Premium Essay

Effects of Cardiac Output

In:

Submitted By elp1130
Words 1278
Pages 6
LABORATORY REPORT
(Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report)

Activity:
Name:
Instructor:
Date:

Effect of Exercise on Cardiac Output
May 3, 2015

Predictions
1. During exercise
HR will increase.
2. During exercise
SV will increase.
3. During exercise
CO will increase.

Materials and Methods
1. Dependent Variable
EDV, ESV, and cardiac cycle length
2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise)
3. Controlled Variables age, weight, height
4. What instrument was used to measure cardiac volumes?
Cardiac Volumes were measured by a MRI
5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain.
The instrument uses magnet that generates sectional images of the body being scanned.

Results
Table 2: Resting and Exercising Cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV

Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3
Averages

Resting Values
Exercising Values
Cardiac
EDV (mL) ESV (mL)
Cardiac
EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length
(msec)
(msec)
832
142
67
371
144
34
814
136
65
436
145
40
814
135
68
414
140
35
138
67
143
36

Resting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV

1. Resting and exercising cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length?
The average resting cardiac cycle length was 820 msec
b. What was the average exercising cardiac cycle length?
The average exercising cardiac cycle lenght was 407 msec.
c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length increase, decrease, or not change with exercise?
The average cardiac cycle length decreases to an average of 407 during excercise.

2. Resting and exercising EDV -a. What was the average resting EDV?
The average EDV during rest was 138ml
b. What was the average exercising EDV?
The average exercising EDV was 143ml

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Factors Effecting Cardiac Output

...The Factors that effect cardiac output The Cardiovascular system is responsible for the transport of blood, oxygen and nutrients, to the tissues in the body. There are two components that are important to the system the heart, which pumps the blood, and arteries and veins that transport the blood to and from the tissues. The function of the system is crucial during exercise. Studies involving cardiovascular system focuses on the responses and adaptions of the cardiovascular system to exercise, such as the effects of the structure and function of the blood vessels and the relationship between exercise and neurological control of the heart i.e. cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the heart in a minute. Cardiac output is determined by the equation Q = HR x SV, the amount of blood expelled with each beat (stroke volume) in combination with the number of beats per minute (heart rate), the amount of blood return, and the resistance to blood flow through vessels. During exercise the heart rate usually increases causing an increase of cardiac output and bringing more blood to the muscles. However, heart rate alone doesn’t improve cardiac output, but along with muscle demand of oxygen. The demand for more oxygen causes vasodilation, allowing an increase in blood flow and the return of blood back to the heart. Some factors that facilitate improvement in cardiac output for performance are intensity, duration, and aerobic/anaerobic exercises. ...

Words: 1690 - Pages: 7

Free Essay

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

...Introduction Mean arterial blood pressure is the average arterial pressure in a cardiac cycle. It is set by cardiac output and total peripheral resistance; it sets the average driving pressure and controls the flow. The pulse pressure is the difference between the highest and lowest pressure (systolic and diastolic blood pressure) readings during a subject’s cardiac cycle. Both mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure are detected by baroreceptors. The baroreceptors respond to stretching of the arterial wall so that if arterial pressure suddenly rises, the walls of these vessels passively expand, which stimulates the firing these receptors (Ottesen et. al., 2011). If arterial blood pressure suddenly falls, decreased stretch of the arterial walls lead to a decrease in receptor firing. Baroreceptors are found in the main arteries, the aortic arches and carotid arteries. The addition of different chemicals into the bloodstream causes changes to occur in the heart rate, mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure. These changes are detected by the baroreceptors. Adrenaline and noradrenaline cause similar responses to the cardiovascular system. They have a sympathetic effect, causing an increase in the mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure and heart rate. Conversely, acetylcholine has a parasympathetic effect, the heart rate and blood pressure drops. The aim of the experiment was to see the changes in the cardiovascular parameters of mean arterial pressure, pulse pressure...

Words: 1288 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Describe The Frank Starling Law In The Heart

...heart? What other factors can affect stroke volume (extrinsic)? Stroke volume is the volume of blood that is pumped by a cardiac ventricle. The blood pumps with each beat of the heart. Stroke volume can be affected by Intrinsic Control (by increasing venous return to the heart) and Extrinsic Control (due to sympathetic stimulation of the heart). Both of the controls increase the stroke volume by making the strength of heart contraction to go up. 2) What is the equation for Cardiac Output? If heart rate decreases what must happen to maintain cardiac output? Cardiac Output = Heart Rate multiplied by Stroke volume. When heart rate slows down, it allows for more time for ventricles to fill. This increases EDV and stroke volume. 3)...

Words: 708 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

A&P Iii

...Name: Instructor: Date: Effect of Exercise on Cardiac Output Candice O'Shaughnessy Professor Williams January 5, 2015 Predictions 1. During exercise HR will increase. 2. During exercise SV will decrease. 3. During exercise CO will increase. Materials and Methods 1. Dependent Variable EDV, ESV, and cardiac cycle length 2. Independent Variable level of physical activity(resting or exercise) 3. Controlled Variables age, weight, height 4. What instrument was used to measure cardiac volumes? ECG machine 5. Does the instrument used to measure cardiac volume use X-Rays? Explain. No, the ECG machine does not use dye's or X-Ray's. It is a noninvasive test perfromed by attaching eletrodes to the outside of the body and then by detecting and tracing heart rhythm. Results Table 2: Resting and Exercising Cardiac Cycle Length, EDV, and ESV Resting Values Exercising Values Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) Cardiac EDV (mL) ESV (mL) cycle length cycle length (msec) (msec) 842 142 71 418 145 39 858 138 69 403 138 35 832 141 74 414 140 35 140 71 141 36 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Averages Resting and Exercising HR, EDV andESV 1. Resting and exercising cardiac cycle length -a. What was the average resting cardiac cycle length? 844 msec b. What was the average exercising cardiac cycle length? 412 msec c. The range of normal resting cardiac cycle length is between 818 and 858 ms. Did average cardiac cycle length increase, decrease, or not change with exercise? The average cardiac cycle length decreased...

Words: 1184 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Cardiovascular Response Essay

...due to the use of stethoscope to measure blood pressure in the auscultation method, which is far sensitive than using fingers in the palpation method (i.e. due to her chances of human error during sensing the beats). With it, the auscultation method has the apparatus set parallel to the heart; hence pressure measurements taken are expected to similar to that of the heart and more accurate. Answer to Question# 2: Systolic Pressure – the physiological determinant is the ‘cardiac output’. According to following equation: Cardiac...

Words: 907 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Heart Essay

...of the hormone adrenaline into the bloodstream. Adrenaline in blood is picked up by chemoreceptors in the aortic arch, impulses are then sent to cardiac control centre (in the medulla oblongata) via sympathic nerve which increases heart rate. Adrenaline (epinephrine) facilitates greater cardiac output, meaning a greater volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit, carrying more oxyhaemoglobin. Adrenal gland also secrets norepinephrine (a different hormone), which causes the blood vessels to constrict (narrowing of lumens) the increases blood pressure. When the cardiac control centre in the medulla oblongata receives nerve impulses it sends a nerve impulse to the SA (Sino-Atrial) Node, which sends the wave excitation across both atria causing atrial muscles to contract (atrial systole) forcing blood through bicuspid and tricuspid valves. The wave of excitation (electrical impulse) hits the AV (atrio-ventricular) Node. This sends the wave down the septum through the bundle of his and purkinje fibers, which then hits apex of the heart and spreads round ventricle muscular walls causing them contract. This is called ventricular systole, causing bottom to top contraction forcing blood into arteries (pulmonary artery & aorta) through aortic and pulmonary valves. This wave of exciting regulates heart rate and controls the cardiac cycle; this is the flow of blood around the chambers of the heart. Deoxygenated blood returns to the right atria, it then flows through the tricuspid...

Words: 1980 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Maternal Changes

...MATERNAL PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES A. Changes in Blood Volume Parturients undergo remarkable changes during pregnancy, labor, and the immediate postpartum period that can directly affect anesthetic techniques; hence a broad knowledge of these changes is essential for proper management of these women. Maternal blood volume increases during pregnancy, and this involves an increase in plasma volume as well as in red cell and white cell volumes. The plasma volume increases by 40% to 50%, whereas the red cell volume goes up by only 15% to 20%, which causes a situation that is described as “physiological anemia of pregnancy” (normal hemoglobin, 12 g/dL; hematocrit, 35). Because of this apparent hemodilution, blood viscosity decreases by approximately 20%. The exact mechanism of this increase in plasma volume is unknown. However, several hormones such as reninangiotensin-aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide, estrogen, and progesterone may be involved in this interesting phenomenon. Two current hypothesis attribute the increase to (1) an underfill state caused by initial vasodilation, which stimulates hormones such as renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone or (2) an overfill state characterized by an early increase in sodium retention (due to an increase in mineralcorticoids) that retains fluid, causing an increase in blood volume. Levels of clotting factors I, VII, VIII, IX, X, and XII, and the fibrinogen count are elevated during pregnancy as well. At present the majority of observers...

Words: 880 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Critique of Research Studies

...Critique of Research Studies – Part 1 Grand Canyon University Health Care Research Analysis and Utilization Nur-504 February 1st, 2013 Critique of Research Studies – Part 1 Title – Backrest Angle and Cardiac Output Measurement in Critically Ill Patients (Quantitative) An effective title of a quantitative research article should include the dependent variables, the independent variables, and the population studied. Ideally, this should be accomplished in 15 words or less while attracting the reader to the research article (Polit & Beck, 2008). The article “Backrest Angle and Cardiac Output Measurement in Critically Ill Patients” by Guiliano, Scott, Brown, & Olson (2003), does include a dependent variable, independent variable, and the population being studied while generating interest from the reader. However, the title of the article does not include each dependent variable or all of the independent variables. Although the article has a fairly strong title, all of the above information should be listed to provide the reader with a clear sense of the research study. Abstract An abstract is a brief overview of the research article that may be in paragraph form or structured in to specific subheadings. The abstract should provide a clear summary of the main features of the research article including the background, objective, method, results, and conclusion (Polit & Beck, 2008). The abstract for the article by Guiliano...

Words: 1464 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Equine Exercise Physiology

...Name: Amy Meagher Student ID: 12148725 Date: 19/02/16 Lab 3: The Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System Introduction: During exercise there is an increased demand for energy. The metabolic processes involved in the production of ATP require oxygen. As a result there is an increase in oxygen consumption and an increase in the production of carbon dioxide as a waste product. As the body produces more carbon dioxide there is a greater need to expel this excess carbon dioxide. In order to fulfil this function there is an increase in respiratory activity. This increase in respiratory activity leads to an increase in cardiovascular activity. The primary role of the heart is to pump oxygenated blood throughout the body. When exercising the skeletal muscles require more oxygen to aid in metabolic processes and the heart has to beat harder and faster to ensure the muscles have sufficient oxygen. The aims and objectives of this practical experiment were to record the effects of exercise or work on cardiovascular parameters and to record the effects of exercise on body temperature. The cardiovascular parameters measured in this lab include, heart rate (HR), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), duration of the PR segment and RR interval. Materials and Methods: The materials and methods were followed as per EQ4058 Equine Exercise Physiology Practical Manual, Lab 4 the Effect of Exercise on the Human Cardiovascular System. Results: Table 1 shows the results...

Words: 2588 - Pages: 11

Premium Essay

Heart Failure Research Paper

...Heart failure occurs when cardiac output is insufficient to effectively perfuse the tissues, despite normal filling of the heart. Usually causes include hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and coronary heart disease. In heart failure, the increase in the resistance against which the heart pumps (afterload) further depresses cardiac output. A reduced renal blood flow induces renin secretion and increased plasma aldosterone and angiotensin concentrations. Water and sodium retention increases blood volume causing central venous pressure to increase. These changes overall first help to maintain cardiac output however in the long term they eventually cause morbidity and mortality (BOOK). Treatment of heart failure begins with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and as severity increases a diuretic is added which supports the excretion of sodium and water (book). In very severe heart failure, the addition of β-blocker further decreases mortality in patients on ACE inhibitors and diuretics. Valsartan/ Sacubitril is a combination drug approved for use in heart failure. It has a brand name of Entresto and is also previously known as LCZ696....

Words: 500 - Pages: 2

Premium Essay

Frog Lab

...throughout the experiment for amplitude, interval, frequency, cardiac output is as respectively followed, 4.9, 0.96, 62.5, and 307. The cold solution caused the amplitude, interval, frequency, and cardiac output to change respectively to 4.7, 1.34, 44.7, 211. The effects of this cooling cause a decrease in heart rate, the rate of enzymic action, and the rate that channels open and close. The adrenaline outputs also changed to 6.2, 0.76, 78.9, and 490....

Words: 580 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Concept Mqp

...Cigarette Smoker, quit 17 years ago Cardiac: * Endocarditis * AVR * CABG x1 * Abscess of aortic root * Pacemaker * Hypertension * Complete Heart Block * Mitral Regurgitation * Coronary Artery Disease * Aortic Stenosis * Paroxysmal A-Fib * Metoprolol tartrate (lopressor) * Amlodipine (Norvasc) * Enalapril (Vasotec) * Furosemide (Lasix) * D: Decreased cardiac output related to inflammation of lining of the heart and valves. * I: Monitor for symptoms of heart failure and decreased cardiac output. Listen to heart sounds, lung sounds and note flowing symptoms: dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, Cheyne-Stokes respirations, fatigue, weakness, third and fourth heart sounds, and crackles in lungs. * D: Risk for infection due to previous diagnosis of endocarditis and recent surgery. * I: Observe and report signs of infection such as redness, warmth, discharge, and increased body temperature and white blood cells. Pain: * Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 650 mg * Oxycodone-acetaminophen (Percocet) 5-325 mg * D: Acute pain related to inflammation and surgery. * I: Conduct pain assessment using scale of 0-10 and implement pain management interventions. Circulatory: * Heparin (Porcine) 5,000 units * D: At risk for blood clots due to artificial valve, cardiac disorders, and lack of mobility due to activity intolerance related to reduced cardiac reserve. * I: Apply compression...

Words: 963 - Pages: 4

Premium Essay

Discuss the Relationship Between the Principles of Training, Physiological Adaptations and Improved Performance

...soreness or injury. From this, the lack of relationship between warm up, cool down and the physiological adaptations doesn’t have any impact on improved performance, especially compared with the principle of progressive overload. Progressive overload is a principle that implies that gains in fitness occur only when the training load is greater than normal and is progressively increased as improvements in fitness occur. As the body becomes familiar with a particular level of training stress, it adapts to it and further training at this level fails to sufficiently stress the system. As theses adaptations occur, the improvements in fitness are clear and thus the improvement in performance is heightened. These adaptations are stroke volume, cardiac output, resting heart rate, oxygen uptake, lung capacity, haemoglobin levels, muscle hypertrophy and...

Words: 1328 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Blood Pressure Regulation

...heart is beating) and 60-90mmHg diastolic pressure (between heart beats) (Sherwood, 1997). Many factors can change blood pressure, including exercise and diet. The regulation of BP within the body is tightly maintained by nerves, hormones and renal control in relation to three factors: cardiac output, peripheral resistance and blood volume. However, malfunction of the controlling mechanisms can cause abnormalities such as hypertension that could have dangerous outcomes such as stroke or heart failure. The body contains physiological mechanisms that work to precisely control the daily BP of an individual (Guyenet, 2006). Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles per minute; it will be determined by the amount of blood ejected from the ventricles each heart beat (stroke volume) and the number of beats per minute (heart rate) (Sherwood, 1997). CO is one of the most important contributors to blood pressure. The capacity of the blood vessels to dilate and constrict will influence their resistance to blood flow (Williams, 2005); this is called peripheral resistance and together with the total amount of blood running in the circulation (blood volume) will also have a direct effect on the blood pressure of an individual (Seeley et al 2008). The autonomic nervous system (involuntary) is the short term controller of BP. It contains nerves that are able to modify the rate of the heart’s...

Words: 1263 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Aaaa

...I. INTRODUCTION A. Number of cases/Statistic data of the disease A.1 Statistics Accurate pre-eclampsia statistics are difficult to obtain because the condition ranges from extremely mild to severe. Mild cases are sometimes not included in official figures. Furthermore, mild cases may have no effect on pregnancy, which is why the figures for pre-eclampsia as a whole are higher than for those that actually complicate pregnancies. Around 10% of pregnant women develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (high blood pressure) or pre-eclampsia (high blood pressure with protein in the urine).Worldwide more than four million women per year will develop pre-eclampsia, and over 63,000 maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Action on Pre-Eclampsia estimates that every year in the UK pre-eclampsia is responsible for the deaths of six mothers and 500 to 600 babies. A 2005 to 2006 study showed a promising fall in the numbers of women developing eclampsia since 1992, from 4.9/10,000 to 2.7/10,000. This has arisen as a result of the introduction of management guidelines for eclampsia and pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia is much more common in first pregnancies, and there is a reduced incidence of pre-eclampsia in the second pregnancy. The risk of women who have had pre-eclampsia developing it again in future pregnancies is 16 percent, and 25 percent if they suffered from severe pre-eclampsia, eclampsia or they delivered pre-term. This rises to 55 percent if their baby was delivered before...

Words: 5938 - Pages: 24