...our understanding of the influence situations have on an individual’s behaviour. As in Altemeyer’s study on teachers and learners above, Milgram’s results, which inspired Altemeyer’s study, also indicated that the most significant factor driving a person to commit violent acts is not the individual, but rather the situation they are placed under. This explains why an increased number of teachers were able to cause pain to the learners when separated from them. Milgram’s work provided a number of key insights about the power of the situation. In particular, while individual background slightly influenced how likely an individual would obey authority, the impulse to obey cut across gender, nationality, education, religious affiliation, and personality type (Kressel, 1996, p146 ). In addition, Milgram proposed that when confronted with a legitimate...
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...on their own they clearly explain the outcome of the experiment. Qualitative data is needed to understand they way the participants behaved in the way that they did and why they obeyed. Quantitative date is need to give accurate results and so that they can be used to compare the results if the experiment is repeated. 5. One reason why it is important to evaluate studies is to see if they are valid and if they can be generalised to real social situations. Milgram’s study on obedience had no ecological validity as it is only generalising to American adult men, because of this we can’t say that women or people from different ages and nationalities would have acted the same way. Another reason it is important to evaluate studies is so that we make sure the participants were treated well and if they weren’t, were the finding of the study worth going against ethical guideline. Milgram’s study did break ethical guidelines as his participants were put under extreme stress and were deceived. It is also important to evaluate to ensure no lasting damage was done to any participant. 6. * I think that Milgram’s original study only concentrated on the obedience of a certain group of people all in the same...
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...Milgram’s Agency Theory |Following on from his research, Milgram proposed the Agency Theory as an explanation for why people behave the way they do, | |especially when it comes to being obedient. He suggested that participants in his studies were in an agentic state, acting as | |an agent for the experimenter even though they were under moral strain. There is an EVOLUTIONARY aspect to Agency Theory – | |likely that humans who worked on a hierarchical social system were more likely to survive. It is also likely there is a | |LEARNED aspect to being in an agentic state, as schools and other social systems rely on power structures and on people | |obeying those in authority. | [pic] [pic] [pic][pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ...
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...outlining and evaluating agency theory and legitimate authority. It will then go onto evaluate the contrasting research of Milgram and Hofling’s studies into obedience, also looking at other similar studies. The third section will discuss and analyse the ethical issues into social psychological research referring to the specific issues contained in the studies of the previously mentioned psychologists. A conclusion will sum up the entirety...
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...Outline and evaluate one or more explanations of why people obey. One of the main reasons that people obey is the feeling of relinquishing personal responsibility. During the course of Milgram’s experiment, many participants enquired about responsibility; who would be to blame if any harm came to the learner? In many cases, informing the participant that the experimenter was completely responsible was reassurance enough to encourage the participants to continue with the deadly electric shocks. In many cases, where harm has come to someone as a result of obedience, the perpetrators have justified their actions by the lack of responsibility. The participants most likely to obey are those who feel they have relinquished personal responsibility to an authoritative figure, and obedience levels are often diminished when the rate of personal responsibility has increased. It has also been suggested that obedience levels drop radically when participants are informed that they must accept full responsibility for their actions. One way that we can prove that this is the case, is by looking at variations of Milgram’s experiment. In the initial experiment, the ‘teacher’ could not see the pain that they were supposedly inflicting on the ‘learner,’ only hear them. They felt responsible when they heard the cries of anguish, but as the experimenter had accepted responsibility, many people continued administering the shocks. However, in a similar experiment where the ‘learner’ was in the room...
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...will be expected to demonstrate: • Knowledge and understanding of concepts, theories and studies in relation to individual differences • Skills of analysis, evaluation and application in relation to individual differences • Knowledge and understanding of research methods associated with this area of psychology • Knowledge and understanding of ethical issues associated with this area of psychology. |Content outline | |Social influence |Conformity (majority influence) and explanations of why people conform, including informational | | |social influence and normative social influence | | | | | |Types of conformity, including internalisation and compliance | | | | | |Obedience to authority, including Milgram’s work and explanations of why people obey | |Social...
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...based, toward what does it hope to strive? How was the study conducted, who, what, when and where did the study take place? What were the results of the study, where they as expected? What were the conclusions drawn from this study, what were the major impacts on the field from the conclusions and conduction of this study, is this kind of impact typical? The article explains to the readers how the experiment works from start to finish. It also tells us what is necessary to proceed and complete the experiment and the variety of people involved. Milgram selected participants for his experiment by newspaper advertising for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University. The procedure was that the participant was paired with another person and they drew lots to find out who would be the ‘learner’ and who would be the ‘teacher’. The draw was fixed so that the participant was always the teacher, and the learner was one of Milgram’s confederates (pretending to be a real participant).The learner (a confederate called Mr. Wallace) was taken into a room and had electrodes attached to his arms, and the teacher and researcher went into a room next door that contained an electric shock generator and a row of switches marked from 15 volts (Slight Shock) to 375 volts (Danger: Severe Shock) to 450 volts (XXX). Stanley Milgram is a Yale University social psychologist who wrote “Behavioral Study of Obedience”, an article which granted him many awards...
