...from Latin, but it is different from Classical Latin, in the sense that speakers of this new language dropped endings in words and prepositions and added “slang” to Classical Latin. Since they both derive from what became the Romance language, there are many similarities between the two including syntax, and morphology. Spanish and Italian like all human languages in the world have a noun phrase and verb phrase as the main syntactic categories in a sentence. When we break the sentence structure down even more, we see that similarities between the two languages. An example of this can be seen when we look at the placement of adjectives in the sentence. Take for example the sentence “the German shepherd was clean” (English, fig 1) translated into both languages. In Italian it translates to “Il pastore tedesco era pulito” (Italian, fig 2). In Spanish the same sentence translates to “El pastor aleman estaba limpio” (Spanish, fig 3). Here we see that the structure of the noun phrase head is shepherd, pastore (italian), and pastor (spanish). The noun phrase then is subcategorized to a determiner and N’, then N’ is further sub-categorized to N’ then adjective. Unlike in English where N’ comes after the adjective in both Spanish and Italian, N’ comes before. If we say “the German shepherd was clean” we can see that the first part of the sentence which is the noun phrase, when further broken down, the noun comes after the adjective. In Italian there are also some exceptions...
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...Part 1: * Phrases/Ordering Template: 1. NP (det) + (adj) + N + (PP) 2. VP (aux) + V + (C/CP) 3. S NP + VP 4. Order of NP in English aside from nouns (what words can appear before noun): Super NP NP + PP, Prepositions can be attached to NPs as modifiers (postnominal modifiers); can expand NP or blow it up with Prep Phrase. Ex. The old man on the bench * Phonology: rules for putting sounds (phonemes) together to form syllables/words. * Morphology: study of words/word parts (rules for putting free/bound morphemes together) A. Free/Independent Morphemes: words like “cat” are free morphemes B. Bound Morphemes: Plural ‘-s’, past –ed, -ing, or –ion (not words) * Syntax: rules for combining words into larger phrases (noun phrase/verb phrase/sentences) * Semantics: conceptual meanings of words, and how word meanings relate to each other in sentences. * Linguistic Competence: system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. * Communicative Competence: ability to use sentences in culturally appropriate ways * Words like ‘rose’ have at least three aspects/pieces of information/aspects, what are they: Sound (phonology), meaning, and a part of speech Part 2: * Behaviorism: child is born with a blank slate, and must learn everything from external environments. 1. Imitation: You say what I say, positive reinforcement, form habits 2. Practice: Repetition ...
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...Jusmin Rosette M. Pasia ICT IV-A I. 1. Phrase Structure Rules are a way to describe a given language's syntax and are closely associated with the early stages of transformational grammar. They are used to break down a natural language sentence into its constituent parts (also known as syntactic categories) namely phrasal categories and lexical categories (aka parts of speech). A grammar that uses phrase structure rules is a type of phrase structure grammar - except in computer science, where it is known as just a grammar, usually context-free. Phrase structure rules as they are commonly employed operate according to the constituency relation and a grammar that employs phrase structures rules is therefore a constituency grammar and as such, it stands in contrast to dependency grammars, which are based on the dependency relation. Phrase structure rules are usually of the following form: meaning that the constituent is separated into the two subconstituents and . Some further examples for English are as follows: The first rule reads: An S (sentence) consists of an NP (noun phrase) followed by a VP (verb phrase). The second rule reads: A noun phrase consists of a Det (determiner) followed by an N (noun). Some further categories are listed here: AP (adjective phrase), AdvP (adverb phrase), PP (prepositional phrase), etc. Specific notations for writing phrase structure rules can be identified in the third rule. The round brackets around AP and PP indicate that these constituents...
