...FILE ORGANIZATION TERMS AND CONCEPTS THE DATA HIERARCHY A computer system organizes data in a hierarchy that starts with bits and bytes and progresses to fields, records, files, and databases * A bit represents the smallest unit of data a computer can handle * A group of bits, called a byte, represents a single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol (A,2?,S) * A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number (such as a person’s name or age) is called a field Ex: employee Last name, Customer Account number * A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade, comprises a record; Ex: There will be one record for every one * A group of records of the same type is called a file. Ex: Employee Benefits file, Employee payroll file * Database: A group of related files about a specific entity Ex: HR database PROBLEMS WITH THE TRADITIONAL FILE ENVIRONMENT In most organizations, systems tended to grow independently without a company-wide plan. Accounting, finance, manufacturing, human resources, and sales and marketing all developed their own systems and data files. Figure 6-2 illustrates the traditional approach to information processing * In the company as a whole, this process led to multiple master files created, maintained, and operated by separate divisions or departments. As this process goes on for 5 or 10 years, the organization is saddled...
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...PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING PRACTICAL ICT TESTS The Supervisor A suitably competent supervisor, who may be the candidates’ tutor, is responsible for the administration of the practical tests according to these instructions. The supervisor is responsible for the preparation of the hardware and software for the test. Timetabling of the Practical Tests CIE does not timetable the practical tests in the same way as most IGCSE and AS & A Level written papers. The IGCSE and AS & A Level timetable will specify a period within which candidates must take the two practical tests for each syllabus. Within this period, Centres may conduct the practical tests at any convenient time or times. Candidates must complete each practical test in a single session. Wherever possible, candidates from the same Centre should sit their assessment at the same time. If more than one session is necessary to accommodate all candidates, these sessions should follow on from each other. However, Centres do not need to sequester candidates until other candidates have taken the test. When arranging examination dates, Centres should take into account the time needed to set up the system and should allow contingency planning (e.g. to reschedule examination times due to possible hardware failure) wherever possible. Preparation for the Practical Tests Before the candidates take a practical test, the supervisor must work through a past/specimen paper, using the hardware and software that the candidates will be using...
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...This customer data file is for 60,000 customer records in the restaurant category. Clean up the data: As with most customer data files, there is incomplete information. Address how you handle incomplete data. (I suggest completely eliminating records in Acquisition Channel with “NULL” or “Uncategorized”.) Also eliminate any records with blank in Ethnicity. Note in Ethnicity African-Americans is also coded as Afr. Am. so these two should be combined. In Age of Kids there are cells coded as Pre-teen &? I suggest combining with “Age Mix” or “Preteen & Teenagers”. After cleaning up the file, we are left with 26,352 records which should still be an adequate sample size.) Questions for analysis: 1. Calculate the profitability of each customer. Assume the average Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) for all vouchers (with promotional discounts factored in) is 20% of the total revenue. Assume the average one-time Cost per Acquisition (CPA) for each channel is: $12 for Advertising, $10 for Affiliate, $5 for Email, $8 for ILS, $7 for Paid Search and $5 for Social Media. Assume there are no additional costs. You may find the Excel VLOOKUP function helpful for this (https://support.office.com/en-sg/article/VLOOKUP-function-0bbc8083-26fe-4963-8ab8-93a18ad188a1). 2. What does the “average” ECB.com customer look like? Is the “average” customer desirable or undesirable? Why? 3. Describe each segment (new, engaged, lapsed, inactive). How much revenue does each segment...
