...G541: Psychological Investigations The aim of this booklet is to provide you with practical activities to enhance your understanding of psychological investigations. Once completed it will provide a valuable revision tool…so take care of it!! The information covered in this booklet will also be of valuable when it comes to evaluating and understanding the methods used in the core studies. Research Methods and Techniques used in Psychological Investigations ------------------------------------------------- Methods and Techniques ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- Experimental Methods: ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- The term experimental method refers to the method used to carry out the experiment. There are three main types of experiment – lab, field and natural/quasi. Research Method | Definition: | Advantage(s) | Disadvantage(s) | Laboratory experiment | A test under controlledconditions that is madeto demonstrate a knowntruth, examine the validityof a hypothesis, or determine the efficiency of something previously untried. | The research can better establish causality through reducing the number of confounds via a controlled environment like a lab setting. | The results may be artificial and not apply to the real world, there may be researcher bias or a social desirability affects, and the results may only apply to...
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...Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sapp, Marty. Test Anxiety : applied research, assessment, and treatment interventions / Marty Sapp. —2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. 1. Test anxiety—Research—Statistical methods. 2. Social sciences—Statistical methods. I. Title. LB3060.6.S27 1999 371.26'01'9—dc21 99—22530 CIP ISBN 0-7618-1386-1 (cloth: alk. ppr.) fc/ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48—1984 To my students Preface to First Edition Preface to Second Edition This text is divided into three parts. Part I deals with applied research design and statistical methodology frequently occurring in test anxiety literature. Part II focuses on theories and methods of assessing test anxiety using standardized instruments. Part III extensively describes and provides treatment scripts for test anxiety. In addition to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in the social sciences, this text is designed to attract two audiences—the quantitatively oriented professors teaching...
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...Step 1: Determine if the research was a sample survey, a randomized experiment an observational study, a combination, or based on anecdotes. It was an observational study, although the author mentions that they randomly picked study subjects, they still manipulated the distance in which they were doing their study on. It qualifies as an observational study because it was a case-control study in which people with the ownership of weapons were closely observed and a proxy for their victim was interviewed. Step 2: Consider the Seven Critical Components in Chapter 2 (pp. 18-19) to familiarize yourself with the details of the research. As in Case Study 6.5 based on the original report, the seven questions can all be answered. The research was supported by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The source information was from the Departments of Internal Medicine (A.L.K., J.G.B., B.B.H.), Preventive Medicine (A.L.K.), Biostatistics and Epidemiology (A.L.K., G.S.), and Pathology (J.T.F), University of Tennessee, Memphis; the Departments of Pediatrics (F.P.R.), Epidemiology (F.P.R.), and Pathology (D.T.R), University of Washington, Seattle; Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, Seattle (F.P.R., J.P.); and the Departments of Biology (N.B.R., A.B.L.) and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (N.B.R.) and the Center for Adolescent Health (N.B.R.), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland. The participants were proxies for their victims as well as control...
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...Michael Ayala 5/12/12 Psych 1 Assessment 1 Essay In the the first example, the researcher used the experimental design in his study to examine how poeple respond to pictures of faces with different racial features. The experimental design is when the experimenter isolates and controls all the variables excpet one, he makes sure that variable is the only one causing the desired effect. The The independent variable, which is the variable that the researcher is manipulating, is computer program that he created that will randomly generate the faces as each subject comes in. In this study the researcher used random assignment as the the subject would come in the the room. Random assignment is went the experimental and control groups a non-systematic and randomized way. The way he did this is by not telling his research nor the subjects knew which order they were going in. The team of researchers that found that the more time students spend interacting with technology, the less empathy they show towards other by doing a correlation study. Since many students already use technology a lot this was would be easier to use. The students increased use of their devices is one variable and their lower empathy towards other is the second one making a negative correlation. A negative correlation is a correlation indicating that the variables simultaneous in opposite directions. The second researcher...
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...Chapter 11 Experiments and Test Markets Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which term below refers to a study involving the manipulation of one or more variables to determine the effect on another variable? A) ex post facto B) experiment C) monitoring study D) communication study E) descriptive study Answer: B Level: easy 2. Which variable in an experiment is manipulated by the researcher? A) dependent variable B) extraneous variable C) moderating variable D) independent variable E) mediating variable Answer: D Level: moderate 3. Which variable in an experiment is the variable expected to be affected by the manipulation? A) dependent variable B) extraneous variable C) moderating variable D) independent variable E) mediating variable Answer: A Level: easy 4. All of the following are terms used to refer to an independent variable except _____. A) predictor B) explanatory C) criterion D) all of the above refer to an independent variable E) none of the above refer to an independent variable Answer: C Level: easy Use the following to answer questions 5-9: In the study of bystanders and thieves presented in the text, participants are invited to a store where they see someone steal the purse of another customer. The accosted shopper and the thief are really acting their parts to set the stage for the experiment. Participants view the robbery alone or with another participant. The study sought to determine...
