...Knowledge and Justified Belief What is knowledge? This is the question we used to be sure of according to Plato’s theory of recollection, which tells that the knowledge is the justified belief; if this belief is true, then there is some fact make the proposition for this belief to be true; since the belief is justified by some evidence; therefore people comes up with the standard analysis of knowledge. This idea has been generally agreed till Edmund Gettier came up with the article questioning if knowledge is the justified true belief. Gettier provides two cases wherein intuitively the subject gains a justified true belief does not equal to knowledge. By contrast, Gettier’s arguments indicate the situation in which someone has a belief that is both true and well supported by evidence but fails to be knowledge. That is, it is sufficient and necessary to have belief, truth and justification to define knowledge as in classical theory, yet, the Gettier’s theory by questioning knowledge that justifiably believe one of the true proposition and dismiss the other is necessary and sufficient add-on to the classical theory to redefine knowledge. First of all, according to Plato’s theory of knowledge, that knowledge is justified true belief, or as Gettier concluded Plato’s classical theory of knowledge as: “ S knows that P if and only if P is true; S believes in P and S is justified in believing P” (Gettier 1). In the Meno, written by Plato, he believes that knowledge appears to...
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...Cognitive scientists connected pretend play with the false belief task. Both require the use of metarepresentations. However, Cognitive scientists have realized that although children are able to pretend play, they are unable to pass the false belief task. The false belief task goes like this: A child is seated in front of an experimenter, who has two puppets, Sally and Anne. There is a basket and a box on the table between the child and the experimenter. Sally places a marble in the basket and then leaves the room, and while she’s away, Anne transfers the marble from the basket to the box. Sally then returns, and at this point, the experimenter asks the child: Where will Sally look for her marble? The child passing the task would be realizing...
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...Children’s Theoretical Perspective on the Theory of Mind and False Beliefs on Social Cognition Questions seeking an answer to a missing piece, puzzled with things unknown, and bothering twisted thoughts. These are primordial stuff experienced by an individual leading to curiosity. Curiosity which makes every person motivated in finding an answers. The fact that curiosity about a matter will always be the starting point of a new development. One of the best examples is the children. As we can see, children are the most determine explorer because for them everything is a mystery. To discover simple unfamiliar objects, to meliorate their knowledge and to understand their environment are their major goals which we can identify as mediocre. The genuine truth about children is their capacity to understand someone even though they have minimal knowledge on how mental life processes goes through. They can easily figure it out when someone is motivated in acquiring their wants or goals. As a matter of fact, sometimes they can also distinguish what are the positive and negative emotions. On the other hand, they can also practice their false beliefs where they can hardly define between what is real and what is true. Furthermore, as we adults, we are more matured enough in thinking and behaving in all matter. We have the responsibility to modify what we perceive and to justify and stand on what we believe is right and wrong. Nevertheless, people talk too much; people think...
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...Peck then uses cause and effect to define the complications that can result from female circumcision, providing support for her belief that it does not benefit the patients. While her facts provide some form of logos, it is not clear where she got her information from. It is evident Peck is completely against the act of female circumcision and wishes for her readers to feel the same. Though her paper provides a clear definition of what exactly FGC entails and the effects of it, she could have included more analysis in the early parts of her essay. Her thesis should also be at the beginning of the essay rather than the end, but she at least provides a solution for preventing female circumcision in her...
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...three chief objections against their view and thus in defence of expressivism. We describe them in turn. P. Expressing vs Reporting belief: We can distinguish between expressivism and subjectivism. According to the former, an ethical sentence like ' Euthanasia is wrong' expresses a non-cognitive attitude toward euthanasia, but does not say that the speaker has it. The latter, on the contrary, says that that sentence reports the speaker's non-cognitive attitude toward euthanasia, which implies that euthanasia is the object of some attitude of the speaker's .As Ayer put it this way: " The orthodox subjectivist....his own view is that they express propositions about the speaker's feelings....
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...widespread assumption that ethical behavior takes the fun out of life is false. In actuality, living ethically ensures that relationships in our lives, including encounters with strangers, nurture our spiritual growth.” - Bell Hooks The moral aspects of day-to-day living are directly engaging, persistant, and urgent. Each day, fundamental moral considerations affect our lives in common place ways. We laughed at a joke expressing sexual act. We may have failed to respond to an act of kindness with the gratitude dictated by common decency. Perhaps we abused alcohol, drugs, or food with a compulsiveness that made us wonder whether we respected ourselves anymore. These everyday aspects of our lives provide an immediate stimulus for thinking about morality. Moral responsibility is an ongoing process of development skills: identifying moral problems and reasons; sensitivity to alternative perspectives; creative vision in discerning solutions; weighing conflicting moral reasons; adeptness in clarifying concepts that otherwise might be vague or ambiguous. It also requires moral concern and responsibles commitment All these capacities nature through studies in the liberal arts, among which ethics is central, that aim at liberating us from parochial prejudices while deeeping our understanding of our own moral traditions and those of others. It should not be forgotten that one challenge some moral beliefs without challenging others. For example, it is possible to maintain that...