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...want to be marked. If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of this book. Write the question number against your answer(s). Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. The maximum mark for this paper is 72. Question 3 should be answered in continuous prose. You may use the space provided to plan your answer. In Question 3, you will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. (Jun10psya201) G/T52601 6/6/6/ PSYA2 2 Section A Biological Psychology Answer all questions in the spaces provided. Do not write outside the box Total for this question: 6 marks 1 The following data show the results from a study into different strategies for coping with stress. 100 student volunteers were first given a talk about emotion-focused approaches and then given a talk about problem-focused approaches. They were then asked which one of these strategies they generally preferred. Preferred coping strategy Emotion-focused approach Men Women 1 (a) 11 27 Problem-focused approach 39 23...
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...participants was morally repugnant and apprehensible in response to role of authority. Participants assigned to a prisoner role broke down in response to captivity. The study focused on behavioral attributes that attributed sadistic behavior to the prison environment opposed to an innate tendency towards a cruel personality (Zimbardo, 2007). The impact of Dr. Zimbardo’s study on social psychology Dr. Zimbardo’s classic psychological study relating to the psychological effects of the prisoner and prison guard relationship was momentous to social psychology. The study was influential to social psychology in the way that we were able to understand the circumstances that enable a normal, caring individual to carryout sadistic acts. Zimbardo’s prison experiment was a prison simulation based on Milgram’s research on obedience to authority. The study confirmed notions on how situations could completely corrupt human behavior (Stanley, 2006). Relevance of the Study in Relation to Contemporary World Issues The experiment influenced the sensitivity and precautions that need to be a safeguard for the prison system. Prison reforms came out of the dramatic simulation of prison life. It was insightful to the real implications of what atrocities are created in such environment (Zimbardo, 2007). The Value of the Study in Relation to Humanity as a Whole How social roles influence our behavior and in relation our...
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...Personal conscience; the complex cycle of which a human uses to evaluate a potential execution of specific behaviours and a psychological ability to understand why something is right or wrong regarding a prearranged concept or belief. For instance, John sees a nice phone at the mobile store, but he does not have enough money...should he steal the phone? What are some components that could influence him to steal, or vice versa? Personal conscience is not John fears to be caught stealing, but John takes account of his individual ethics he holds himself against as an adequate member of society. But the real question is; would John have stolen the phone under the instruction of an authority figure? Would he still have gone through the same thinking...
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...Chapter 7 Managing for Ethical Conduct Contents: (Please note: the Instructor Guide for every chapter will follow this structure.) 1. Chapter Outline 2. Teaching Notes 3. In-Class Exercises 4. Homework Assignments 5. Additional Resources Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. In Business, Ethics Is about Behavior A. Practical Advice for Managers: Ethical Behavior III. Our Multiple Ethical Selves A. The Kenneth Lay Example B. The Dennis Levine Example C. Practical Advice for Managers’ Multiple Ethical Selves IV. Rewards and Discipline A. People Do What is Rewarded and Avoid Doing What is Punished B. People Will Go the Extra Mile to Achieve Goals Set by Managers C. How Goals Combined with Rewards Can Encourage Unethical Behavior D. Practical Advice for Managers: Goals, Rewards, and Discipline E. Recognize the Power of Indirect Rewards and Punishments F. Can Managers Really Reward Ethical Behavior? G. What about the Role of Discipline? H. Practical Advice for Managers: Discipline V. “Everyone’s Doing It” A. People Follow Group Norms B. Rationalizing Unethical Behavior C. Practical Advice for Managers: Group Norms VI. People Fulfill Assigned Roles A. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment B. Roles at Work C. Conflicting Roles can Lead to Unethical Behavior D. Roles Can Also Support Ethical Behavior ...