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...the analysis of the data using statistical treatment. Research Design The researchers used the true experimental design. It further used Solomon’s Four Group design which involves two experimental groups and two controlled groups. One experimental group and one control group are administered the pretest and the other groups are not, thereby allowing the effects of the pretest measure and intervention to be segregated. In this study there were two groups who were studied: a group who studies alone and a group who studies with a group, this design is a combination of pretest and post test controlled group design, and the post test only controlled group design, in addition to the basic pretest/treat/posttest design three additional test, one without treatment, one without pretest, and one without both pretest and treatment were considered. For a reliable result several sets of four tests were applied and the means used. The various combinations of tested and untested groups with treatment and controlled groups allow the researchers to ensure that confounding variables and extraneous factors have not influenced the results. | |Pre-test |Treatment |Post test | |Experimental with pre-test |O1 |X |O2 | |Controlled with pretest |O1 | |O2 | |Experimental without pretest | |X |O2 ...
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...Generally, researchers carry out the experiments in order to accept or reject certain hypothesis. Experiments are conducted to establish tht effect of one or more in dependent variables in a response, which is dependent variable. These independent variables are often called treatments or factors. Examples are different fertilizers, different makes of machines and different advertisement channels. The values of a response are supposed to reflect the effect of different treatments. If an experiment is to be carried out on a particular project, the objective of the experiment must be clearly stated, unless the objective of tge experiments must be clearly stated, unless the objective of the project is carefully identified, the most appropriate design may not be adopted. The main aim of this project is to use the collected data to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilizers on the fertilizers on the yield of maize and sugar beet separately using analysis of variance (ANOVA) method at the institute of agricultural research Akure It should be noted that the data used here is secondary data. Fertilization has to do with the aim of bringing about an increase in crop yield and consequently increase in farmers’ product and income. That is to increase the yield of maize and sugar beet and make useful observation on the effectiveness of different level of nitrogen fertilizers on varieties of sugar beet and maize. This project identifies the levels of nitrogen fertilizers...
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...University of Phoenix Material Experimental Designs Worksheet Fill in the Blank Using the terms listed below, complete the following: 1. Experimental group receives treatment in an experimental design. 2. Control group does not receive treatment in an experimental design. 3. A Small n design has many observations on a single case or a few subjects. 4. When separate groups of subjects receive different levels of the independent variable, this is referred to as Between Subject design. 5. When all subjects receive all levels of the independent variable, this is referred to as Within Subject design. 6. When the researcher measures a behavior that needs to be changed and then applies therapy and measures the behavior again, this is referred to as AB design. 7. When the researcher measures a behavior that needs to be changed, applies therapy and measures the behavior again, and then removes the treatment and measures the behavior again, this is referred to as ABA design. 8. When the criterion outcome changes over time this is referred to as Changing Criterion design. 9. When measuring several behaviors or several people with baseline periods of varying lengths and an independent variable occurs, this is referred to as a Multiple Baseline design. 10. When subjects are not randomly assigned and not all variables are under the control of the presenter, this is referred to as Quasi-Experimental design. A. Multiple Baseline B...
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...EVALUATION (OUTCOME): Assignment 1. How does basic research differ from applied research? • Applied research is research that seeks to answer a question in the real world and to solve a problem. Basic research is research that fills in the knowledge we don't have; it tries to learn things that aren't always directly applicable or useful immediately. 2. Give the purpose of each of the following methods and type of research: a. Historical research • It throws light on present and future trends. • It enables understanding of and solutions to contemporary problems to be sought in the past. • It can illuminate the effects of key interactions within a culture or sub-culture. • It allows for the revaluation of data in relation to selected hypotheses, theories and generalizations that are presently held about the past and the present. b. Descriptive research • This type is suitable wherever the subjects vary among themselves and one is interested to know the extent to which different conditions and situations are obtained among these subjects. • The word SURVEY signifies the gathering of data regarding present conditions. A survey is useful in: (1) providing the values of facts, and (2) focusing attention on the most important things to be reported. • In this type of survey, it is necessary to determine the psychological and social aspects of research by way of application or implementation of evidence to recognize between facts and influence There...
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...Section A what has come up so far Jan 10 | Experiment independent measures: 1. State the experimental hypothesis for your project [3] 2. Describe the method you would use for your practical project. 13 marks are awarded for replicability and appropriateness and 6 for the quality of design and feasibility [13 + 6] 3. Give an advantage of using an alternative experimental design in this practical project [3] 4. Assess the validity of your investigation in measuring the dependant variable [6] 5. Outline how you could select a sample which could be representative [3] 6. What ethical issues would you consider in designing your practical project? [3] 7. Suggest one possible future research related to your practical project [3] | June 10 | Correlation: 1. State an alternate Hypothesis for your practical project [3] 2. Describe the method you would use for your practical project. 13 marks are awarded for replicability and appropriateness and 6 for the quality of design and feasibility [13 + 6] 3. Which inferential (non parametric test) would you use to analyse your data? Give reasons for your choice [3] 4. a) Sketch a graph to present the data that could be collected [3]b) What could this graph tell you about the relationship between the two variables? [3] 5. Explain one weakness of conducting this practical project as a correlation [3] 6. How would you address any one ethical issues in the conduct of this practical project? [3] 7. Outline one other way...