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...Introducing Transaction Log Files Each SQL Server 2000 database has at least one transaction log file and can have multiple transaction log files spread across a number of disks. Each transaction log file is a separate operating system file and is used by only one database. Each transaction log file generally has the .ldf filename extension (this extension is not required). Each transaction log has a logical filename that is used in Transact-SQL statements and a physical filename that is used by the Windows operating system. Additional file properties include the file ID number, initial file size, file growth increment (if any), and maximum file size. Unlike data files that contain pages, transaction log files contain a series of transaction log records. A sequential log sequence number (LSN) identifies each transaction log record. Regardless of the number of physical log files, SQL Server 2000 treats the transaction log as one continuous log. SQL Server 2000 logically divides each physical transaction log file into a number of virtual log files (VLFs). The number and size of virtual log files are determined dynamically based on the size of each transaction log file. Each transaction log file has at least two VLFs. Each growth increment (if any) is treated as a separate physical file with its own VLFs. The number or size of VLFs cannot be configured or set directly by the database administrator. SQL Server 2000 tries to maintain a small number of virtual file logs because it operates...
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...File Management The File System Manager (also called the File Manager or File Management System) is the software responsible for creating, deleting, modifying, and controlling access to files – as well as for managing the resources used by the files. The File Manager provides support for the libraries of programs and data to online users, for spooling operations, and for interactive computing. These functions are performed in collaboration with the I/O Manager or Device Manager. ➢ Responsibilities of the File System Manager: The File System Manager has a complete job. It’s in charge of the system’s physical components, its information resources, and the policies used to store and distribute the files. To carry out its responsibilities, it must perform these four tasks: 1. Keep track of where each file is stored. 2. Use a policy that will determine where and how the files will be stored, making sure to efficiently use the available storage space and provide efficient access to the files. 3. Allocate each file when a user has been cleared for access to it, then record its use. 4. Deallocate the file when the file is to be returned to storage, and communicate its availability to others who may be waiting for it. The File System Manager’s policy determines where each file is stored and how the system, and its users, will be able to access them simply – via commands that are independent from device details. In addition, the policy must...
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...The role of organization, time management and effective communication to succeed in online-learning master courses Introduction Nowadays, many people who desire to be rich often choose to invest in stocks, bonds, real estate or other property types. However, among many ways of investing, the most long-term benefit is investing to knowledge. Not only bring a degree, master courses are also an opportunity for students to go through knowledge , accumulate more and more experience and solve many complex issues of economy, finance and expand a lot of relationships for the bussiness work. These advantages are the reason why many people want to get master degree after finishing bacherlors’ study program. Moreover, with the development of Internet and technology, more and more people choose online courses for Master’s degree. Each person has a different way to be successful in online learning. While some people believe if they have intelligence and talent, they will get success in their study, but others claim that a important factor to contribute to the achievements of their performance is hard-working. For me, in my self-study experience, intelligence, talent or hard-working are not enough, the improvement of some modern-technology skills in looking for informaton leads student to be successful. The truth is that because of taking advantage of using organization, some abilities in time management and effective communication on online learning is the way to approach me to knowledge...
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...maintain records. A good document retention policy could last up to seven years. A litigation hold is basically keeping all records pertaining to the case, or until the case is over. Depending on the records at hand, state and federal laws require organizations to maintain records. During litigation hold notice a good checklist to follow, is a good idea. A document retention policy basically establishes a policy that keeps records of documents and files for a certain amount of period, so that a court can examine a business practices over a time period. Courts and juries don’t have little tolerance for organizations that don’t maintain their records. They often give penalized corporations for keeping their records, by handing out big fines. A document retention policy is established after a litigation hold is given to an organization. Depending on the litigation hold certain documents must be maintain in order to prevent penalties. So if the litigation hold is pertaining to a HIPPA violation at a college, the college must maintain all records to include, emails, documents, faculty involvements, telephone conversations, backup tapes, hard drives, flash drives and etc. The policy has to be clear and understanding to faculty. The files must be in preserved in original format, and cannot be altered at any time. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was passed through the senate and the house in response to the scandals of Enron and World Com. In The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 this is...
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...Sunday, October 30, 2011 Windows Server Proposal For Worldwide Advertising Inc. Below is a project for my Windows Server Administration Course. This was the first course of the kind I have taken. Let me know what you think. Summary Servers are the backbone of an organization. The implementation and configuration of a server network can determine the prosperity or failure of a business. After reviewing the needs of Worldwide Advertising Inc., I have come up with what I think is the best solution. I will be covering infrastructure server roles such as: DHCP and DNS, which work behind the scenes, to the application servers which give life to your advertising dreams. I have prescribed an active directory schema that will require effortless management. I have proposed a File and Sharing implementation that suites a growing enterprise as well as state of the art data storage. I have also noted some preliminary estimates of scheduling and manpower required for the solution. Deployment and Server Edition Throughout the infrastructure the most advanced server operating system, Windows Server 2008 R2, will be used. Enterprise edition will be leveraged on all servers, because it has 4 virtual licenses per OS. To increase reliability and security Server Core will be on all servers. There will be a total of 10 servers for the Worldwide Advertising Inc. internal network. The majority of the servers will be managed from the Los Angeles main office while four servers...
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...A detailed search of the Web site has been conducted, and no files were found beyond the static HTML Web pages expected. Three workstations are used to update content on the Web site, and a network packet trace has been captured for traffic between the workstations and the internal FTP upload site for posting data to the Web server. This packet trace is available for your use. Once you understand the situation, your manager tells you to divide the investigation into three parts. The first part involves the use of NetWitness Investigator to identify user credentials, correlate source host address(s), and evaluate network traffic for unusual activity that might provide a starting point for your system forensic investigation. In the second part, you will use Paraben P2 Commander to examine a forensic system image and evaluate files, communications, and applications, which could be items of potential evidentiary value in this investigation. You will use your findings from the first part of the investigation to guide your selection of workstation(s) for review and user profile(s) for specific investigation. In the third part, you need to document your results along with the investigative process and any indicators you discovered that led to additional actions on your part. The investigation must be limited to the scope identified by these indicators, and all investigative actions should be supportable if you are called as an expert witness in later proceedings. AAA Computer...
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...Week 6 –Records Organization Tamara Tate HRC/210 Patient Record: Keeping it Real (Axia) March 12, 2014 Lisa Owens Records Organization Records Organization There is variances and parallels amongst small, medium, and large facilities regarding how patient's records are organized. There are also differences in how loose paper records are maintained. Likewise, I have noticed the majority of facilities prefer that their loose records are anchored in their charts. This makes sense to me because it prevents the loose reports from coming up missing or lost. However, the size of facility seems to regulate how the facility systematizes its patient's files. The most prevalent methods of organization I have seen include chronologically, form numbers, report types, and categories. While reviewing the interview threads, I observed many similarities and many differences in how patient files are controlled. For example, the medium and large facilities are most likely to use electronic documenting than paper ones, thus eliminating the threat of misplaced records. The most common variance I perceived was in whether or not the facilities use paper files versus electronic files. Almost all of the medium and large facilities are using electronic files with all records immediately filed with the patient's main file. In contrast, the smaller facilities seem more likely to use paper files. Records are filed with the patient's main record right away or by the end of the day. This makes it easier...
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...Batch Files: What is it and its harm Devry University The early business computers systems developed in the 1950’s showed how efficient they were by processing large group of records. They did all of this in batches. In the 1960s, computer engineers introduced interactive terminals. This would allow users to input for the very first time. Now today, even with use of laptops, home computers, and mobile devices. Most of the business and organizations still use some type of batch file processing for most of their applications. A batch file is a collection of commands that are processed in a certain order sometimes requiring the user to input information. With a computer using an operating system like Windows. A batch file is stored in a .bat file extension format. Most other operating systems may determine a batch file in a command file, using two or more commands that are processed one right after another. Just to perform the task at hand. Batch files are normally used to load programs, run different task at one time, and to perform repetitive tasks. An example of a batch file could be to back up files from different computers to a storage device or run the diagnostics on a system or process some type of log files. