...BS/TUMOR - Type x collagen is important for mineralization (locations include in cartilage deep to the tidemark and in the ZPC of the growth plate) - Myositis Ossificans should not be resected until completely ossified - Desmoid tumors contain E receptors and Tamoxifen is useful in the Treatment - A mutation in CBFA 1 leads to Cleidocranial Dysplasia - Chromium and Tantulum are very resistant to corrosion - Molybdenum is added to cobalt alloys to increase strength - IGN is the sole motor innervation of gluteus maximus - Lipomas are bright on T1 - Osteoarthritis leads to increase water and decreased proteoglycans and collagen in cartilage (very commonly asked) - CD 31 is a sensitive marker for angiosarcoma - AIIS is the origin of Rectus Femoris - Anakinra is an IL-1 antagonist used as Tx of RA - Etaneracept and Adalimumab block TNF alpha in the Tx of RA - TOC for PVNS is total synovectomy - Joint motion improves chondrocyte nutrition - Synovial Chondromatosis is a benign metaplastic process of joints that leads to stippled calcifications and loose bodies - If PE is irradiated in air, catastrophic failure and delamination occur - Osteocalcin is the most abundant non collagenous protein in bone - High Rates of Telomerase results in increased recurrence rates in patients with chondrosarcoma - X linked hypophosphatemic rickets caused by mutation in the PEX gene; MHE caused by defects in the EXT-1 or 2 genes - Synovial Sarcoma a/w translocation of X;18, Ewings...
Words: 2235 - Pages: 9
...OSTEOGENSIS Intramembranous ossification * Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form osteoblasts * Osteoblasts begin secreting a matrix * Osteoblasts become trapped in the lacunae * Osteoblasts differentiate and form osteocytes * More osteoblasts are produced, thus move outward * Eventually, osteon, compact bone is formed *Mention endosteum around spongy bone Ex: dermal bones, flat bones in skull, sesamoid Endochondral ossification * First Hyaline cartilage model is formed - Mesenchymal cells differentiate to form -Chondroblasts - Chondroblasts begin secreting a matrix - Chondroblast become Chondrocytes trapped in lacunae - Cartilage model is formed surrounded by perichondrium * Endochondral Bone Development * Blood vessels in perichondrium bring in osteoblast to form periosteum collar * Perichondrium turns into Periosteum * Hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and death of cartilage cells occur at primary ossification center * Bone begins to replace dead cartilage (osteoblast form spicules) * Formation of secondary ossification center in epiphysis * Bone replaces cartilage * Hyaline cartilage remains at epipysial plate and articular surfaces for life Ex: long bones (appendages) Sliding Filament Theory 1. Motor neuron releases Acetylcholine (ACH) at the neuromuscular junction. 2. Sarcolemma receives ACH and spreads an action potential (AP). 3. AP travels down the T -tubules...
Words: 618 - Pages: 3
...People with achondroplasia commonly have breathing problems in which breathing stops or slows down for short periods (apnea). Besides the symptoms mentioned above, adults suffering from achondroplasia may develop a pronounced and permanent sway of the lower back (lordosis) and bowed legs, leading to difficulty in walking. Achondroplasia is caused by a gene alteration (mutation) in the FGFR3 gene found in chromosome #4. The 2 copies of FGFR3 gene makes a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 that is involved in converting cartilage to bone. During a baby’s development, the cartilage serves as a temporary or embryonic skeleton for a developing bone. This cartilage model, which is made up of hyaline cartilage will undergo endochondral ossification. For individuals with achondroplasia, the process of converting cartilage to bone is slower than the usual, resulting to the symptoms mentioned above. These people have a change on one of their FGFR3 which makes the gene faulty. They have a faulty FGFR3 and a working FGFR3 copy. In this situation, the FGFR3 gene mutation occurs in one parent's egg or sperm cell before...
Words: 658 - Pages: 3
...INTRODUCTION TO BONE Dr. Nurzarina Abdul Rahman Anatomy Unit Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences USIM 2015/2016 Learning outcomes At the end of the lecture, the student should be able to: • Define the axial and appendicular skeleton and their functions. • Define the classification of bone. • Define bone markings and formations. • Briefly describe the bone development (intramembranous and endochondral ossification). • Describe the vasculature and innervation of bone. Bone and its function Bone A living organ capable of changing its structure as the result of stresses, which it is subjected Consists of cells, fibers and matrix Hard because of calcification of matrix There are about 206 bones in human Function of the bone 1. Support (carry) the body weight. 2. Protect the vital organs as : – ribs protect the lung and heart – skull protects the brain – vertebrae protects spinal cord 3. Movement : the bone provide muscle attachment and form the joints necessary for body movement 4. Important storage area for salts (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) 5. Houses and protects bone marrow within its cavity Skeletal system Skeletal system (bone) Human skeleton is divided into: Axial skeleton Consist of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum Appendicular skeleton Consist of the bones of upper and lower limbs, pelvic and shoulder girdle Several vertebrae connected by ligaments & articulate together with presence of intervertebral discs in between 7 cervical...