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...to hear other ideas Something only a child can do For people who are weak in their beliefs Reinforcing our own beliefs by talking with people who share those beliefs The childlike wonder and interest in new ideas Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found from the “Open-Minded Inquiry” page found here:http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/open-minded-inquiry/579 Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 2. Question : This is the term for presentation of an idea through one-sided and emotional rhetoric: Student Answer: Tolerance Relativism Propaganda Television Open-mindedness Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found from the “Open-Minded Inquiry” page found here:http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/open-minded-inquiry/579 Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 3. Question : When making inferences, it is important to: Student Answer: Infer things that extend beyond experience and evidence Rationalize inferences that contradict one another Identify assumptions that lead to the inferences All of the above None of the above Instructor Explanation: The answer can be found in “The Analysis and Assessment of Thinking” [Paul and Elder Website] http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/the-analysis-amp-assessment-of-thinking/497 Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 4. Question...
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...Critically discuss the term Theory of Mind and how deficits may relate to Autistic Spectrum Conditions. The concept of theory of mind (TOM) is a complex one with various considerations, and as we cannot see or touch the mind we therefore have to infer about other’s mental states from the things they say or from their overt behaviour (Smith, Cowie & Blades, 2011). Theory of mind was originally defined by Premack & Woodruff (1978) as having the inclination to make attributions about behaviour based on our acquired knowledge of mental states, such as desires, beliefs and intentions. An equally important facet of theory of mind is the individual’s ability to comprehend the subjectivity of mental states and the comprehension that other individuals also have desires, beliefs and intentions that notably differ from that of our own. This understanding is highly significant to human functioning according to Baren-Cohen (1995). Premack & Woodruff (1978) stated that theory of mind is particularly important for social cognition and that being able to comprehend the world through another’s eyes and to appreciate their emotions and points of view will make it possible to predict what their behaviour and actions may be in certain situations. It has also been researched how deficits and impairments in the development of theory of mind can relate to autistic spectrum conditions. Research into cognitive development mainly begins with Piaget (1962) who claimed that children usually...
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...since the time of Greek and Chinese philosophers. True False In order for something to be called an organisation it must have buildings and equipment. True False All organisations have a collective sense of purpose, even though this purpose might not be fully understood or agreed upon. True False Collective entities are called organisations only when their members have complete agreement on the goals they want to achieve. True False Evidence indicates that applying organisational behaviour knowledge tends to improve the organisation's financial performance. True False Globalisation may have both positive and negative implications for people working in organisations. True False Reduced job security and increased work intensification in Australia are partly caused by globalisation. True False 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Education is a primary category of surface-level diversity. True False Australian employees are more diverse today than a few decades ago on many deep-level categories but have actually reduced their diversity on most surface categories. True False 10. Research indicates that baby boomers and Generation-X employees bring the same values and expectations to the workplace. True False 11. Workforce diversity potentially improves decision making and team performance on complex tasks. True False 12. Surveys indicate that most Australian employees do not experience conflicting work–life balance. True False 13. Generation X and Generation Y expectations are...
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...Does theory of mind develop gradually or is there a radical conceptual shift between the ages of 3 and 4 years? Explain how research evidence supports your views. From an evolutionary perspective, the complex and highly functional psychological abilities can be seen as a product of a continuous adaptation process. Well-developed mental skills form the basis of humans complex and advanced mental functioning, both interpersonal and intrapsychologically. One of these advanced mental abilities is the capability to attribute emotions, intentions and knowledge within yourself and others (Flavell, 2004). This is a form of social cognition or a mental understanding that within developmental psychology is termed “Theory of Mind”. It is often said that children start to develop a “Theory of Mind” at the age between 3 to 5 years (Premack & Woodruff, 1978), but scientists have always had different views and opinions about when and how Theory of Mind develops. Some researchers believe that this development happens gradually, while others believe there is a conceptual shift between the ages of 3 and 4. I will in this essay evaluate and discuss the different viewpoints with the support of previous research evidence. Within the theory of mind approach, the ability to attribute mental states to others is considered evidence for children having developed a psychological understanding of the mind as representational – that is, they have realised that what is in the mind is only a representation...
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...To what extent is Theory of Mind innate? Critically discuss with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. Theory of mind refers to an individual’s ability to understand the mental states of others (Baron-Cohen, 1989b). According to Buttelmann et al. (2008) over the years; psychological practice has seen an increase in research, debating whether theory of mind is innate. This apparent increase stems from controversial standard false-belief tasks and its influence on a person’s ability to have an operative theory of mind (Chandler, Fritz & Hala 1989). The connotations of these standard false-belief tasks act as an indicator for specific age boundaries, in which children are meant to start attributing mental states to others, through their understanding of false belief (Perner and Ruffman, 2005; Fodor, 1992; Mitchell,1996). The implications of these standard false-belief tasks will steer this discussion to focus on the extent at which theory of mind can be considered as innate with reference to genetic, social and cultural evidence. According to Whiten, (1993 pg. 3) “a theory of mind remains one of the quintessential abilities that makes us human” .Yet prior to Baron-Cohen’s (1989a) study, the traditional view held by most child developmental psychologists, (Piaget, 1983) was based on the idea that, any understanding of what goes on in another person’s mind has to be a calculated and difficult thing (Appleton and Reddy, 1996). Hence, in order to work...
