Premium Essay

Evolution of Computer Applications & Architecture

In:

Submitted By kennetha1a
Words 3634
Pages 15
Evolution of Computer Applications and Architecture
By Ken Jacobi, Computer Architecture (IT-501)

In discussing the evolution of computer architecture, we find that there are many angles on how people tend to view things. Some will take consideration in how things have changed over the last few years. Others will take a stronger look at the direction of where they believe technology is going. A third focus is in regards to the unexpected mistakes that people have made. In conjunction with the past, how can these mistakes be avoided in the coming future and evolution of technology; both for equal and competitive reasons. In part with this, we can turn to the very basic view about what makes a good design. Many architectural topics once began with the idea that if you build something and develop it correctly, change is not something one should expect. If it’s developed right the first time then you don’t have to change it. In this successful strive, people have come to the underlying conclusion that this is a very unrealistic position to be. A very good place to stress the relevance here is by dating back to the start of an exciting architectural turn of events that have gotten us to where we now are: the birth of modern computing. Many will say that this “landmark” of progress has lead to an evolutional launch that we constantly live within. It’s safe to say that these embarking events once began somewhere amongst the early 1970s. Coming out of the 1960s, computer processors were often constructed out of small and medium-scale integrated circuits containing a number of transistors that ranged from ten to several hundred. Along comes 1971 and at this point in time scientist have already made successful progress in the creation of computers and machinery used for mathematical functions, photocopying documents, and even black and white media

Similar Documents

Free Essay

Enterprise Architecture

...Article Essential Layers, Artifacts, and Dependencies of Enterprise Architecture By Robert Winter and Ronny Fischer Abstract After a period where implementation speed was more important than integration, consistency and reduction of complexity, architectural considerations have become a key issue of information management in recent years again. Enterprise architecture is widely accepted as an essential mechanism for ensuring agility and consistency, compliance and efficiency. Although standards like TOGAF and FEAF have developed, however, there is no common agreement on which architecture layers, which artifact types and which dependencies constitute the essence of enterprise architecture. This paper contributes to the identification of essential elements of enterprise architecture by (1) specifying enterprise architecture as a hierarchical, multilevel system comprising aggregation hierarchies, architecture layers and views, (2) discussing enterprise architecture frameworks with regard to essential elements, (3) proposing interfacing requirements of enterprise architecture with other architecture models and (4) matching these findings with current enterprise architecture practice in several large companies. Keywords enterprise architecture, architectural components, architectural layers, architectural views, interfaces ENTERPRISE ARCHITECTURE: DEFINITION According to ANSI/IEEE Std 1471-2000, architecture is defined as the “ fundamental organization of a system, embodied in...

Words: 5469 - Pages: 22

Premium Essay

Hdgjdhfszgd

...eBay - eCommerce Platform A case study in Scalability by Mohammad Usman Ahmed mohammad.ahmed@mail.mcgill.ca Table of Contents: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. The Application and its overall architecture Component Model and its interactions Technological aspects of the eBay Architecture Strengths and relative weaknesses of the Architecture Component Model and variations Key Quality Attributes favoured by the eBay Architecture Evolution of the Application and its Architecture Conclusion The Application and its overall architecture EBay is a highly successful eCommerce platform. The larger category of eBay includes 19 different platforms (e.g. skype, payPal, rent) but we'll be focusing on the search and trade platform. The other sister platforms became part of eBay due to recent acquisitions and in some cases result in architectural mismatch which would be an interesting topic for a separate case study, therefore this case study focuses on the original platform's architecture and its evolution in recent years. EBay is an eCommerce system where a user can browse to the website eBay .com and search for anything they want to buy, in auction or right away from the buyer, or to post some item for sale which other users can search for as prospective buyers. The users then arrange for payments online (using eBay's payPal system which is a separate system designed solely for that purpose and recently integrated onto the eBay platform) and receive the...