Words: 972 - Pages: 4
...Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue Multiple Choice 1. Important functions of the skeletal system include A) protection of the brain and soft organs. B) storage of water. C) production of Vitamin E. D) regulation of acid-base balance. E) integration of other systems. Answer: a Level: 1 2. A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a(n) A) aponeurosis. B) ligament. C) bursa. D) epimysium. E) tendon. Answer: e Level: 1 3. Ligaments attach A) muscle to muscle. B) bone to bone. C) muscle to bone. D) nerve to bone. E) nerve to muscle. Answer: b Level: 1 4. Chondroblasts produce A) ligaments. B) cartilage matrix. C) bone tissue. D) blood cells. E) synovial fluid. Answer: b Level: 1 5. The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is A) elastic cartilage. B) fibrocartilage. C) hyaline cartilage. D) interstitial cartilage. E) osteocartilage. Answer: c Level: 1 6. The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the A) matrix. B) chondrocyte. C) ligamentous cord. D) lacuna. E) perichondrium. Answer: e Level: 1 7. Cartilage A) is composed of osteons. B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum. C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae. D) does not need nutrients and oxygen so it has no blood vessels. E) is well vascularized. Answer: c Level: 1 8. Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix...
Words: 3619 - Pages: 15
...the environment that surrounds you every second of your life. Few people relate the importance of movement as one of the factors necessary for maintaining life, but the body doesn't survive very long without the ability to produce movements. The study and review for this chapter includes microscopic and macroscopic features of bone, bone development and growth, location and identification of bones, joint classification, and the structure of representa tive articulations. Review of Learning Outcomes 6-1 Describe the primary functions of the skeletal system. 6-2 Classify bones according to shape, and compare the structures and functions of compact and spongy bone. 6-3 Compare the mechanisms of intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification. 6-4 Describe the remodeling and homeostatic mechanisms of the skeletal system. 6-5...
Words: 7211 - Pages: 29
...AP1 Fall 2014 Final Exam Take Home – Due at 5 pm on October 29th. • 1. Homeostasis is an important theme in studying the human body. Discuss homeostatic processes in each of the organ systems we covered this semester. Be sure to include discussion of negative feedback, set points, receptors and effectors. (7 points each) 2. Homeostasis- The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment. (Saladin, 2015) a. Integumentary System – Homeostasis is critical for our body function, in order to stay in homeostasis the body goes through a process called negative feedback. Negative feedback mechanism in the integumentary system goes through 4 steps in order to maintain homeostasis; 1. There is a stimulus or change in the body. Example. Change in the body temperature. a. If the body is too cold it will trigger shivering to warm your body. b. If your body is too hot it will trigger sweating to release heat. 2. The sensor or receptor (sensory neuron) detects change in your body. 3. The control center (brain) sends out signals and messages to the effector. 4. The effector (muscle or gland) is in charge of restoring the body back to homeostasis. (Saladin, 2015) The body must regulate its own body temperature. Our normal set point is 98.6.When we are overheating our body responds in numerous ways in an effort to cool itself, such as sweating. Alternatively, if our body temperature...
Words: 2119 - Pages: 9
...the cells that leave the PZ later give rise to the distal parts. When the mesenchymal cells leave the PZ, they are no longer under the influence of signals from the AER. Once mesenchymal cells have moved out of AER signaling range, they will clump to form an aggregate of precartilaginous cells. These clumps will ultimately turn into cartilage and then bone. Once the clumps have formed, specific cells will begin to die in different areas of the clump. This allows the clump of cells to be shaped into a limb. The process is called Programmed Cell Death (PCD). Without PCD, fingers would be webbed and limbs would not be shaped appropriately. The latest stages of cell development involve the ossification of the cartilage. The bones of the limbs do this via endochondral ossification. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFCATION Thalidomide is a drug that can be found in both R and S isomeric conformations. In the S form, thalidomide is a teratogen and in the R form it is a sedative. However, the two forms cannot be isolated and will cause teratogenic effects. The defects in the limb caused by thalidomide will either be amelia or phocomelia. Amelia is the absence of the limb entirely while phocomelia is the absence or truncation of the zeugopod. There are several theories of how these defects can occur. One theory of how thalidomide induced deformities can occur is the oxidative stress hypothesis. Thalidomide has the ability to generate a reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can in turn oxidize DNA...
Words: 1693 - Pages: 7
...These are study questions for the material on Test 1. If you want to have me look at your answers, please include the question and the answer and please give it to me word processed and double-spaced. Thanks, Linda Kollett Introduction 1. Define anatomy and physiology and describe related areas of study. 2. Describe the relationship between structure and function. Give examples. 3. Name the levels of organization. 4. Describe common tissue types including structure and characteristics 5. Define homeostasis and general characteristics of control mechanisms. 6. Describe negative and positive feedback systems and give examples. 7. Describe the glycocalyx and relate to cell-environment interactions. 8. Describe microvilli, gap junctions, tight junctions and desmosomes. 9. Describe types of cell-environment interactions, including cell adhesion molecules, membrane receptors, and cell signaling Integumentary System 1. Describe the structure of the skin. Be able to compare and contrast the dermis and the epidermis. Relate the structure of the skin to its function. 2. Describe the role of the hypodermis 3. Describe the structure of a hair and hair follicle. 4. Explain how hair and nails grow. 5. Describe the location, secretion type, secretion mechanism and function of the sweat glands. 6. Briefly explain reasons for differences in skin color. 7. List the functions...
Words: 351 - Pages: 2
...Assignment 1 – (50 marks) Discuss the importance of body fluids and which one is considered to be the body’s internal environment. (4 marks) * Body fluids carry chemical communicators which organize actions amid cells, carry nutrients to cells, and carry waste products away from cells. They are the primary transport system between cells. The internal environment of the body is extracellular fluid, which refers to all of the fluids outside of our cells in our bodies – such as blood plasma, interstitial fluid, lymph and transcellular fluid. These fluids make up approximately 1/4 of body weight. Describe the three major types of lipids found in the body. (6 marks) * The three major types of lipids found in the body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols (cholesterol). Triglycerides are fatty acids. Its functions include energy storage and the cushioning and insulating of the body and nerves. All nerves are wrapped in a myelin sheath; or lipid layer. Phospholipids are similar to triglycerides, but contain a phosphate group. It is a lipid bilayer – membranes in eukaryotic cells and the plasma membrane of cells. Sterols are made from lipids, but have no fatty acids in their structure. Cholesterol makes up sex hormones and carries lip-proteins. Describe briefly what is occurring at each step in the figure. (3 marks) * Name and briefly describe the cell shapes, arrangements, and functions of cell layers found in epithelial tissues. (3 marks) * In...
Words: 1305 - Pages: 6
...Human Anatomy & Physiology, 10e, (Marieb) Chapter 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissue 6.1 Matching Questions Figure 6.1 Using Figure 6.1, match the following bone types with the numbered structure: Flat, long, irregular, short, sesamoid A) Irregular B) Flat C) Sesamoid D) Short E) Long 1) Bone 1. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 2) Bone 2. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 3) Bone 3. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 4) Bone 4. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 5) Bone 5. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 6) Bone 6. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 7) Bone 7. Section: 6.3 Learning Outcome: 6.6 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension Answers: 1) B 2) E 3) B 4) A 5) E 6) C 7) D Figure 6.2 Using Figure 6.2, match the following: A) A B) D C) C D) B 8) Compact bone. Section: 6.4 Learning Outcome: 6.7 Global LO: G2 HAPS LO: HAPS1, HAPS2 Bloom's Level: 2 Comprehension 9) Location of the epiphyseal line. Section: ...
Words: 5269 - Pages: 22
...Intro to the Skeletal System. Chap 6: Bones are composed of several different tissues working together * osseous tissue * cartilage * dense connective tissue * epithelium * adipose tissue * nervouse tissue All of the bones and the cartilages, Functions: * supports soft tissues and provides attachment points for tendons of skeletal muscles * protects the most important internal organs * assists in movement by acting as levers for skeletal muscles * osseous tissue stores and releases minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus * red marrow within bones produces blood cells * yellow marrow within bones stores triglycerides, a source of potential energy reserve Classification: -longbones -- greater length than width - short bones -- nearly equal in l & w - flat bones -- thin - irregular bones -- complex shapes - sesamoid bones -- shaped like a sesame seed Long bone anatomy: * -Regions of a long bone * Diaphysis (Shaft) * Medullay cavity (inside shaft) * 2 Epiphyses (proximal and distal) * 2 Metaphyses (join diaphysis and epiphysis with epiphyseal plate, or line once growth stops) * -Surface tissues * Endosteum * Periosteum * Articular cartilage * Osseous Tissue * -Extra cellular matrix of connective tissue * Water * Collagen fibers- gives property of flexibility and tensile strength * Crystallized mineral salts of hydroxyapatities – gives property...
Words: 2157 - Pages: 9
...INTRODUCTION I. SYLLABUS & COURSE POLICIES II. BODY ORGANIZATION A. Chemical Level: atoms and molecules B. Cellular Level: Cell: basic structural and functional unit of life C. Tissue Level: Tissue: similar cells that perform a common function D. Organ Level: Organ: 2 or more kinds of tissues integrated to perform specific functions E. Organ System Level: Organ system: organs having related functions F. Organismal Level: Organism: has several organ systems which work together to maintain life III. PLANES OF REFERENCE & DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY A. Anatomical Position: upright, feet parallel, eyes & palms forward B. Planes of Reference: Imaginary lines or actual dissecting cuts (sections) which may be used to "section" the body or an organ. 1. Sagittal: divides the body or organ into unequal right and left portions. a. Midsagittal: divides the body or organ into equal HALVES 2. Coronal (= Frontal) Plane: divides the body or organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions 3. Transverse (= Horizontal, Cross-sectional) Plane: Divides the body or organ into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) C. Directional Terms for the Body: Terms are in table 1.2 on p. 12, (and fig 1.7 on p. 13) - LEARN THEM!! Ex: Medial: closer to midline Lateral: away from the midline IV. BODY REGIONS A. Cephalic Region or Head 1. Facial Region a. Orbital – eye ...
Words: 3790 - Pages: 16
...necrosis other part of the body too. Bone is a supporting framework of our body, characterized by its rigidity, hardness, and the power of regeneration and repair. Bone protects the vital organs of the body. Bone plays the vital roles supporting environment of marrow by forming blood and storing fat. It acts as a mineral reservoir for calcium homeostasis and reservoir of growth factors and also maintains the acid base balance in our body. The bone is metabolically active organ which undergoes changes throughout the life. Remodeling of bone begins early in fetal life and it’s fully formed by adult young. The bone develops by calcification and ossification process called bone formation and growth. Intramembranous ossification is bone develops directly from fibrous connective tissue which wrapped by age two. Furthermore, endochondral ossification is bone replaces existing cartilages that continue to occur until the age of 18. The bone remodeling involves with the process of osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. The bone involves maintaining, breaking and making stage. The process of osteocytes maintains the bone matrix, the process of osteoclast that secrets acid and enzymes to dissolve the bone matrix by breaking the old bone tissue and the process of osteoblast replaces with the new bone tissue. Once bone dies, death bone tissue could grow back depending on person’s health condition, age, medicine they are taking and lifestyle they have. It could grow back, but it may take a...
Words: 2008 - Pages: 9
...Disease Achondroplasia is the most frequent form of short-limb dwarfism (Nahar R et al 2009). As well as short stature due to shortening of limbs, affected individuals have characteristic facies with frontal bossing and mid-face hypoplasia, exaggerated lumbar lordosis, limitation of elbow extension, genu varum and trident-like hands. Incidence increases with paternal age. Achondroplasia is caused, in virtually all of the cases, by a G380R mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) (Di Rocco F et al 2014). FGFR3 is also important in craniofacial, vertebral and neurological development such that this mutation has multiple effects in an affected individual (Horton WA et al 2007). Clinical Presentation Gross motor development frequently is delayed. Motor milestones such as head control and independent sitting, standing, and ambulation may lag by 3-6 months. Speech and language problems may be caused by tongue thrust (due to abnormal maxillomandibular relationship) but often resolve spontaneously. Twenty percent of patients experience delayed speech acquisition. Cognitive skills are preserved, and the intelligence level is within normal limits. Cranial enlargement and poor head control place the infant at risk for extension injuries. An Australian study assessed the functional milestones of achondroplasia children aged 3-7 years. The data noted that while milestones were delayed across all ages studied, functioning improved between age 3 and 5 years, although not...
Words: 1507 - Pages: 7