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...Mba 1st executive communication Sec b 11. Ex post facto design is a quasi-experimental study examining how an independent variable, present prior to the study, affects a dependent variable. So like we just said, there is something about the participant that we're going to study that we don't have to alter in the participant. We will make this a little clearer a little later with some examples and descriptions. But first, quasi-experimental simply means participants are not randomly assigned. In a true experiment, you have what is called random assignment, which is where a participant has an equal chance of being in the experimental or control group. Random assignment helps ensure that when you apply some kind of condition to the experimental and control groups, there isn't some predisposition in one group to respond differently than the other. A true experiment and ex post facto both are attempting to say: this independent variable is causing changes in a dependent variable. This is the basis of any experiment - one variable is hypothesized to be influencing another. This is done by having an experimental group and a control group. So if you're testing a new type of medication, the experimental group gets the new medication, while the control group gets the old medication. This allows you to test the efficacy of the new medication. Ex post facto designs are different from true experiments because ex post facto designs do not use random assignment. True experiments have random...
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...becomes graphically impossible. Higher the variables, higher are the complications hence it is to optimize each & everyone. Optimization is not a Screening method. Response surface representing the relationship between the independent variables X1 and X2 and the dependent variable Y. Classic optimization: It involves application of calculus to basic problem for maximum/minimum function..Limited applications i. Problems that are not too complex ii. They do not involve more than two variables * For more than two variables graphical representation is impossible * It is possible mathematically. GRAPH REPRESENTING THE RELATION BETWEEN THRESPONSE VARIABLE AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: Statistical design: Techniques used divided in to two types. Experimentation continues as optimization proceeds .It is represented by evolutionary...
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...Getting Started: The Anatomy and Physiology of Clinical Research Stephen B. Hulley, Thomas B. Newman, and Steven R. Cummings This chapter introduces clinical research from two viewpoints, setting up themes that run together through the book. One theme is the anatomy of research-what it's made of. This includes the tangible elements of the study plan: the research question, design, subjects, measurements, sample size calculation, and so forth. An investigator's goal is to create these elements in a form that will make the project fast, inexpensive, and easy. The other theme is the physiology of research-how it works. Studies are useful to the extent that they yield valid inferences, first about what happened in the study sample and then about generalizing these events to people outside. the study. The goal is to minimize the errors, random and systematic, that threaten conclusions based on these inferences. Separating these two themes is artificial in the same way that the anatomy of the human body does not make much sense without some understanding of its physiology. But the separation has the same advantage: It clarifies our thinking about a complex topic. . THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH: WHAT IT'S MADE OF The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol, the written plan of the study. Protocols are well kn~wn as devices for seeking grant funds, but they also have a vital scientific function: helping the investigator to organize her research in a logical, focused...
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...BUSI 600 Liberty University September 20, 2013 Discussion Board Forum 5 This paper will attempt to answer varies questions from chapters nine and ten. The questions asked and answered pertain to ethical problems, experiments and their designs. After reading this paper you should know that there are some ethical issues when it comes to experimental research. You should also understand and become aware of the steps you should take to accomplish a well-planned experiment (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p.206). There is information about the types of experimental designs and how they are different. Also discussed are the three communication approaches. Question 9.4 What ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects? The question of “what ethical problems do you see in conducting experiments with human subjects?” is truly a multi-layered opinionated question that forces a person to ask “what would be the most responsible way society could condone such acts and what could be the worst case scenario?” The first step in analyzing this question is to define ethics. Ethics is defined as “norms or standards of behavior that guide moral choices about our behavior and our relationships with others” (Cooper & Schindler, 2011, p. 32). The key issues of ethics in experimentation relate to benefits, deception, informed consent, debriefing participants, and the right to privacy (Cooper & Schindler, 2011). It is important that the researcher “discuss the study’s...
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...RESEARCH DESIGN A. Definition Research design refers to the complete sequence of steps to be undertaken to ensure that the appropriate data will be obtained in a way which permits an objective analysis leading to valid inferences with respect to the stated problem. It is a step in problem solving consisting of a detailed plan to be followed in obtaining the needed data. It specifies what organisms, chemicals, glasswares, and equipment will be used in the study. B. Significance 1. It serves as a guide for direction during the actual experimentation. 2. It allows a gain of maximum information relevant to the problem at minimum cost. 3. It makes the statistical test of significance valid because it takes into consideration all the assumptions that went into deriving the various statistics. C. General Features The design of an experiment depends on the type of research undertaken and the nature of the conditions under which study is done. The design of an experiment is dictated by the question it is to answer. There is no common blueprint that will serve as a guide in writing a research design. Each problem requires its own unique design. A research design contains the following sections: I. Introduction A. Background of the Study B. Statement of the Problem C. Significance of the Study D. Scope and Limitation of the Study II. Review of Related Literature III. Methodology IV. Time Table V. Proposed Budget ...
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