Words: 4022 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Strorage Tech Nas

...demonstration. 4. NAS future perspective. 5. Introduction Network Attached Storage is basically defined as a file level computer data storage server connected to a computer network. It is specialized for file server operation by its hardware, software or configuration of elements to provide data access to wide range of clients (Wikipedia, 2014). In simple words we can say “a network attached storage is a external hard drive which is a computer storage system that access and remains on a computer network via Ethernet and wireless connections. The drive is then accessible to all computers in a network, instead of one just hard wired computer”(Networking, 2014). Figure-1: NAS Storage on a network infrastructure. (slideshare, 2013). NAS is one of the popular approaches which allow homes and business to store and retrieve large amounts of data in an efficient and affordable manner. One can wirelessly backup their computer files such as music, videos and other important documents onto NAS and share the files seamlessly with any connected device such a home theatre and smart TV’s.(Networking, 2014). History: Now a days with fast developing field of computer data backup, new technologies and trends back-up methods and technologies become more complex. If we look closer at the back-up technologies there were so many devices used for backing up computer data from punch...

Words: 661 - Pages: 3

Premium Essay

Motiwalla Chapter 2

...  2  –  SYSTEMS  INTEGRATION     CHAPTER  OBJECTIVES   • • • • • Understand the impact of organizational structure on information systems Find out about the types of functional silos in organizations Learn about the evolution of information systems technology generations and architectures and their influence on a silo environment Know what systems integration is and why it is important for organizations Understand the role of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems in systems integration CHAPTER  OUTLINE     I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. Opening Case: AIR CARGO’s e-ENTERPRISE SYSTEM Functional Silos a) Horizontal Silos b) Vertical Silos c) Business Process and Silos Evolution of IS in organizations a) IS Architectures b) IS Fictionalizations Systems Integration a) Logical Versus Physical SI b) Steps in Integrating Systems c) Benefits of System Integration d) Limitations of System Integration ERP and Systems Integration a) ERP’s Role in Logical Integration b) ERP’s Role in Physical Integration Implications for Management Case 2-2 Real-World Case: Systems Integration at UPS Corp   CHAPTER  OVERVIEW   This chapter discusses the evolution and importance of Systems Integration and the role of ERP systems in systems integration. The chapter begins with a discussion on information silos. If you think of an agricultural silo it is an immense vessel used for storing grain, as a representation...

Words: 2251 - Pages: 10

Premium Essay

Erp Timeline

...ERP Timeline Michael Benitez CMGT / 556 October 03, 2011 Jeffery Doolin Abstract According to Systems-ERP, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) “is the evolution of Manufacturing Requirements Planning (MRP) II. From business perspective, ERP has expanded from coordination of manufacturing processes to the integration of enterprise-wide backend processes. From technological aspect, ERP has evolved from legacy implementation to more flexible tiered client-server architecture” (History and Evolution of ERP).  MRP’s contributions greatly impacted the modern business world as its concepts have been utilized to developed tools that will aid companies to cope with success. Although MRP is considered costly and requires a lot of man power but its benefits outweighed its disadvantages. Since man’s instinct is to move forward finding new ways to evolve same scenario happened with MRP solutions as new solutions was made to mimic and yet provides more benefits and flexibility, thus the birth of the evolved version of MRP II is ERP. According to Systems-ERP.com… (History and Evolution of ERP). ERP Timeline As time passes so as man’s ingenuity and innovation…throughout the year’s businessman, entrepreneurs, traders, business analyst and etc. are often struggling to find new ways to cope with the change of economy and its needs and to stay competitive amongst other companies. Those innovations that are called tools of the trade are often enhanced and/or sometimes replaced by new and...

Words: 1801 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Brief History of the Internet

...Internet Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. 1 This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 2 In this paper,3 several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET...

Words: 8457 - Pages: 34

Free Essay

Web Design

...The World Wide Web provides a new paradigm in computer networking for human communication, which had an impact on the delivery of information and continues to stand in rapid developments. The word Web Technology represents a discontinuity in the way applications are connected. Using the Web Technology as the basis for an application brings substantial advantages to the adopter. This report focuses on 2-tier architecture and mainly on the 3-tier architecture, which is the present web technology. This report will also review the client-side scripting and the server-side scripting. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 1. Introduction 3 2. Need for technology 4 3. Terminology 5 4. 2-Tier Architecture 5 5. 3-Tier Architecture 7 6. Client Server Architecture 10 7. Conclusion 12 REFERENCES 13 1. INTRODUCTION Web sites have quickly evolved from simple, static pages to complex Web applications performing critical operations for many businesses. These applications involve dynamic data from multiple sources; ever changing and various features for e-commerce, personalization and many more. At the same time, customers and internal users have understandably come to expect and demand more and more sophistication in the Web-based applications they use every day. The result? Web application solution providers — and their client companies — face several new challenges. They must meet or exceed...