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...Chapter 7 Managing for Ethical Conduct Contents: (Please note: the Instructor Guide for every chapter will follow this structure.) 1. Chapter Outline 2. Teaching Notes 3. In-Class Exercises 4. Homework Assignments 5. Additional Resources Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. In Business, Ethics Is about Behavior A. Practical Advice for Managers: Ethical Behavior III. Our Multiple Ethical Selves A. The Kenneth Lay Example B. The Dennis Levine Example C. Practical Advice for Managers’ Multiple Ethical Selves IV. Rewards and Discipline A. People Do What is Rewarded and Avoid Doing What is Punished B. People Will Go the Extra Mile to Achieve Goals Set by Managers C. How Goals Combined with Rewards Can Encourage Unethical Behavior D. Practical Advice for Managers: Goals, Rewards, and Discipline E. Recognize the Power of Indirect Rewards and Punishments F. Can Managers Really Reward Ethical Behavior? G. What about the Role of Discipline? H. Practical Advice for Managers: Discipline V. “Everyone’s Doing It” A. People Follow Group Norms B. Rationalizing Unethical Behavior C. Practical Advice for Managers: Group Norms VI. People Fulfill Assigned Roles A. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment B. Roles at Work C. Conflicting Roles can Lead to Unethical Behavior D. Roles Can Also Support Ethical Behavior ...
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...Chapter 7 Managing for Ethical Conduct Contents: (Please note: the Instructor Guide for every chapter will follow this structure.) 1. Chapter Outline 2. Teaching Notes 3. In-Class Exercises 4. Homework Assignments 5. Additional Resources Chapter Outline I. Introduction II. In Business, Ethics Is about Behavior A. Practical Advice for Managers: Ethical Behavior III. Our Multiple Ethical Selves A. The Kenneth Lay Example B. The Dennis Levine Example C. Practical Advice for Managers’ Multiple Ethical Selves IV. Rewards and Discipline A. People Do What is Rewarded and Avoid Doing What is Punished B. People Will Go the Extra Mile to Achieve Goals Set by Managers C. How Goals Combined with Rewards Can Encourage Unethical Behavior D. Practical Advice for Managers: Goals, Rewards, and Discipline E. Recognize the Power of Indirect Rewards and Punishments F. Can Managers Really Reward Ethical Behavior? G. What about the Role of Discipline? H. Practical Advice for Managers: Discipline V. “Everyone’s Doing It” A. People Follow Group Norms B. Rationalizing Unethical Behavior C. Practical Advice for Managers: Group Norms VI. People Fulfill Assigned Roles A. The Zimbardo Prison Experiment B. Roles at Work C. Conflicting Roles can Lead to Unethical Behavior D. Roles Can Also Support Ethical Behavior E. Practical Advice for Managers: Roles...
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...PSY 302 Complete Course PSY302 Complete Course Click Link for the Answer: http://workbank247.com/q/psy-302-complete-course-psy302-complete-course/22110 http://workbank247.com/q/psy-302-complete-course-psy302-complete-course/22110 PSY 302 Module 1 Assignment 1: Autobiography * A brief paragraph introducing yourself to your classmates. Include information such as your name, location, profession, how long you have been at Argosy, and your favorite psychology course so far. * From the list below, select a topic you would like to conduct a study on. If you wish to explore a topic that is not on this list, please check with your instructor for permission. * A short discussion of the topic area, such as the meaningfulness of the topic, how the topic might be embedded within a larger conceptual framework (e.g., a topic such as how the size of the jackpot affects lottery decisions might be under the broader umbrella of risk-taking behavior), where to go to find out more when researching the topic, and how you could elaborate on a topic by looking at moderator variables or exceptions. List of potential topics: * Media's influence on aggression * Media's influence on body image * Effective treatments for chemical dependency * Driving safety and types of distractions * The role of introversion/extraversion on marital bliss or employee performance * Suggestibility: do television ads change behavior? * Factors affecting career choice ...
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...changes on beliefs, attitudes, or behavior that result from interpersonal interaction” (Fiske, 2010). There are several concepts that aid in the analysis of social influence. Two of these concepts are conformity and obedience. Conformity is the influence of the majority on an individual and obedience is the influence authority has on subordinates. Conformity and obedience are related in the fact that they both have the ability to persuade an individual or group of individuals to change his or her thoughts, actions, and behaviors, regarding a particular situation. Conformity and obedience are also related in that they can change the way individuals view others within a certain community, culture, ethnic group or environment. This paper will evaluate the effect of group influence on the self using both classical and contemporary literature, compare and contrast concepts of conformity and obedience and analyze individual and societal influences that lead to deviance from group norms. Conformity and obedience are important factors in groups because they command members of a group to follow societal norms. Conformity is a needed concept of social influence because it can enhance members of a group sense of belonging, as well as, self esteem. Conformity can be clearly observed when individuals are within a group setting, which puts pressure on individuals to do or say things that they would not do normally. Once a person conforms the self with a group this conformity displays a person’s...
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