...Level of Development and Level of Detail came into play with the advancement of computers and BIM technology. As the AEC industry began move towards using computer renditions for design and analysis, it became necessary to define the certainty with which drawings could be trusted. The detailing of elements changes throughout the duration of a project, so it is important for the team to be able to recognize what level of detail is provided and how trustworthy it is. For this reason, different levels of development were created to allow for a standardized system of analyzing drawings and details. Level of Development vs. Level of Detail The level of Development (LOD) enables construction teams to specify and distinguish the content and reliability of Building Information Models at various stages of the design and construction process with high levels of clarity and reliability. The LOD describes the minimum dimensional, spatial, quantitative, and qualitative data included in a Model Element to support the authorized uses associated with such LOD. Since each Model Element develops at a different rate, the Level of Development (LOD) framework allows the project team to understand the progression of a Model Element from conceptual idea to precise final definition and description. The LOD of a given Model Element informs other Project Participants how developed the information is expected to be. This allows participants to extent to decipher which that information can be relied...
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...VOCABULABY New words | Part of speech | Definition | Making sentences | Intervention | n | The act of becoming involved in an argument, fight, or other difficult situation in order to change what happens | The intervention of Union helps to prevent the conflict between Pakistan and Iran | Dubious | adj | Feeling doubt or not feeling certain | I'm dubious about his promises to change his ways. | Inextricably | adv | If two or more things are inextricably linked etc, they are very closely related and affect each other | His name was inextricably linked with the environmental movement. | Assiduous | adj | Showing hard work, care and attention to detail | The Government has been assiduous in the fight against inflation. | Augment | v | To increase the size or value of something by adding something to it | He would have to find work to augment his income. | Inferior | adj | Not good, or not as good as someone or something else | These products are inferior to those we bought last year. | Relegate | v | To put something into a lower or less important rank or position | She resigned when she was relegated to a desk job. | Debilitate | v | To make someone or something physically weak | Progress has been debilitated by a refusal to share ideas. | Prescribe | v | To say what medical treatment someone should have | The drug is often prescribed for ulcers. | Taint | v | To spoil something, especially food or blood, by adding a harmful substance, or...
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...Detailed Job Description Job title: (insert job title) Reporting to: (insert supervisor’s title) Salary: (insert salary per hour, per annum or total package including base salary, superannuation, commissions or benefits) Hours: (insert average number of hours per week or type of employment such as casual, full-time) Location: (insert the location of the position and any travel required) Purpose of the position (Insert a short paragraph which describes the overall purpose of this position and how it contributes to the goals or function of the business. Include the authority level, for example, “manager” or “support staff”) Responsibilities & duties Responsibility 1 – (insert responsibility or duty of the position including frequency or duration of work, effort and skill required, complexity of tasks and equipment required) Work standard: (insert what aspect of the responsibility will be reviewed to determine if the job is being done correctly, for example, time frame, or number of completed tasks per week) Responsibility 2 – for example, “to manage the daily operations of the office including organising mail, couriers, catering and travel. Staff need to be able to use MS EXCEL confidently, to arrange global travel and to work on their own.” Work standard – for example, “at the end of each working week, all catering events for the following week must be finalised.” Responsibility 3 – (insert additional items as needed) Work standard – (insert additional items as...
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...that you follow your supervisors direction at all times. The only exception to this would be if you were directed to perform a task that was unethical, illegal, or unsafe. In the future if you fail to follow any company policy you will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including possible termination. Sincerely, Robert R. Smith Supervisor John E. Adams Employee My signature does not necessarily indicate that I am in agreement with the above statements; however, it does indicate that I was informed of the contents of this letter. Sample Employee Conduct Policy Every individual is expected to execute their assigned duties as directed during on duty time. Insuring quality in everything we do requires attention to detail and working quickly or carelessly has a negative impact on every aspect of our business. It is also critical to our success that every individual will respect and cooperate with other staff members, customers, and supervisors when performing their assigned duties. In the event there is ever a conflict it is the responsibility of everyone to bring that to the attention of their supervisor for resolution and will not engage with any...
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...Economic Profile on the Oil and Gas Industry The oil and gas industry is one of the most talked about industries today, at least in my town it is. Everywhere I go I hear people talking about the rise or fall in gas prices or how the cost of a barrel of crude oil has just gone up or down .10 cents. I also hear about how the current hurricane season could pose a threat to the oil industry, as it did last year with hurricane Katrina, putting oil refineries under water or causing extreme damage to them. In this essay I am going to discuss the shifts and price elasticity of supply and demand in the oil and gas industry. I am also going to discuss the oil and gas industry’s positive and negative externalities, wage inequality, and monetary and fiscal policies. Lastly, I will discuss the economic affects and influence on the oil and gas industry. Shifts and Price Elasticity of Supply and Demand The price elasticity is the affect of the price for a good on the demand of that good. If consumers are not affected by the change in price then this good would be referred to as inelastic. If consumers are affected by the change in price then this good would be referred to as elastic. The oil and gas industry is inelastic when the prices rise because, although consumers slightly reduce their consumption of oil and gas, consumers still purchase oil and gas. With gasoline prices in the U.S. approaching an average $3 a gallon, Americans are moaning about the rising cost, but so far they are...
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...PLAGIARISM OR HIRING OF GHOST WRITER(S) FOR SOLVING THE ASSIGNMENT(S) WILL DEBAR THE STUDENT FROM AWARD OF DEGREE/CERTIFICATE, IF FOUND AT ANY STAGE. 2. SUBMITTING ASSIGNMENTS BORROWED OR STOLEN FROM OTHER(S) AS ONE’S OWN WILL BE PENALIZED AS DEFINED IN “AIOU PLAGIARISM POLICY”. Course: Introduction to Micro Economics (801) Semester: Autumn, 2010 Total Marks: 100 Level: M.Sc Economics Pass Marks: 40 ASSIGNMENT No. 1 (Units 1–5) Q.1 How is the Microeconomics different from macroeconomics? Discuss also the subject matter of microeconomics in detail. (20) Q.2 Compare the consumer behavior under Cardinalist and Ordinalist school of thought. (20) Q.3 What is meant by elastic demand and inelastic demand? Write the formulas for point elasticity and arc- elasticity. How can elasticity at a point along a linear demand curve can be determined by inspection? (20) Q.4 Explain long-run laws of return to scale in detail. (20) Q.5 Explain the statement “that the shape of cost curve plays an important role in decision making”. (20) ASSIGNMENT No. 2 (Units 6–9) Total Marks: 100 Pass Marks: 40 Q.1 Explain short run and long run equilibrium of a firm in a perfect competitive market? (20) Q.2 How price discrimination exists and which are the necessary conditions, must be fulfilled for its implementation? (20) Q.3 Determine the equilibrium price and output when a monopolist produces a homogenous product in different plants. (20) Q.4 Analyze the Sweezy...
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...Explain the relationship between the price elasticity of demand and total revenue. What are the impacts of various forms of elasticities (elastic, inelastic, unit elastic, etc.) on business decisions and strategies to maximize profit? Explain using empirical examples. The consumers and producers behave differently. To explain their behavior better economists introduced the concepts of supply and demand. In short words, the law of demand states that with price increase quantity demanded of a good or services decreases, and the law of supply states that quantity of a good produced increase if the market price of that good increases. Of course, it is just general rule and does not explain all varieties of factors impacting the supply and demand model. There for, the quantitative measurement such as elasticity was introduced to provide more detail about market behavior. Price elasticity describes what happens to the demand for a product as its price changes. If the prices for the product rise the demands will decrease. Price elasticity of demand tells us how much the quantity demanded decreases. It is important topic in economic. Market is always changing and if price for the product will change elasticity tells us how much other things will change. The relationship between price elasticity and total revenue is important. Based on analysis of elasticity management will determine the necessary changes on pricing policy for goods and services. To maximize company’s revenue the...