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...Kerry Kempink Mrs. Morris ENC 1102-69980 24 April 2008 Sentence Construction and Style It has been argued for decades on why the first year of college is so important for a student. The first year of college is generally filled with attending class and completing work for courses that seem to have little to no noteworthy importance on what a student wants to achieve a degree in. Some courses for example, humanities and psychology, endow students with just enough information to give the student a broad idea of what the subject matter the student is enrolled in is really about. Writing courses are no different from information based classes. In a writing course however, a student is expected to complete a task that few other courses will expect from him. The areas of concern are many for writing instructors, but places where progress is most often desired are in the areas of development or sentence construction and wording also known as style. Writing style is the manner in which a writer addresses a matter in prose, a manner which reveals the writer's personality, or “voice.” It is particularly evident in the choices the student makes in syntactical structures, diction, and figures of thought. Why is writing style important? Writing style is what depicts how the reader reads the essay. For example, the statements, the journalist has a very journalistic style, or the scholar's style is too scholarly, reveal the redundant and misleading nature of talking about style...
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...of the children to sign a consent form which I created; in which they will give me permission of undertake this language investigation. I intend to analyse and annotate my transcripts according to lexical, grammatical and caregiver language features which are evident within my texts. As I believe that these are crucial areas in the way children acquire language. I used Microsoft excel which allowed me to accurately count the number of verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, nouns etc. Which were used by each child. This resulted in statistical data that will create concrete evidence which I will use in my essay to support my analysis. INTRODUCTION/HYPOTHESIS For my A-level English language investigation coursework, I have chosen to evaluate child language Acquisition and how gender differences may be apparent at the telegraphic stage as well as how caregiver language can vary when interacting with different genders. When looking over at my transcripts I will keep a few questions into consideration: * Does gender influence child language acquisition? * Does caregiver language alter our verbal communication when interacting with different genders? Language development is a vital part of the human cognitive nature, understanding language development is an important aspect to understand the base and to recall its various components of linguistics. I’ve always wanted to know if there are real differences in...
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...Language: Many Facets Communications comes in all kinds of sounds and symbols. A creature communicates in various ways, whether it is by sounds of voices, sounds of animals, signs, or symbols very existence of creatures on this planets attempt to communicate in some facet. According to the typical definition of language the response is simple. Willingham, 2007 states that “communication must be communicative, arbitrary, structured, generative and dynamic to be deemed a language.” The sound of animals is a part of communication, but these sounds are arbitrary, they might even be regarded as dynamic; however it is not structured, but it is original, so it makes a particular sound, even though it is not generative. The mental dictionary is of interest to the cognitive functions, and language assimilation of an individual because of the stored images of the speech, and the lexicon. The lexical doorway accrue the spelling, pieces of sounds, and pronunciation for every single word that has been incorporate into a person’s vocabulary. Furthermore, it is amazing how an individual can selectively distinguish the words by cross-referencing these forms of speech with things that they have identified with that is perceptible. Human beings attempt to associate certain sounds that animals make with precise lexicons to see if those specific sounds can formulate a specific language. According Willingham, 2007 he states in the text that language is hard to define. The standard definition and...
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...to verbal symbols or words are called 7. It refers to programming by visual methods 8. It refers to an language that consists of generalized icons and operators 9. It refers to an symbols that are used to denote operations and are usually context-dependent a. b. c. d. Visual programming Operation icons Multidimensional language None of these 9. ___________are operators that involve spatial relations among image, text or other spatial objects a. b. c. d. Spatial operators Visual operators Virtual operators None of these 11. VR stands for a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. e. Visual reality Virtual relation Virtual reality None of these Expressions Syntax Operators None of these Teleaction objects Talent...
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...ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.com/acc-491-week-5-learning-team-assignment-audit-sampling-case-m Description ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case Memo ACC 491 Week 5, Learning Team Assignment - Audit Sampling Case M Purchase here http://chosecourses.c...