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...1 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. Which of these statements about the field of organizational behaviour is FALSE? A Organizational behaviour scholars study individual, team and structural characteristics that influence . behaviour within organizations. B. Leadership, communication and other organizational behaviour topics were not discussed by scholars until the 1940s. C. Organizational behaviour emerged as a distinct field around the 1940s. D. The field of OB has adopted concepts and theories from other fields of inquiry. E. OB scholars study what people think, feel and do in and around organizations. Which of these statements about the field of organizational behaviour is TRUE? A. Organizational behaviour emerged as a distinct field during the 1980s. B. The origins of some organizational behaviour concepts date back to Plato and other Greek philosophers. C. Information technology has almost no effect on organizational behaviour. D.The field of organizational behaviour relies exclusively on ideas generated within the field by organizational behaviour scholars. E. The origins of organizational behaviour are traced mainly to the field of economics. In the field of organizational behaviour, organizations are best described as: A. legal entities that must abide by government regulations and pay taxes. B. physical structures with observable capital equipment. C. social entities with a publicly stated set of formal goals...
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... | True or False? Marketers might wish to sell their products to everyone, but it is not practical. | | Selected Answer: | True | Answers: | True | | False | | Question 2 3 out of 3 points | | | True or False? The four Ps include product, promotion, planning, and place. | | | | | Selected Answer: | False | Answers: | True | | False | | | | | Question 3 3 out of 3 points | | | True or False? The group of firms that makes and delivers a given set of goods and/or services is called a supply chain. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Answers: | True | | False | | | | | Question 4 3 out of 3 points | | | True or False? Value is what you get for what you give. | | | | | Selected Answer: | True | Answers: | True | | False | | | | | Question 5 3 out of 3 points | | | True or False? When a car manufacturer sells trucks, cars, and car parts to the government or military, this is an example of B2C. | | | | | Selected Answer: | False | Answers: | True | | False | | | | | Question 6 3 out of 3 points | | | When a tee shirt manufacturer states, "We only sell it in black because that way we can buy plenty of black fabric and run our plant efficiently," their statement reflects the views that were popular in which era of the evolution of marketing? | | | | | Selected Answer: | Product-oriented | Answers: | Product-oriented | | Sales-oriented | | Market-oriented...
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...Make sure you answer each part of the questions. Be concise. Quality, not quantity counts. (10 points each) 1. Identify six of the major areas of the environment that marketers must consistently monitor. Give an example of an element of each area. Demographic – This refers to studying human populations in terms of size, density, location, age, gender, race and occupation. Then being able to divide population into market segments & target markets. Economic – This refers to the purchasing power of potential customers and the ways in which people spend their money. Socio-cultural – This aspect consists of institutions and basic values and beliefs of a group of people. Values can be categorized into core beliefs (difficult to change) and secondary beliefs (easier to influence). Natural – This includes the natural resources that a company uses as inputs and affects their marketing activities (increased pollution, shortages of raw materials, and increased government intervention). Technological – This is one of the fastest changing factors and includes developments from antibiotics and surgery to nuclear missiles and chemical weapons to automobiles and credit cards. Requires companies to stay ahead of others and update their technology as it becomes outdated. Political-legal – This includes all laws, government agencies, and groups that influence or limit other organizations and individuals within a society...
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...Chantae’ Wilson Professor Bland 27 November 2012 What are the Core Beliefs of being a follower of Christ? What Christian beliefs constitute true/genuine faith? Being a follower of Christ ensures that one will go to heaven upon Christ return. A follower may go through trials and tribulations; but they also know that God will see them through the hard times, as long as they continue to serve him. Hebrews 11:16 states that “And without faith it is impossible to please him, for whoever would draw near to God must believe that he exists and that he rewards those who seek him. Believing in God pays off it will be an everlasting gift in the end; you will get to spend eternity with God in heaven. God expects your parents to help guide you to him. God considers parents the primary disciples of their children. He created the family to be the incubator of a teenager’s spiritual growth. God has given parents the responsibility of creating an environment suitable for their children to become a follower of Christ (Smith). God needs help like the rest of us; some believe that seeing is believing, this means that if you see your parents living in Christ you won’t stray and you will continue to follow in their foot steps. Most people get their beliefs of Christ during adolescence it’s the time when a person develops perceptions about religious thoughts and with proper guidance, can be a stronger follower of Christ (Monahan). When do you think most people gain their religious? Does being...
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