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...Helpsheet GOOD WRITING PLANNING & DRAFTING YOUR FIRST PAPER Use this sheet to help you: • understand the 5 main steps of writing • preparing and planning to write an essay or report 5 minute self test Consider the following questions before reading the helpsheet: • What are the five typical stages involved in completing an assignment or report? • What are directive words? Name three commonly used directive words used by lecturers in setting assignment questions? • How is “brainstorming” used in assignment preparation? • What’s the difference between a mind map, concept map and spider diagram and how can they be used in assignment preparation? • List some words and phrases commonly used in sequencing paragraphs in assignment writing? • How does one write an argument in an assignment? • What do you need to consider when editing an assignment? • What’s referencing? © The University of Melbourne 2010. These materials were produced by the Teaching and Learning Unit, University of Melbourne. The University of Sydney has reproduced these materials under licence from the University of Melbourne. Helpsheet GOOD WRITING Good writing is writing that effectively conveys to another person what is in a writer’s mind. In any profession, writing is very important, even in the professions that are not traditionally associated with writing, you will have to communicate with colleagues and clients. The value of writing is that putting something down on paper forces...
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...Lerner) - In general, this plan will show how you plan to win. - A good plan should answer the questions that I posed to you previously: What am I selling? To whom? How? And to these I would add: Why should people buy my vehicles? Keep asking this question for each of your vehicles. One thing it will do is force you to think about your competition since you cannot answer this without taking them into consideration. Guidelines for Plan Content a. These are only guidelines; you may add other information as you feel appropriate. b. Avoid broad, relatively meaningless statements that are more like platitudes e.g. sell the best car, make the most money, advertise at a high level, etc. These kinds of statements need to be backed up with enough detail to guide your decisions. c. Overall, the best plans tend to capture the role and use of most, if not all of the decision variables that are under your control. Suggested Content I. Team Organization Successful teams usually have a team that works well together and have procedures that contribute to team effectiveness and efficiency. Team organization and responsibilities Decision making procedures Problem resolution procedures Procedures and assignments Any specialization that exists II. Product Strategy This section is likely the core driver of your plan and the best indication if you can win the game. Product strategy should include what vehicles you are selling now and which ones you plan to sell in the future, segmentation, targeting...
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...Michael Porter’s “Five Forces” Model Summary and interpretation by Prof. Tony Lima February 25, 2006 Figure 1: Porter’s Five Forces From Michael Porter, Competitive Advantage, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1985, p. 5 Prof. Michael Porter teaches at the Harvard Business School. He has identified five forces that determine the state of competitiveness in a market. The forces also influence the profitability of firms already in the industry. These five forces are summarized in the above diagram. (The fifth force is the degree of rivalry that currently exists among firms already in the industry.) Here are a few additional details about Porter’s model.1 1. Barriers to Entry Economies of scale mean larger firms can produce at lower cost per unit. This tends to lower the number of firms in the industry and reduce competition. Proprietary product differences are the characteristics that make a product appeal to a large market segment. But only those characteristics that cannot be copied at low cost by competitors (“proprietary”) will be a barrier to entry. Brand identity is the extent to which buyers take the brand name into account when making purchase decisions. Capital requirements are the total cost of acquiring the plant and equipment necessary to begin operating in the industry. 1 This material is a summary drawn from Porter’s Competitive Advantage (1985). The material in question is on pages 5 – 8. 1 “Porter’s Five Forces” by Prof. Lima February 25, 2006 2...
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...Market Structure Grace M. Conner ACC 204: Principals of Microeconomics Instructor: Nicholas Bergan June 17, 2013 When consulting for the city of Sherman, Texas with the present mayor, it came to my attention that the mayor needed to understand the different markets within his town. As I went I tried to explain verbally it was discovered the present mayor was not familiar with the different market structures that made up the firms in his town. With this information is where the explaining of the different firms and their markets was explained. There was also discussion on the flow of the market firms and how the price elasticity worked within these firms markets. There was need to describe the high entry barriers that firms face when entering into the market when competing with other more established firms, that have known names against a small proprietors entering this market and the competitions it faces. There was the explaining how the smaller proprietors that do not have a famous or more renown name can hurt them when competing against monopolies and oligopolies, and how these market structures are formed and how they can edge out small proprietors with pricing and products sold that people are more familiar with. The mayor was interested and need to know how the local, state and federal governments could step in and help these smaller firms if there is seen a favoritism towards the higher monopolies...
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...Home Depot Service In 1978 Home Depot organization opens the first retail home improvement store in Atlanta Georgia. The organization developed strategic product analysis delivering a variety of assortments to customers. Innovative merchandise targets internal and external customers of the organization for do it yourself projects, professional contractors, free how to clinic and children workshops are available for customers to complete construction projects on different job sites. Home Depot evolved into internationally recognized specialty retailer that markets and delivers 40,000 different building materials, lawn and garden products, home improvement supplies, appliances, and more than 250,000 other products that can be especially ordered (The Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 2003-2006). It has been noted that “The Home Depot has convenient locations throughout the United States. Stores average 105,000 square feet with approximately 23,000 additional square feet of outside garden area” (The Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 2003-2006, Our Company, Stores and Product section). A possible solution for addressing and fulfilling the organization’s expectations is to examine policies and procedure requirements for an additional customer service. Home retail improvement products and services in the future will gain efficiencies from departments such as services that are policy written and business procedures through development of more new products demanding customizations from business...
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...Simple Stresses Simple stresses are expressed as the ratio of the applied force divided by the resisting area or σ = Force / Area. It is the expression of force per unit area to structural members that are subjected to external forces and/or induced forces. Stress is the lead to accurately describe and predict the elastic deformation of a body. Simple stress can be classified as normal stress, shear stress, and bearing stress. Normal stress develops when a force is applied perpendicular to the cross-sectional area of the material. If the force is going to pull the material, the stress is said to be tensile stress and compressive stress develops when the material is being compressed by two opposing forces. Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the resisting area. Example is the bolt that holds the tension rod in its anchor. Another condition of shearing is when we twist a bar along its longitudinal axis. This type of shearing is called torsion and covered in Chapter 3. Another type of simple stress is the bearing stress, it is the contact pressure between two bodies. Suspension bridges are good example of structures that carry these stresses. The weight of the vehicle is carried by the bridge deck and passes the force to the stringers (vertical cables), which in turn, supported by the main suspension cables. The suspension cables then transferred the force into bridge towers. Normal Stress Stress Stress is the expression of force applied to a unit...
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...Marketplace Marketing Plan Marketing 5332: Executive Decisions in Marketing Company Name: CompuStar Game 3, Team 1 Spring 2008 Executive Personnel: Jason Juren VP Finance Tameisha Smith VP Advertising Reagan Simpson VP Sales Management Monica Greak VP Brand Design Marketplace Marketing Plan Marketing 5332: Executive Decisions in Marketing I. Executive Summary - CompuStar started the first year very optimistic that it could design a strong brand and create a powerful advertising campaign that would lead us to dominance in the market. Our optimism regarding our brand design was well placed, and as of Q5 we have maintained the strongest workhorse brand with a score of 72. We expect this score to improve even further in Q6 given the new R&D items we have purchased (New Word Program & High Speed modem). While the CostCutter brand has been a bit more volatile (We no longer had the best brand as of Q5 68 versus MicroChip's 72) we believe that our coming changes to the brand will give us the strength we need to recapture the market and re-establish ourselves as the premier CostCutters. In year two we plan to continually redesign our brands as we learn from our competitors and as we gather more market data. We have also planned the launch of an Innovator brand and a Traveler brand. These brands are simply copies of the best brands on the market. We feel that by...
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...1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Beam Deflections 1.2 Theory - Calculations DeflectionF formula for the load given above: A determination of flexural stress yields: When rectangular it is Where; δ = Deflection (mm) E = Coefficient of Elasticity L = Span (mm) I = Inertia Factor Mb = Moment of flexure (Nmm) F1 = Load occasioned by weight Wb = Resistance to flexure (mm3) of Load Device (N) σb = Flexural Stress (N/mm2) F = Load of occasioned by additional weight (N) 1.3 Objectives * To investigate the relationship between load, span, width, height and deflection of a beam placed on two bearers and affected by a concentrated load at the center. * To ascertain the coefficient of elasticity for steel brass and aluminium 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Procedure - Experiement 1A * Investigate the relationship between load and deflection. 1) Set the bearers so that a span of 600 mm is obtained. The interval between each groove on the shafts of the apparatus is 100 mm. 2) Place a test specimen with dimensions of 4 x 25 mm, on the bearers and mount the load device in the center of the test specimen. 3) Set the testing device so that the top of the gauge is centered on the upper plane of the load device. Lower the gauge so that its small hand is at about 10 and set the gauge to zero by twisting its outer ring. 4) Load the weights as shown in the table below and read off the deflection...
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