...The Encyclopædia Britannica (Latin for "British Encyclopaedia"), published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. In 2012, it was announced that the 2010 edition was the last printed edition that would be published. It is written by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors, including 110 Nobel Prize winners and five American presidents. The Britannica is the oldest English-language encyclopaedia still being produced. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in Edinburgh, Scotland as three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size: the second edition was 10 volumes, and by its fourth edition (1801–1810) it had expanded to 20 volumes. Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and 11th editions (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Beginning with the 11th edition and its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal in the North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted and every article updated on a schedule. In March 2012, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced it would no longer continue to publish its printed editions, instead focusing on its online version, Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Its final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.[1] ...
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...On Wikipedia — The Technology, The People, The Unfinished Work Shuo Xiang, 20074330 University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1 sxiang@uwaterloo.ca ABSTRACT Wikipedia is ubiquitous in the current age of the Internet. Every search conducted in Google is more than likely to turn up quite a few links to relevant articles in Wikipedia. However, Wikipedia also suffers major problems in numerous areas and its impact on society at large goes way beyond an extra Google search result. In this paper we will first examine the history and origin of Wikipedia. Secondly, a brief discussion of the underlying technologies and features of Wikipedia will be discussed. Thirdly, the results of the “Micro Wikipedia Survey” will be summarized and relevant commentaries given. Fourthly, the two major issues of Wikipedia and their impacts on society at large will be exposed and discussed in detail. Fifthly, positive and negative consequences Wikipedia have on different segments of society will be identified and discussed. Lastly, some concluding remarks and recommendations will be given that adequately summarizes the author’s stance on the past, present and future of Wikipedia. Categories and Subject Descriptors Computer technology, Wiki technology, Web 2.0, Impact and ethics of new computerized technology Keywords Wikipedia, Wikipedian, Wiki, credibility, NPOV, CS, 492, impact, computerized technology, ethics, McHenry INTRODUCTION Computer information communication has undergone several stages...
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...5-306-504 SHANE GREENSTEIN AND MICHELLE DEVEREUX The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica All men by nature desire to know. —Aristotle Joseph J. Esposito, CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, looked out over Lake Michigan and shook his head. After eighteen months of trying to sell his declining enterprise, in 1996 he had finally found a buyer in Swiss financier Jacob Safra. The price was nowhere near what Esposito had hoped for, but $135 million would have to do at this point in hopes that someone could keep this organization alive for another day. The disappointment in Esposito’s face was clear; what had once been the most venerable and respected product in the industry had become obsolete. How could a leading firm have fallen so far so quickly? In 1990 revenues had reached record levels, but six short years later the company had declared bankruptcy (see Exhibit 1). Esposito had done everything he could think of to prevent this, yet the questions running through his mind were endless: Had encyclopedia buyers changed? Did customers not care anymore about quality information? Was today’s Britannica organization flawed in ways that yesterday’s had not been? Had Britannica neglected to defend against an aggressive competitor? Was there a crisis in the market that he had ignored? The decline of Encyclopædia Britannica was difficult to comprehend. The Encyclopedia Industry The print encyclopedia was a comprehensive knowledge source that generally included multiple entries and/or...
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...Penn Foster Economics 1 Project 050477 The Volatile Russian Ruble The Russian ruble’s exchange rate from 2005 to 2010 was filled with its share of extremes when compared against the more stable United States dollar (USD). The United States was more developed, with a more experienced market economy that accommodated a managed floating exchange rate for their currency. Russia’s emerging market economy lacked the structure needed to provide stability to the ruble’s exchange rate due to inadequate monetary policies put in place by an inferior government and an overdependence on crude oil export prices for sustained economic growth. These collective differences are what set the dollar apart as a stronger currency than the ruble during this time period. In 2005, resource rich Russia was experiencing rapid economic growth attributed to a booming demand for crude oil. During this expansionary period, overall unemployment decreased, real wages began rising, and the poverty rate and gap began decreasing. Their economy was on a positive, uphill trend as oil prices kept raising. The ruble, which had been soft pegged to the U.S. dollar since 1995, was becoming stronger as it appreciated against other nations’ currencies. The United States, on the other hand, was contracting their economy in the face of those rising oil prices, war related debts, and devastating natural disasters. With the dollar threatening to depreciate in the open market, Russia’s monetary policy had to revolve...
