...create a totalitarian state in Germany between 1933 and 1939? How would you define a totalitarian state? Well many would argue that it was a political system where the state, usually under one organisation, recognises no limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and private life. This was what Hitler wanted for Germany under the control of the Nazi party. From 1933 to 1939 Hitler tried to control every aspect of Germany and its people. To create a totalitarian state Hitler would have to insure that one party and one party only controlled Germany. He would also have to ensure that he could keep the economy, the opposition, the media, the army and the police fully under his control. This essay will closely examine if he achieved this or not. Carl Freidrichs, a German historian believes that to have a totalitarian state all of these features are needed. In other words for a country to be a totalitarian state then the following features were essential. These included: suppression of all sources of opposition, total control of the media, total control of all groups in society, the total control of education, total control of the economy and finally total control of all civil life. If these things could be controlled then Hitler would have indeed created a totalitarian state. Firstly Hitler would have to crush all opposition to ensure that he could create his totalitarian state. Although Hitler had quickly established a one party state and silenced...
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...- Essay - The Origins of the Second World War Text 6 by A.J.P. Taylor Professor: Luciano Amaral Assistant: Duncan Simpson Francisca Ennes 11731 Mariana Ascenso 11677 Alan John Percivable Taylor was born in March 1906 in Birkdale, England. His parents held left-wing views, which he inherited; and were pacifists, which made them send his son to Quaker schools, as a way of protesting against the First World War. Taylor was described as being an “arresting, stimulating, vital personality, violently anti-bourgeois and anti-Christian” person. He attended Oxford University and made a post-graduation in history in Vienna. After that, he became a political and diplomatic historian. In 1961 he published his most controversial book, The Origins of the Second World War, where he proposed a new and uncomfortable picture of Hitler – the Chancellor and Head of State of Germany between 1933 and 1945. Likewise, Origins seems to evidence numerous inconsistencies and contradictions in his own theories. In this essay, based on “Hitler’s Foreign Policy” chapter from the previously mentioned book, we will discuss the author’s opinion on the main character, regarding historical facts. Adolf Hitler was born in 1889 in Austria. When younger he was already considered as being a resentful, discontented and of unstable temperament child. He was deeply hostile towards his authoritarian father, and strongly attached to his mother. Later on, he went to Vienna where he acquired his first education...
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...fascism? Fascism is a hard ideology to define because nearly every modern government or political movement has been called ‘fascist’ by somebody. (The writer has directly addressed the essay question in the topic sentence of the first paragraph, noting how it can be identified as being ambiguous, and how it is difficult to define.) I contend that fascism was a political movement unique to the early 20th century, especially in Europe, because its worldview was shaped by events and philosophical ideas from the late 19th century until the interwar period. (Evidence that the writer has considered the words meaning in terms of context and knowledge of what periods of time are referred as) Some people have called states like Saddam Hussein’s Iraq ‘fascist’, but I believe that there is a big difference between authoritarian dictatorship and genuine fascism. (Additional evidence of acquired knowledge, saying that it is the writer’s belief that there is a difference between the two terms ‘authoritarian dictatorship’ and ‘genuine fascism’.) So how did fascism originally develop? (There is a conversational tone, to the topic sentence of each paragraph, asking relevant key questions that the writer has considered. Note, how this afforded question is compatible with the main essay question. The conversational tone, is effective in portraying the fact that the writer has attempted to acquire and integrate knowledge. The first sentence of the second paragraph, has a conversational...
