...The expression “I feel depressed” is used normally as a throwaway comment when we are feeling sad or miserable. Normally these feeling will pass us by, and we then continue with our everyday life without another thought. But what if these feeling didn’t disappear over time? What happens when these start to interfere with our everyday life? What if the enviorment around us is the major cause of depression? It’s not really hard to believe when you think about it as we are faced with mass unemployment, and a recession which can put heavy strain on even the most balanced of individuals and their interpersonal relationships around them. There are many interpersonal instances that can have the ability to lead to the onset of depression, such as the family environment, the socialization setting, and the discrimination against gender in certain cultures and instances. Depression has many brothers and sisters in the medical world, ranging from disorders such as Dysthymia, postnatal depression and in some extreme cases of depression such as Bio polar, and major depression (Unipolar). But no matter what the diagnosis is or how serious the depression is, depression is not trivial and is a real health condition contrary to what some people believe. It is not something that you can just snap out of and more importantly it is not a sign of weakness. For many people depression can affect them in different ways to other people with the same condition but normally the symptoms are similar...
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...Ester1 James Ester Dr. Jordan Alexander Psyc 101 25 April 2011 There are five general perspectives on human behavior: biological, learned, social and cultural, cognitive and psychodynamic. These perspectives aid in revealing how relationships begin, develop, and are maintained through the course of a loving relationship. All five behaviors, when studied, play a role in how a healthy relationship works which can maintain itself and stand the course of time. Of course for every positive there is always a negative, thus if some of the five general perspectives are lacking this can also lead to a toxic or negative relationship. As I look back over the past thirteen years of marriage between my wife and myself I can see clearly how each perspective can help to maintain, or lack there of, destroy a relationship. I remember the first time I met my wife. It was in the sixth grade, english class, we shared our first words. As any typical sixth grade boy I poked and made fun of her to hide the awkwardness of situation. You see, I thought she was cute but at such a young age I was only able to express this feeling with four eye jokes. As the year went by the feelings subsided and my parents bought a new house which resided outside the school district. At the end of the year we moved away and I thought I would never see her again but life had other plans for us. “The biological perspective...
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...Contributions to Society For each of the 5 approaches from AS you must know 2 ways in which it has contributed (been useful) to society. For Child, Criminology and Clinical you must know one contribution from each. For many of the approaches this can be therapies that are used for treating different behaviours. Social 1. Understanding Prejudice · Social approach helps us to understand why prejudice occurs. · SIT explains that prejudice occurs by simply belonging to a group– we belong to an in group and those not part of this are considered the out group. We categorise into these groups and identify with in group members by the beliefs we have and what we wear. In order to make our in group look good we display in group favouritism and show a preference for our in group and seeing their behaviours in a positive light. The behaviour of the out group we put down, and this boosts the in group self-esteem. · Realistic conflict theory suggests prejudice between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a...
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...Analyze Psychodynamic Theories The psychodynamic approach “views schizophrenia as the result of the disintegration of the ego. It is the ego’s job to keep control of the id’s impulses and strike a compromise between the demands of the id and the moral restrictions of the superego” (Sammons). According to the Freud, “some types of abnormal upbringing (particularly if there is a cold, rejecting ‘schizogonic’ mother) can result in a weak and fragile ego, whose ability to contain the id’s desires is limited” (Sammons) This can lead to the ego being ‘broken apart’ by its attempt to contain the id, leaving the id in control of the psyche. If the ego is broken apart, the person can lose contact with reality and would not distinguish themselves from others and fantasies. They would not be distinguishing reality from fantasy. Some disorder of childhood consists of learning disorders, ADHD, and conduct disorder. With learning disorders, they are helped by identifying the issue and coming up with techniques that can help the problem at hand. Children are encouraged to devise new technique that can help them address the problem. The psychodynamic theory has proven to be effective in many cases. The textbook states that the psychodynamic theory tries to rule out the symptoms of a child before diagnosing the child with ADHD. Psychodynamic theorist will notice that the symptoms will occur in response to overwhelming events. Psychodynamic theorists focus on trying to find the source of distress...
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...Brief Psychodynamic Therapy This paper deals with my preference for Brief Time Limited Treatment vs. open ended treatment vs. open-ended or extended treatment. If I were to enter counseling I would prefer this treatment because it deals with the presenting problem quickly and would not require me to continue to come back and stay in treatment for an extended period of time. I am a person who prefers to deal with the problem head on and not draw it out through continue discussion of my family background and how this effects me today. I feel that this type of treatment promotes mindfulness and keeping me focused on what is pertinent in my life. However, the obvious limitations of this type of therapy would be that in the future I would not be able to engage in counseling again without changing therapist. I would have to start again perhaps, with a new therapist with whom I have no rapport and who is not familiar with my case. Open-Ended treatment would allow me to discontinue treatment when necessary such as during a latent period in my life. When a life crisis arises again I could start back up with a therapist who would understand my case and history without having to repeat these details again. Limitations with this type of therapy would be that there is no formal set goal of termination. I feel that this is so necessary as I have experience so many clients who are dependent on their case managers and clinicians to make most decisions in their life. Extended therapy...
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...Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling WAES April 07 The Case Study Introduction The purpose of this case study is to show process during the time I saw this client at Southwark Bereavement Care. In it I intend to focus on how the psychodynamic approach that I used with my client was effective and helped my client to have an understanding of the way he relates to people and to himself. For this I will cover the first 3 sessions and explore my thoughts on the process. The setting Southwark Bereavement Care is a short term, free counselling service offered to people living in the London borough of Southwark who have been bereaved. It offers weekly one to one sessions up to twelve weeks. This can be extended for a few more weeks in individual cases where both counsellor and supervisor agree it would be beneficial for client. Group supervision is provided by the agency fortnightly. The agency is based on the first floor of an office building in a residential area of south London. Clients are seen in a room towards the back of the house, which is quiet and dimly lit, with 2 sofas and a little table where there is a water filter and a box of tissues. There isn’t a waiting area and part of the contract that counsellors discuss with clients and request them not to turn up for session earlier than their allocated time. This has proven to be challenging at times when clients arrive early and counsellors have to let them in and use the waiting area that belongs...
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...believe that all humans are a sum of their life experience. Every single sound, touch, taste, smell, and emotion that our bodies and souls have ever experienced is a unique part of who we are as individuals, positively and negatively. For this reason I think the sociocultural and the psychodynamic views are a good place to start. I would like to first say that biological explanations for dependency should always be considered when assessing a possible cause(s) and medication should be prescribed in conjunction with other types of therapies if needed. The sociocultural view asserts that people are more likely to use drugs or alcohol to escape the stresses in their life, or perhaps grew up in families where drug and alcohol use is accepted and/or common. Sociocultural treatments include self-help groups such as AA/NA, culture and gender sensitive treatment groups, as well as community prevention programs. Comer, (2011). In the psychodynamic view, people who turn to substance abuse have an excessive dependency needs that can be traced back to childhood. They believe that by maladaptive thinking due to past events or trauma have a direct affect on the way people cope with life. Some psychodynamic theorists also believe that certain people have a predisposition to substance-abuse. Freud and others assert the way we feel, what motivates us, and our decisions are strongly influenced by our past experiences. These impulses and are...
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...Aspects of Psychology Unit 1 SSCI206-1205A-21 Dr. Joanna Oestmann American Intercontinental University – Online November 18, 2012 Abstract This paper is going to discuss three of the various perspectives of psychology. It is going to explain their origins, how they are practiced, and have evolved over time. As with any form of science, there are many different theories and perspectives to Psychology. Among these forms are Cognitive, Functionalism, Psychodynamic and many others but the three that are considered to be the 'forces' of psychology are Behaviorism, Humanistic and Psychoanalysis. The Humanistic approach began as a movement in the 1950's meant to take a healthy, or holistic, method to understanding the nature of what it is to be human. This perspective addresses values important to humans: love, compassion, creativity, etc. It is considered the third force of Psychology, the first being Behaviorism and the second being Psychoanalysis. The founders of the Humanistic theory were Abraham Maslov and Carl Rogers. They concerned themselves with the psychological well-being of a person, it focused on being able to realize your full potential or 'self-actualization'. This concept had a huge impact on psychology as we know it today because it concerned itself with areas of human behavior that other theories ignored. "The humanistic perspective values the integrity of each individual" (Editorial Board, 2011). It is believed that you could lose yourself because...
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...something people can share and relate to with one another. According to Allport, “Personality is about what is unique to the individual, but it is also about what is shared across people” (Allport, 1962). Although there are several approaches to the personality analysis, this paper will specifically focus on the psychodynamic, humanistic and existential approaches. This paper will compare and contrast these theories, explore the characteristics that accompany these theories, and explain the interpersonal relational aspects associated with these particular theories. Psychodynamic Theory The theory of psychodynamics is the basic study of all psychological abilities that place an influence on human behavior (Feist & Feist, 2009). This may especially include the compelling relationships among the motivation of the conscious and unconscious, which were the ideas of Sigmund Freud. Although Freud established the ideas of “psychodynamics” to explain the mind flow of the libido, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, and Melanie Klein should also be accredited for laying the foundation for the psychodynamic theory (Wikipedia Foundation, Inc., 2011). The ideas behind psychodynamics are often divided into two sections. The first is the interaction of emotional forces, which is the correlation between the emotional and motivational impulses...
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...Describe and evaluate therapies derived from either the psychodynamic or the cognitive-behavioural models of abnormality. /30 marks Psychodynamic therapies were suggested by Sigmund Freud at the start of the twentieth centaury. Freud started off with the main therapy witch is psychoanalysis therapy. This therapy is based on neurotic problems that develop during the oedipal stage. The conflicts were suggested to be repressed memories and thoughts that the immature ego can not handle. The role of the psychoanalyst was to recover these repressed memories that was causing the patients undesirable behaviour, these memories would then be talked and discussed with the therapist in the safety of their surgery. Freud suggested the key to unlocking these thoughts was for the surgery to be the right situation for them to come out and develop. This therapy technique is said to be the principle on what all other psychodynamic therapies work on such as word association, free association, dream analyses and psycho drama. Free association is another such psychodynamic therapy, in this therapy a patient is required to lay down and get into the right atmosphere by being relaxed to allow the free flow of thoughts to come to mind. The first thoughts that enter the patients mind must be recalled to the practitioner because these thoughts are supposed to represent unconscious drives and desires . This aims to recall underlying thoughts that you may not be aware you are thinking about. Patients...
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...corner, the sky is the limit where psychology is concern. There are new theories being proved true on a daily basis. The following text will have three of the many theories proved to be true over the centuries before us. Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic is defined as an interaction between conscious and unconscious mental states. This will affect the personality, attitude and behavior patterns in a person (Definition of Psychodynamic, 2000). In recent studies, the military psychologists have been using this theory on PTSD patients just coming home from war. This theory and its techniques are implemented over several sessions and the patient is evaluated over time to see how effective the treatment plan has worked (Tull, M., Ph.D., 2012, January 29). The process of psychodynamic therapy can often be stressful on the patient but with the right doctor, those stressful feelings can be redirected to a better outlook on life. For every five soldiers returning home, there is one that returns with PTSD (PTSD Statistics., 2012). Breaking this down to see how many people this actually affects would be eye opening. Well over 300,000 individuals would be the result of that statistic (PTSD Statistics., 2012). The beginning stages in treatment begin by evaluating the patient and see where the...
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...Test and the Millon Multiaxial Personality Test. It will be followed by a compare and contrast section on the two personality assessment instruments. The Thematic Apperception Test or TAT was first developed in 1935 by Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan at the Harvard Psychological Clinic. It is based in the psychodynamic theories of personality. The TAT is administered as part of a group of tests intended to evaluate personality. The TAT is a projective instrument intended to evaluate a person's patterns of thought, attitudes, observational capacity, and emotional responses to ambiguous test materials. In the case of the TAT, the ambiguous materials consist of a set of black, white and gray cards which portray human figures in a variety of settings and situations. The subject is asked to tell the examiner a story about each card that includes the event shown in the picture; what has led up to it; what the characters in the picture are feeling and thinking; and the outcome of the event. The stories reveal expectations of relationships with peers, parents and/or other authority figures, subordinates, and possible romantic partners. In addition to evaluating the content of the stories, the examiner evaluates the subject's manner, vocal tones, posture, hesitations, and other signs of an emotional response to a particular story picture. When interpreting TAT responses, examiners typically focus their attention on one of three areas: the content of the stories that the...
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...The focus of health psychology goes beyond that of medicine to stress the prevention and enhancement of health. It expands the biological framework of medicine to also include psychological and social factors. The scope of health psychology is very broad because many theories and methods of psychology can be applied to health-related issues. Maes & van Elderen (1998) (cited in Gross, 2009) defines health psychology as “…a sub-discipline of psychology which addresses the relationship between psychological processes and behaviour on the one hand and health and illness on the other...”. Health psychology aims to understand, explain, develop and test theories by evaluating the role of psychology and its perspectives as factors affecting illness, predicting unhealthy behaviours and understanding and evaluating the role of psychology in the experience and treatment of illness. It also aims to put theory into practice by promoting healthy behaviour, preventing illness and thereby improving the health care system and health policy. For example, from programmes developed to help people reduce risk factors to their health, such as obesity and smoking, to understanding how people respond to the onset of illness, how they deal with their illness, how they cope with pain and how they respond to treatments. Therefore, health psychology is an important discipline that has a great deal to offer to the health care system, demonstrating that psychological principals can be successful...
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...significant changes through history. For centuries the causes of abnormal behavior has been debated. In ancient times supernatural explanations were offered to explain abnormal behavior, such as good vs. evil and displeasure of the gods. It was also believed that people who expressed behavior were considered to be possessed by an evil spirit. Then, in 460 B.C. Hippocrates, also known as the Father of medicine, proposed a biological explanation to the reasons behind abnormal behavior. He suggested that an imbalance of blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow pile was the cause of mental illness. Along came the Greeks with their diagnosis and treatment for hysteria, and years later in 1896 Sigmund Freud developed his systematic theory of psychodynamics he believed to be the psychological components of hysteria. During the 20th century behaviorism, humanistic/cultural/normative perspectives emerged, drastically changing the way abnormal behavior is viewed. In this paper I will discuss how these perspectives in detail. I will also discuss how the terms normal and abnormal and how these labels can affect the people they are placed on in the workplace and in life in general. Abnormal Psychology Abnormal psychology is a branch of psychology that studies people’s emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems. It focuses on understanding the nature, causes, and treatment of mental disorders. Define normal and abnormal To understand abnormal psychology it is important to determine...
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...beneficial to the client for the therapist to use a more multi-disciplinary approach. To be able to discuss this subject, it is important to describe first what we mean when discussing PCT. Person-Centred Therapy, also known as client-centred, non-directive, or Rogerian therapy, is an approach to counselling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a non-directive role. PCT emphasises person to person relationship between the therapist and client and focuses on the clientâs point of view; through active listening the therapist tries This essay is intended to explore the statement that Person-centered therapy offers therapists all they need to treat clients. In order to do this I intend to further explore the opinions of other individuals practicing and researching counseling therapies. My first thoughts are that if the Person centered approach was sufficient, there might not have been such a great variety of other approaches such as Cognitive therapy, Existential therapy, Rational Emotive Behavioral therapy, Psychotherapy etc. Hence, we are embarking a course on Psychotherapy. A large part of therapy is set in taking individuality into consideration as clients may not respond to certain types of therapy, and therapists themselves may find that they excel more in other approaches and deliver...
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