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...The Big M Masturbation is not a common topic of conversation. The topic of masturbation is one that is kept in private. Masturbation is only the “manipulation of the genital organs for pleasure, usually to orgasm… [also known as] self-manipulation, but it can also be used to describe manipulation of or by a sexual partner, exclusive of sexual intercourse”, people speak of it as if it is a secret(“Masturbation” Encyclopedia). ‘Why?’ the question some people may wonder. It is because masturbation is an immoral act. Masturbation is an immoral act because it denies a chaste life and gives a false sense of what sex is about. Masturbation also leaves a feeling of emptiness leading to actual sex or chronic masturbation. Masturbation denies a chaste life that was meant to be saved for both God and spouse for after marriage. It denies this chaste life because a chase life is “having the strength to use your sexuality according to God’s plan… [doing this] glorifies God with your body” (Evert 17). God gave everyone the gift of virginity to be shared with another who will also share their own gift of virginity. This was the original plan God had in mind, and whenever God’s plan is carried out it makes Him happy. Others may argue that “the Bible does not actually address masturbation directly… that much of the religious opposition to masturbation is based on an interpretation of a biblical passage about a man named Onan who used the withdrawal method to prevent pregnancy… [Realistically...
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...Running Head: ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP Assignment 1 Entrepreneurial Leadership Joan M. Badger Dr. Anne Nelson Bus 508 Contemporary Business October 11, 2011 The American Telephone & Telegraph Wireless Liability Corporation of California The founding leader for AT&T Wireless Limited Liability Corporation of California is Craig McCaw. American Telephone and Telegraph Wireless Liability Corporation of California is a subsidiary of American Telephone and Telegraph Incorporated. Mr. McCaw had been in charge of his father’s cable television company McCaw Communications Incorporated, a sole proprietorship established in 1966, operating domestically. In 1981, he became interested in the cellular telephone market and began bidding on cellular telephone license, according to Academy of Achievements, n.d. Mr. McCaw sold shares of his cable television company to larger enterprises, creating a partnership and equity financing enabling him to amass a credit line of one billion dollars. Thus, he began establishing the foundation of intrapreneurship by purchasing all available licenses in cellular phones creating the basis for a national network ahead of the nearest competitor, namely the Bell Company. In factor, McCaw Cellular Communications purchased MCI and became the industry leader in 1986, according to Academy Achievement, n.d. In 1989 McCaw Cellular Communications acquired LIN Broadcasting, cellular telephone sales exploded and Craig McCaw became...
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...How to Make a Bibliography - A Handy Guideline -- Based on the 6th Edition of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. A BIBLIOGRAPHY is a list of sources used by the writer of a research paper, including books, encyclopedias, newspapers, magazines, pamphlets, interviews, and electronic media. All the sources used are listed alphabetically. NOTE: Book titles must be either underlined: Ants or italicized: Ants. NOTE: Pay attention to spacing, capitalization and punctuation. NOTE: When more than one publication location is cited on the title page, the first city should be the one noted on your bibliopgraphy. Place of publication usually includes the Name of the City, and the abbreviation of the State: Greenwood, CT. NOTE: The information for your bibliography should come from the Title Page of each book, NOT THE COVER, the SPINE or other sources (such as WebCat.) BOOKS ONE AUTHOR Overbeck, Cynthia. Ants. Minneapolis: Lerner Publication Company, 1982. Author's last name, Author's first name. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date. TWO OR THREE AUTHORS Sewell, Barbara and Patrick Lynch. A First Look at Ants. New York: Walker & Company, 1992. First Author's last name, First Author's first name and Full Names of 2nd and 3rd Authors. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, copyright date. MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS Anderson, Norman D., et al. Ants : using biological indicators to ...
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...earlier. These new communication technologies certainly influence and change the way we live and manage our communication, social and business activities. One of these new communication technologies is the so-called “smart-phones”, which are the combination of cellular phones and computer based technology. “The growing capabilities of handheld devices and transmission protocols have enabled a growing number of inventive and fanciful applications—for instance, augmented reality” (Hosch Encyclopaedia Britannica2012) They incorporate a whole list of features, example touchscreen (which is almost a standard application these days) internet browser, high resolution camera, capable to take High Definition Videos apart from HD still shots, navigator, Mp3 music player, document viewer, Bluetooth, USB, alarm clock, calculator, calendar. It brilliantly works with Wi-Fi and after all, it is also capable to make phone calls too. Reference: smartphone 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 25 February 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1498102/smartphone 2. Definition of technology & relevance - Posted: 28 FEB 2012 The definition of “Technology” by the Oxford Dictionaries: * The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry: * Machinery and equipment developed from scientific knowledge: * The branch of knowledge dealing...
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...on Islam brought fear into the lives of many women; fear of leaving the traditions they had followed their whole lives. Whereas Segu focused on changes, The Concubine, by Elechi Amadi, took a more timeless approach, focusing solely on the traditional religion of the Igbo society and its effects. Although these novels are very different, each author effectively shows the significant social, emotional, and physical effects of religion particularly on the lives of women in both the Igbo and Bambara societies. The Concubine, provides insight to many traditional concepts of the Igbo society such as its village democracy, beliefs in spirits, and, most importantly, the way women are viewed in society. Village democracies, as defined by Britannica, are democracies with a chosen group, usually the elders of a society, chosen to rule for their people. Amadi shows how villagers interacted with these elders by seeking their advice...
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...Protector. He took office in 1658 immediately after the death of his father, and lasted in office all the way to 25 May 1659 (“Cromwell Richard”Encyclopaedia Britannica). This shows what type of leader he was. Richard had mostly ineffective qualities such as being unable to protect the parliament, lack of experience, and inability to use money wisely. Oliver Cromwell for the most part, was a good leader. He did not like having the Parliament in charge of England. He knew the Parliament was treating the Army poorly, so when he took office, the first thing he did was take the Army’s side. He really pushed the execution of Charles I (“Collins, Jacquelin” Dictionary 380). For a while everyone loved Oliver but by the end of his term, he became a much hated man. The citizens became tired of having such strict rules. Why did he feel he needed to be so strict on the citizens? After his death, his body was exhumed and his head was placed on a pole above the West Minister Hall (“Collins, Jacquelin” Dictionary 381). Richard Cromwell took his father’s place as Lord Protector of the Common Wealth. Richard was born on 4 October, 1626. His parents were Oliver Cromwell and Elizabeth Bourchier. Richard was their oldest surviving son which is why his father chose him to carry on his role as leader of the Commonwealth (“Cromwell, Richard” Britannica Biographies). He married Dorothy Mayor in May of 1649. He seemed to be a good choice in the beginning. They quickly realized he was not a good choice...
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...HUMA205-1203A-15 Art Appreciation Steven R Cross AIU Online 10 June, 2012 Abstract Art takes form in many different ways of expression. Some throughout history express a way of life and belief, while others many express an escape for what back then may be the normal thoughts and patterns. The viewer may take from the art, knowledge or feelings of life back then. As time went by people and lifestyles changed as well did art and expression. Art Appreciation Encyclopedia Britannica (Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2012) describes art as “a visual object or experience consciously created through an expression of skill or imagination. The term art encompasses diverse media such as painting, sculpture, printmaking, drawing, decorative arts, photography, and installation”. UBC (Belton, 2008) explains art as “•the product of conscious intention, •a self-rewarding activity, •a tendency to unite dissimilar things, •a concern with change and variety, •the aesthetic exploitation of familiarity vs. surprise, •the aesthetic exploitation of tension vs. release, •the imposition of order on disorder, •the creation of illusions, •an indulgence in sensuousness, •the exhibition of skill, •a desire to convey meanings, •an indulgence in fantasy, •the aggrandizement of self or others, •illustration, •the heightening of existence, •revelation, •personal adornment or embellishment, •therapy, •the giving of meaning to life, •the generation of unselfconscious...
