemical | Bath 1 | Bath 2 | Bath 3 | Class A dye(1%) | 2% | --- | --- | Class B dye(1%) | --- | 2% | --- | Class C dye (1%) | --- | ---- | 2% | Soda ash | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | Common salt | 20%(added in 1 portion) | 20%(added in 2 equal portions) | 20%(added in 4 equal portions) | Calculation of the amount of chemicals for each dye bath: 1. | Volume of liquor (2g material with LR of 50:1) | == | 2 x 50100ml | | | | | 2. | Volume of Class A, B, C dyes | = | In 2 g, 2% is 0.04 g. As 3 classes are using 1% stock solution, it needs 4 mL. | | | | | 3. | Weight of common salt | = | In 2 g, 20% is 0.4 g. | | | | Bath 1 (Class A dye): in 1 portion of 0.4 gBath 2 (Class B dye): in 2 portions...
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...Goal of this project is to use paper chromatography to see which dyes are used in the coatings of your favorite colored candies. Why do different compounds travel different distance on the piece of paper? How is an Rf value useful? What is chromatography used for? Candy with colored coatings- Skittles and M & M’s At least 30 strips of paper- coffee filters or chromatography paper 3 cm by 9 cm Wide-mouth jar Pencil Ruler Tape Water Toothpicks Food coloring ( red, green and blue) 1. Do your background research so that you are knowledgeable about the terms, concepts and questions above. 2. Use a pencil to lightly label which candy color or food coloring will be spotted on each paper strip. 3. Draw a pencil line 2 cm from the edge of each strip of paper. 4. Next you need to extract some dye from each candy you wish to test. Set the candy down on a clean plate in a drop of water. Leave it for a minute to allow the dye to dissolve. Remove candy, then dip a clean toothpick into the now-colored drop of water. Spot the candy dye solution onto the chromatography paper by touching the toothpick to the chromatography strip, right in the center of the origin line. Allow the spot to dry, then repeat the spotting at least three more times. You want to make sure to have enough dye on the chromatography paper so that you can see the dye components when they separate out on the paper. Make five separate strips for each...
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...How people in ancient times created color for their garments. Greek philosophers Democritus and Aristotle and Roman writers Plinythe Elder and Vitruvius described and recorded processes to create fabric dyes. Blues and purples were known as vat dyes. Indingo and woad (a European flowering herb of the mustard family) were used to make blue dyes. These plants required lengthy absorption in an alkaline solution of ash, lime, or urine, which turned them into a water-soluble salt. The fabric was left to air dry and the oxidation made the blue color fast. Tyrian, or royal, purple came from the mucous gland of the murex, a mollusk (invertebrate). A pound of dye required four million mollusks which was a time consuming process. Only the rich, such as the reigning emperor or monarch could afford this shade. Reds were mordant dyes (sarcastic/biting dyes). They required the use of a fixative to create an insoluble color that would remain true. Henna a shrub and madder, a root, were mixed with alum (a sulphate of aluminum and potassium) to render a color family way less intense than the red we know today. A species of female scale insect, kermes was used by the Egyptians and produced a more vivid/intense red. Colors in the yellow family were the least complicated. They were direct dyes, produced with little effort. Weld, the seeds, stems, and leaves of Dyer’s Rocket; and safflower, petals from Dyer’s Thistle, were used to create...
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