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...Essay Topic: “Up to 1939, why did many Germans support Hitler and his Nazi dictatorship? “ In modern day history, Hitler is widely viewed as one of the world’s worst political leaders as his racial, fascist and totalitarian actions directly contributed to the outbreak of World War II which posed detrimental consequences on the entire world. From a second-hand analytical view, Hitler is perceived as an epitome of evil and the world still continues to battle the effects of the election of such a monstrous leader by German citizens. However, it is evident that the reasons why Germans supported Hitler and his Nazi dictatorship up to 1939 can be justified. Thus, as a result of his many favorable leadership qualities and characteristics (his excellent oratorical skills together with his promises to the German people, organization of the Nazi party and his intense propaganda), the Great Economic Depression of 1929 after the Collapse of Wall Street, the ineptitude of the Weimar Constitution, and ultimately the fear of communism, Germans continued to support Hitler up to 1939. By 1939, Adolf Hitler had become a very inspirational and charismatic leader as his great skill in public speaking had won over the loyalty and support of many German nationals. Hitler filled German people with a sense of hope that had been long lost for a very long time. Hitler attempted to please all aspects of life as he promised exactly what each group wanted. He promised to pay farmers higher prices for...
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...Lauren Chapman March 11, 2015 HIST 342 Book review Doctors under Hitler by Michael H. Kater The book Doctors under Hitler by Michael H. Kater, offers a lot more than its title suggests. Kater exposes us to a numerical image of the nazification of the German medical community through social, economic, and political views. He guides us through the years before and after Hitler’s regime with chapters full of statistical data, graphs, and tables demonstrating what it was like to be a doctor during this time. When preparing to read this book, I expected to read about a collection of twisted doctors under Hitler’s rule, performing atrocious “medical” experiments. Although this was discussed, the book detailed more on the entire medical profession under Hitler, and its primary focus being on the fortune and fate of physicians as one of the most significant specialized groups under the Nazi party. Kater states that, “doctors became Nazified earlier and more thoroughly than members of other professional groups and worked hardest to serve the regime (4).” Kater makes his thesis known within the first few pages of the book, saying that “physicians become Nazified more thoroughly and much sooner than any other profession, and as Nazi’s they did more in the service of the nefarious regime than any of their extra professional peers (4-5). He breaks this statement down into chapters, filled with sections of information regarding the organizational and socioeconomic setting of doctors...
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...published “1984” in 1948 just after the end of World War II. Although at this time, Hitler’s reign was brought to an end, Joseph Stalin, another ruthless leader was still in power. Though they were adversaries during WW II, both men shared acute similarities in their success towards creating a totalitarian government much like the one seen in “Nineteen Eighty-Four.” The ghastly, but impressive ease with which each ruler rose and remained in power is possibly what caused Orwell to focus so heavily on political concerns in his novel. While there are no direct allusions to the Adolf Hitler or Stalin, the political devices used by the Party to control Party members in Oceania are undeniably parallel to the manipulation and brutality that each ruler used to control government. Big Brother for instance, is a fearless leader who is loved by all of the Party members. Though it is never confirmed whether or not he is a real person or just an idea, citizens praise him almost instinctively, posters of him are found in every building, and badmouthing him is not only an act of audacity, but punishable by death. Nazi Germany shared the same attitude towards Hitler. He was beloved by his constituents and a celebrity as much as he was a dictator. Even physically, Big Brother, as he is described in the beginning of the novel when the narrator mentions the “black-mustachio’d face” (Orwell 2), corresponds with Hitler’s trademark facial hair. The early framing of children’s political...
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...World War II Research Paper - Italy HST 114 November 2, 2015 World War II Research Paper - Italy World War II was a continuation of discord in the world. Everyone wanted control and power and all were willing to fight to gain it. There were alliances formed that each nation felt, at the time, would give them more advantages and chances to be victorious. This essay will focus on Italy. It will trace totaliarism, evaluate the cause of World War II and Italy’s involvement. This essay will continue on to explain the Holocaust and Italy’s undertones, discuss new technology that was introduced, and the major leaders of Italy during those times. Totalarism Let’s begin with tracing totaliarism in Italy. Between the years of 1918 and 1939, Italy joined alliances with Germany and began being regarded as a fascist structure. Italy’s goal was a structure that we later defined as totalairism. By definition, totaliarism is when one man or group has total, absolute control of a nation (Grierder, 2007). In Italy, Prime Minister Bentio Mussolini and the fascist party had that type of absolute control of the government in Italy. One might as how is that possible with a nation as large of Italy. Well after World War I, the nation was depleted. They fought hard and well during World War I but didn’t receive the prizes or recognition they thought they would have received. Italy’s resources, capital and physical presences gave its all in World War I that they returned home...