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...Lucie Růžičková A Complex Sentence Analysis 'Mary and John intended to write the essay together, but then they visited the new exhibition of modern art on Sunday, because when Mary arrived for the weekend, most of the text had already been written by John and it did not take them much time to finish it.' a) We can distinguish several kinds of sentences. It might be SIMPLE sentence(1), NON-SIMPLE(multiple) sentence which comprises Complex(2a), Compound(2b) and Complex Compound(2c) sentence or so called SEMI-CLAUSE(3). Simple sentence is a sentence that had one Subject part and one Predicate part = a single independent clause. Complex sentence consists of one main clause and at least one subordinate clause. Compound sentence is formed of two or more main clauses which are joined by conjunctions such as and, or, or but. Complex Compound sentence contains more than one main clause and several subordinated clauses. [1] Our analysed sentence consists of five clauses. Four of them are main clauses and one is subordinate clause. This indicates that our sentence belongs to Complex-Compound type of sentence.(4) The multiple sentence is further distinguished by the type of grammatical relationship that holds between the clauses. If the grammatical relationship is paratactic, the clauses are coordinated. If the grammatical relationship is hypotactic, the clauses are subordinated. Parataxis is the grammatical arrangement of "equal" constituents(clauses). It is a hallmark of coordination...
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...Alejandro Fasquelle September 22, 2013 English Lit. C Leah: Voice Essay Tall men with dark skin are using the red car with old tires. They are headed towards the big yellow grocery shop. Details are used everywhere because they help to explain ideas, events, panoramas, and others. But when over used they can become exhausting to the reader. Leah, a character from the book “The Poisonwood Bible” by Barbara Kingsolver has a very distinctive way of speaking. Leah’s voice is very detailed and descriptive which shows us how she is very meticulous. She expresses this characteristic through diction, syntax, and figurative language. Leah’s diction is very advanced since her words choices are very sophisticated. She used words like “contemptuous,” as well as different synonyms when talking about the same thing. She also described things with a lot detail like when she described her father, while he was gardening: “a film of red dust on his hair and eyebrows and the tip of his strong chin gave him a fetish look true to his nature.” Her speech is so descriptive that it’s not hard to imagine in great detail whatever she describes. Leah’s diction is very wonderful and great and if she were to write a book it would be a pleasant experience for any reader. Her diction might be one thing, but structure or syntax of her writing is different. Since she is very descriptive some of her sentences are very long so Leah uses many commas and conjunctions. Sometimes her sentences can look long...
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...AN-244 Phrasal Syntax seminar Marosán Lajos Parts of Speech Tarr Dániel 1995 Parts of Speech Parts of Speech are words classified according to their functions in sentences, for purposes of traditional grammatical analysis. According to traditional grammars eight parts of speech are usually identified: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, verbs, and interjections. Noun girl, man, dog, orange, truth ... Pronoun I, she, everyone, nothing, who ... Verb be, become, take, look, sing ... Adjective small, happy, young, wooden ... Adverb slowly, very, here, afterwards, nevertheless Preposition at, in, by, on, for, with, from, to ... Conjunction and, but, because, although, while ... Interjection ouch, oh, alas, grrr, psst ... Most of the major language groups spoken today, notably the Indo-European languages and Semitic languages, use almost the identical categories; Chinese, however, has fewer parts of speech than English.[1] The part of speech classification is the center of all traditional...