Words: 2397 - Pages: 10

Free Essay

Ewfdwefwefwf

...Chapter 1 Parallel Computer Models Prof. D. P Theng . GHRCE TAE TAE - I TAE - II TAE Components Quiz Test Assignment Date of Submission Second week- July 2013 Sept 2013 TAE - III TAE - IV TAE - V TAE - VI Technical Presentation Attendance PPT on Paper Review Chapter Review Fourth Week- July 2013 Sept 2013 First week- Aug 2013 Fourth Week- Aug 2013 Sept 2013 TAE - VII Guest Lecture/Industrial Visit  Early computing was entirely mechanical:      abacus (about 500 BC) mechanical adder/subtracter (Pascal, 1642) difference engine design (Babbage, 1827) binary mechanical computer (Zuse, 1941) electromechanical decimal machine (Aiken, 1944)  Mechanical and electromechanical machines have limited speed and reliability because of the many moving parts. Modern machines use electronics for most information transmission.  Computing is normally thought of as being divided into generations.  Each successive generation is marked by sharp changes in hardware and software technologies.  With some exceptions, most of the advances introduced in one generation are carried through to later generations.  We are currently in the fifth generation.  Technology        and Architecture Vacuum tubes and relay memories CPU driven by a program counter (PC) and accumulator Machines had only fixed-point arithmetic  Software and Applications Machine and assembly language Single user at a time No subroutine linkage...

Words: 2199 - Pages: 9

Free Essay

Digital Business Networks (Author: Dooley)

...Digital Business Networks (Dooley) Chapter 1 Elements of Data Communications: Analog and Digital 1.1 Multiple Choice Questions 1) What are the five evolution phases of data communications? A) digitization, growth of data gathering, an era of delegation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing B) analog signals, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing C) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the Internet as a common tool, and pervasive computing D) digitization, growth of data communications, an era of deregulation, the evolution of Voice-over-IP (VoIP) as a common tool, and pervasive computing Answer: C Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 2) In what year did computer technology begin to transform our social, economic, and governmental infrastructures? A) 1960s, when Internet became a core in our technology B) 1950s, when ARPA research was formed C) 1980s, when the Internet was introduced D) 1990s, when the Internet was enhanced Answer: A Diff: 2 Page Ref: 3 3) The technology used in the 1960s called ________ was/were very large and expensive and used proprietary architectures that did not support cross-platform communications. A) Department of Defense PCs B) the Internet C) personal computers D) mainframes Answer: D Diff: 1 Page Ref: 3 4) The term ________ generally refers to a technology or product that is copyrighted and not available...

Words: 6142 - Pages: 25

Premium Essay

An Evolution of Computer Science Research

...Abbreviated version of this report is published as "Trends in Computer Science Research" Apirak Hoonlor, Boleslaw K. Szymanski and M. Zaki, Communications of the ACM, 56(10), Oct. 2013, pp.74-83 An Evolution of Computer Science Research∗ Apirak Hoonlor, Boleslaw K. Szymanski, Mohammed J. Zaki, and James Thompson Abstract Over the past two decades, Computer Science (CS) has continued to grow as a research field. There are several studies that examine trends and emerging topics in CS research or the impact of papers on the field. In contrast, in this article, we take a closer look at the entire CS research in the past two decades by analyzing the data on publications in the ACM Digital Library and IEEE Xplore, and the grants awarded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). We identify trends, bursty topics, and interesting inter-relationships between NSF awards and CS publications, finding, for example, that if an uncommonly high frequency of a specific topic is observed in publications, the funding for this topic is usually increased. We also analyze CS researchers and communities, finding that only a small fraction of authors attribute their work to the same research area for a long period of time, reflecting for instance the emphasis on novelty (use of new keywords) and typical academic research teams (with core faculty and more rapid turnover of students and postdocs). Finally, our work highlights the dynamic research landscape in CS, with its focus constantly ...

Words: 15250 - Pages: 61

Free Essay

Evolution of Microprocessor

...Microprocessor Evolution: 4004 to Pentium-4 Joel Emer Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Based on the material prepared by Krste Asanovic and Arvind November 2, 2005 First Microprocessor Intel 4004, 1971 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. To view image, visit http://news.com.com/Images+Moores+L aw+turns+40/2009-1041_3-56490195.html November 2, 2005 6.823 L15- 2 Emer • 4-bit accumulator architecture • 8µm pMOS • 2,300 transistors • 3 x 4 mm2 • 750kHz clock • 8-16 cycles/inst. 6.823 L15- 3 Emer Microprocessors in the Seventies Initial target was embedded control • First micro, 4-bit 4004 from Intel, designed for a desktop printing calculator Constrained by what could fit on single chip • Single accumulator architectures 8-bit micros used in hobbyist personal computers • Micral, Altair, TRS-80, Apple-II Little impact on conventional computer market until VISICALC spreadsheet for Apple-II (6502, 1MHz) • First “killer” business application for personal computers November 2, 2005 6.823 L15- 4 Emer DRAM in the Seventies Dramatic progress in MOSFET memory technology 1970, Intel introduces first DRAM (1Kbit 1103) 1979, Fujitsu introduces 64Kbit DRAM => By mid-Seventies, obvious that PCs would soon have > 64KBytes physical memory November 2, 2005 Microprocessor Evolution 6.823 L15- 5 Emer Rapid progress...

Words: 1044 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Piop;

...COMPUTER NETWORKS (CS6004) HOME ASSIGNMENT 128W1A05F3 Q1. A system has an n-layer protocol hierarchy. Applications generate messages of length "M" bytes. At each layer, an "H"-byte header is added. What fraction of the network bandwidth is filled with headers? ANS: Message length = M bytes Header length = H bytes Protocol layers = n Header bytes per packet = aH Total bytes per packet = M+aH Fraction of bandwidth filled with header= aH / ( M+aH) If the packets were fragmented it would result in a larger fraction of the bandwidth filled with header information since fragments would have to replicate header information. So this extra header information would increase message overhead. Q2. Research the terms IEEE, IAB, IETF, IRTF, ANSI, EIA, RFC and describe their importance ANS: IAB (The Internet Architecture Board): It is the Internet Society overseer of the technical evolution of the Internet. The IAB supervises the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which oversees the evolution of TCP/IP, and the Internet Research Task Force ( IRTF ),which works on network technology. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers): It was formed in 1963 when AIEE merged with IRE. IEEE is an organization composed of...

Words: 2790 - Pages: 12

Premium Essay

Paper

...a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. Introduction The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like "bleiner@computer.org" and 1 "http://www.acm.org" trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street. This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore 2 will find shelves of material written about the Internet. 3 In this paper, several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves...

Words: 9306 - Pages: 38

Premium Essay

Nt1310 Unit 3 Level Of Network Security

...basic networks, which are the internet, mobile communication network, satellite nets, wireless network, network infrastructure and communication protocols. The third level is support layer. Support layer sets up a reliable support platform for the application layer. On this support platform all kind of intelligent computing powersare organized through network grid and cloud computing. It plays the role of combining application layer upward and network layer downward. The application layer is the topmost and terminal level. Application layer provides the personalized services according to the needs of the users. Users can access the internet of thing through the application layer interface using television,personal computer or mobile equipments. Network security and management play an important role in above each level. VI. SECURITY FEATURES a) Perceptual Layer: Usually perceptual nodes are short ofcomputer power and storage capacity because they are simple and have less power. Therefore it is not possible to apply frequency hopping communication and public key encryption algorithm to security...

Words: 1279 - Pages: 6

Premium Essay

Cloud Computing

...Cloud Computing Cloud computing is an emerging model where users can gain access to their applications from anywhere through their connected devices. A simplified user interface makes the infrastructure supporting the applications transparent to users. The applications reside in massively-scalable data centers where compute resources can be dynamically provisioned and shared to achieve significant economies of scale. A strong service management platform results in near-zero incremental management costs when more IT resources are added to the cloud. The proliferation of smart mobile devices, high speed wireless connectivity, and rich browser-based Web 2.0 interfaces has made the network-based cloud computing model not only practical but also a source of reduced IT complexity. Players across the IT industry have announced cloud computing efforts of varying shapes and sizes, leading analysts to attempt to identify various characteristics, such as infrastructure outsourcing, software as a service, and next generation distributed computing, to describe these efforts. Keywords: Clouds, Grid computing, Cloud Storage, SaaS, Server Virtualization, Data Center 1. Introduction Cloud computing comes into focus only when we think about what IT always needs: a way to increase capacity or add capabilities on the fly without investing in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software. Cloud computing encompasses any subscription-based or pay-per-use service that, in...

Words: 4196 - Pages: 17