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...SECTION 1: THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF THE WEIMAR GOVERNMENT 1918-OCTOBER 1933 |9 November 1918 |Abdication of the Kaiser | |January 1919 |Spartacist Uprising | |February 1919 |First Weimar elections | |28 June 1919 |Treaty of Versailles signed | |July 1919 |Weimar Constitution announced | |March 1920 |Kapp Putsch signed | |January 1923 |Occupation of the Ruhr | |January-November 1923 |Hyperinflation | |8-9 November 1923 |Munich Putsch ...
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...Political Carrer Winston Churchill | | | 11/22/2011 11/22/2011 The Life and Career of Sir Winston Churchill Churchill was involved in every important event of England’s from the Boer War to World War II. He served six British monarchs, from Queen Victoria to Elizabeth II. Through his life he was a statesman, soldier, author, journalist and twice prime minister, Churchill’s career has no parallel in modern history. The Early Years Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born at Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire, England, on November 30, 1874. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a brilliant politician, even though he was one of the most hated. His mother was the American Jennie Jerome. One of his ancestors was John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, a great military hero. Winston Churchill himself showed no early signs of greatness. He was in fact a stubborn, unruly, manipulative, and often difficult red-haired boy and a poor student. He was also given to unpredictable behavior. Before he was even seven years old, it was already clear that he was headstrong, highly opinionated, and virtually impossible to control. He spent four years at Harrow School at the very bottom of his class. However during this time he showed that he had a remarkable memory similar to his father's. He particularly enjoyed English. From early childhood soldiers and warfare fascinated Churchill and he often played with a large collection of lead soldiers in his nursery. His later years at...
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...symbolises strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Moreover, Fasces was an ancient Roman symbol of the authority of the civic magistrate. They were carried by his lictors and could be used for corporal and capital punishment at his command. The word fascismo also relates to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. Definition +"Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State" - Mussolini +The only official definition of Fascism comes from Benito Mussolini, the founder of fascism, in which he outlines three principles of a fascist philosophy. 1."Everything in the state". The Government is supreme and the country is all-encompasing, and all within it must conform to the ruling body, often a dictator. 2."Nothing outside the state". The country must grow and the implied goal of any fascist nation is to rule the world, and have every human submit to the government. 3."Nothing against the state". Any type of questioning the government is not to be tolerated. If you do not see things our way, you are wrong. If you do not agree with the government, you cannot be allowed to live and taint the minds of the rest of the good citizens. The use of militarism was implied only as a means to accomplish one of the three above principles, mainly to keep the people and rest of the world in line. Fascist countries are known for their harmony and lack of...
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...The Nuremberg Trials by R. D. A student essay from Dr. Elliot Neaman's History 210 class (historical methods - fall 1996) © Elliot Neaman / PHDN Reproduction interdite par quelque moyen que ce soit / no reproduction allowed ________________________________________ The Nuremberg Trials took place during the immediate aftermath of World War II. They were the first trials in history to indict an entire regime for aggressive war crimes. These crimes included invading other nations, violating the Treaty of Versailles and most significantly, "crimes against humanity". These crimes were what later became known as the Holocaust, in which millions of innocent victims were deported, enslaved and systematically executed. The victims were primarily Jewish however many other victims suffered at the hands of the Nazis such as: Poles, Gypsies, the handicapped and the elderly. The Nuremberg Charter "defined war crimes as violations of the laws or customs of war"(Rosenbaum p, 30). Including killing of hostages, ill-treatment of civilians, use of forced labor and looting of public and private property and racial persecution. The International Military Tribunal, the prosecutors consisting of lawyers and judges from the United States, France, England and the Soviet Union had countless evidence of these crimes committed by the Nazis, however to serve justice to every individual for their inhumane actions was impossible. The Nuremberg Trials prosecuted twenty one defendants (all of whom were...