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...М. Я. Блох ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ГРАММАТИКА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА Допущено Министерством просвещения СССР в качестве учебника для студентов педагогических институтов по специальности [pic] Москва «Высшая школа» 1983 № 2103 «Иностранные языки» Сканирование, распознавание, проверка: Корректор, сентябрь 2004 г. Для некоммерческого использования. Исправлено десять опечаток. Орфография из амер. переведена в брит. Рецензенты: кафедра английского языка Горьковского педагогического института иностранных языков им. Н. А. Добролюбова и доктор филол. наук, проф. Л. Л. Нелюбин. Блох М. Я. Б70 Теоретическая грамматика английского языка: Учебник. Для студентов филол. фак. ун-тов и фак. англ. яз. педвузов. — М.: Высш. школа, 1983.— с. 383 В пер.: 1 р. В учебнике рассматриваются важнейшие проблемы морфологии и синтаксиса английского языка в свете ведущих принципов современного системного языкознания. Введение в теоретические проблемы грамматики осуществляется на фоне обобщающего описания основ грамматического строя английского языка. Особое внимание уделяется специальным методам научного анализа грамматических явлений и демонстрации исследовательских приемов на конкретном текстовом материале с целью развития у студентов профессионального лингвистического мышления. Учебник написан на английском языке. ББК 81.2 Англ-9 [pic]4И (Англ) © Издательство «Высшая школа», 1983. CONTENTS Page Preface 4 Chapter I....
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...International Journal of Applied Linguistics & English Literature ISSN 2200-3592 (Print), ISSN 2200-3452 (Online) Vol. 2 No. 4; July 2013 Copyright © Australian International Academic Centre, Australia A Stylistic Analysis of D.H. Lawrence’s ‘Sons and Lovers’ Nozar Niazi English Department, Lorestan University, Khorramabad-Iran E-mail: nozar_2002@yahoo.co.in Received: 04-04-2013 doi:10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.4p.118 Abstract Accepted: 14-05-2013 Published: 01-07-2013 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.4p.118 This paper aims at analyzing D.H. Lawrence’s ‘Sons and Lover’ using a stylistic approach. Stylistics is a study of the amalgamation of form with content. The stylistic analysis of a novel goes beyond the traditional, intuitive interpretation, because it combines intuition and detailed linguistic analysis of the text. The defining elements of modern language are within the text itself, not prescribed from outside. With modernist texts, usually understanding comes from close study of the language system defined within the text itself. Form, technique and style are considered not as a mere vehicle of the content of the story, but an integral part of the work’s meaning and value. In our analysis of ‘Sons and Lovers’ the resources of language: lexis, syntax, phonology, figurative language, cohesion and coherence, are discussed in relation to the style of discourse in order to explore hidden meanings in the text. The resources of language are shown...
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...semantico-syntactic point of view. My primary aim is to explore the use and functions of the passive voice in English, examining the reasons which motivate an author to prefer the passive form to the active one. Secondary interest is devoted to the function and the use of the passive voice in Czech. As research material I have chosen the short stories by the American writer O. Henry and their Czech translations by Stanislav Klíma. The reasons why I have chosen the genre of a short story are that it is noted for the unity of time, place and action. I believe that due to this fact, the results of my research will give higher evidence of the use of the passive voice since the basis for comparison is unified and compact contrary to, for example, a novel. For the same reason of evidence, I explore just the translations of one translator, since everyone has his/her personal style and different way of thinking and understanding of original text. I am interested in the issue of information packaging, especially in the different ways of expressing one and the same reality in the two languages: when both active and passive versions are formally permitted, what factors favour the choice of one over other? The passive voice is a phenomenon which is involved both in English and in Czech but in unlike extent. As far as I know, the passive voice is a favourite means of expression in English whereas in Czech its usage is not so popular. In view of this fact, I suppose that the results will work...
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...Parts of Speech Table This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech*. You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech. |part of speech |function or "job" |example words |example sentences | |Verb |action or state |(to) be, have, do, like, work, |EnglishClub.com is a web site. I like | | | |sing, can, must |EnglishClub.com. | |Noun |thing or person |pen, dog, work, music, town, |This is my dog. He lives in my house. We live in | | | |London, teacher, John |London. | |Adjective |describes a noun |a/an, the, 69, some, good, big, |My dog is big. I like big dogs. | | | |red, well, interesting | | |Adverb |describes a verb, adjective or |quickly, silently, well, badly, |My dog eats quickly. When he is very hungry, he | | |adverb |very, really |eats really quickly. | |Pronoun |replaces a noun |I, you...
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