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...Kabir During the 14th century in India, the Vijayanagar Empire was in power with the Sangama dynasty based in southern India. It was established in 1336 and lasted until 1646, but was on the decline since the 1500s due to losing battles with the military. During the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire, the empire revolutionized the way Hindu temples were constructed architecturally. During this century, according to legend, the mystic poet Kabir was born. Kabir is an Arabic name that means “The Great” which is also the 37th name of God in Islam. No one is sure how he was born, but legend says he was a virgin birth or the son of a Brahman widow. Though, it is known that he was brought up by a muslim family that weaved for a living. In the Indian tradition, Kabir is known to have lived over 120 years, which would be from the late 14th century to the 16th, but others believe that his death occurred in the middle of the 15th century. Another traditional legend about his death was that when he passed away, the Muslims and Indians fought over who got the last rights, because he was raised by muslims, yet lived in India. When they lifted the cloth covering his body, however, they found flowers instead of his body. Kabir was a very important person in Indian history especially with his philosophic ideas. Kabir mixed both Muslim and Indian concepts into his own ideas. He took the Hindu ideas of reincarnation, which is life after death being reborn, and Karma, which is that all of your...
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...James McCroy World Wars (6) Mr. Schneider 3 October 2012 Annotated Bibliography Argument: The strategy of warfare employed at the Battle of Coral Sea by the United States military was the turning point in World War II for the Americans. 1. "Battle of the Coral Sea (Japanese-United States History)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 01 Oct. 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/137119/Battle-of-the-Coral-Sea>. * I will use this online encyclopedia for just a brief overview of my topic which will help me formulate my thesis and give me a basic understanding of my topic. 2. Costello, John. The Hidden Victory. The Pacific War. New York: Rawson, Wade, 1981. 249-63. Print. * I chose this book since it focuses on only The Pacific War and it goes into detail about the overall actions carried out in the Pacific which include strategies and data about both the Japanese and American military. 3. Spector, Ronald H. "The Vital Flank." Eagle against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York: Free, 1985. 158-63. Print. * As one can tell by the title of the book, it focuses on the American side of the war. This book will help me show the differences between the two militaries in Coral Sea and help support my thesis. 4. Stille, Mark. The Coral Sea 1942: The First Carrier Battle. Oxford: Osprey, 2009. Print. * This book is meant to go extremely in depth to the topic of Coral Sea. This book shows...
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...celebrated its sixth birthday. Earlier this month the number of articles in English on Wikipedia crossed 1.5 million (the number stands at 1,587,588 as of this writing). This number grows by almost 2000 every single day. Compared to this the number of articles in Encyclopedia Britannica (over 122,264) is a far cry. More than a million people visit Wikipedia every day (more than half of whom visit the English language pages). 5 out of every 100 internet users visit Wikipedia daily. Only 11 other sites are visited by more people. Wikipedia is very often at the top of Google search results (almost always in the top 10 results) for things ranging from ideologies (communism - 1, capitalism - 1); sports (cricket - 2, football - 3); sciences (economics - 1, literature - 3); places (India - 1, France - 1, Budapest - 2); people (Sachin Tendulkar - 1, Einstein - 2); objects (water - 2, chair - 1). Many things are taking place here. On the one hand, articles are being created at a rate, depth, and detail, which are utterly unprecedented. For instance, Wikipedia has detailed and easily accessible articles about "Triskaidekaphobia" and "Perfidious Albion" while a careful search did not reveal any relevant articles in Britannica. On the other hand, more and more people are consulting, quoting, referring to Wikipedia on any number of issues. It is rare to see a blog post these days which does not link to Wikipedia for the background info on some topic. This is the reason for the high Google page...
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...A Brief History of Credit Credit has become something that is very much taken advantage of by our modern society. Most people couldn’t imagine not being able to charge something that they want but don’t have the money for at right now. Some people even depend on their credit card for necessities such as grocery shopping between paychecks. The first real public use of “modern” credit was proposed in 1949 and made its debut sometime in 1950 in New York City. This however was not the first time a system of credit was used. According to an article in the Encyclopedia Britannica, “The use of credit cards originated in the United States during the 1920s, when individual firms, such as oil companies and hotel chains, began issuing them to customers for purchases made at company outlets” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). In fact, there is evidence of the use of credit even further back in history. An article by Mary Bellis mentions that: “… references to credit cards have been made as far back as 1890 in Europe. Early credit cards involved sales directly between the merchant offering the credit and credit card, and that merchant's customer” (Bellis, 2011). While this is quite a while back in history, it may very well not be the first use of credit. It is more than possible that some system of credit has been around in select civilizations for hundreds of years earlier than 1890. In any economic system involving money or even some basic trading and bartering systems, credit is possible...
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