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...Plains of Eastern Europe prevented overland travel During these early years there were a series of muscovite princes based in Moscow and called themselves Tsars. By the 17th century the Romanov family became the ruling dynasty: - Alexander I (1801-1825) - Nicholas I (1825-1855) - Alexander II (1855-1881) - Alexander III (1881-1894) - Nicholas II (1894-1917) Under the rule of Peter the Great (1689-1728) Russia grew greatly in size and entered the European World www.ibscrewed.org The Russia of 1800 was one of the greatest autocracies in Europe where: - The Tsar’s rule was absolute - There was a small, but powerful landowning elite - The vast majority of the population existed in a state called serfdom Serfdom: refers to the legal and economic status of peasants (serf). In Russia Serfdom practically equaled slavery - In 1646, landowners registered peasants living on their land. From then they are considered property of the estate. - Serfs could not leave the estates...
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...Nineteen Eighty-Four '[was] worth a cool million votes to the Conservative Party';(2) the literary editor of the Evening Standard 'sarcastically prescribed it as "required reading" for Labour Party M.P.s',(3) and, in the US, the Washington branch of the John Birch Society 'adopted "1984" as the last four digits of its telephone number'.(4) Moreover, Churchill had made the 'inseparably interwoven' relation between socialism and totalitarianism a plank in his 1945 election campaign(5) (and was not the protagonist of Nineteen Eighty-Four called Winston?). If, ten years earlier, an Orwell had written a futuristic fantasy in which Big Brother had had Hitler's features rather than Stalin's, would not the Left, whatever the writer's proclaimed political sympathies, have welcomed it as showing how capitalism, by its very nature, led to totalitarian fascism? With Nineteen Eighty-Four, it is particularly necessary to trust the tale and not the teller, but even this has its pitfalls. Interpretations of the novel already exist which blatantly ignore the intentions of the author by reinterpreting its manifest content without any obvious justification. But all existing interpretations of Nineteen Eighty-Four are unsatisfactory in one regard or another. For many years Nineteen Eighty-Four 'served as a sort of an ideological...
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...that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. Influenced by national syndicalism, fascism originated in Italy during World War I, in opposition to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum.[3][4] Fascists saw World War I as a revolution. It brought revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of total war and total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant. A "military citizenship" arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war.[5][6] The war had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic production and logistics to support those on the front lines, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.[5][6] Fascists view World War I as having made liberal democracy obsolete, and regard total mobilization of society under a totalitarian single-party state as necessary to prepare a nation for armed conflict and to respond effectively to economic...
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...AP* World History Study Guide and Graphic Organizers – Unit 5: The Modern World, 1914 CE – present 1. World War I Students are required to know the causes, major events, and consequences of WWI 1) Causes a) Imperialism i) No new lands to expand into – some nations didn’t have many colonies (Germany, Italy) ii) Rivalries as nations competed for colonies iii) Sometimes armed conflict in colonial lands for control over resources b) Nationalism i) Pride in one’s nation, want one’s nation to be the best and most powerful ii) Fostered conflict as nations competed to be the best iii) Justified imperialism, militarism iv) Caused disruptions in multi-ethnic nations (Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire); rebellions, revolts against foreign rule c) Militarism i) Build up of a country’s military; keeping a large standing army ii) Nations expanded their militaries as a show of power iii) Arms race: each nation needed to have a standing army because their neighbors had standing armies d) Alliances i) Bismarck: German chancellor behind alliance system in Europe ii) Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy allied; France, Great Britain, Russia allied 2) Events a) Assassination of Archduke Frantz Ferdinand: Serbian terrorists kill the Austrian duke and his wife as they honeymooned in Sarajevo i) Austria demands Serbian submission ii) Russia offers to back Serbians in defying Austrians iii) Austria and Germany declare war on Serbia and Russia (along with Russia’s allies) b) Schlieffen...
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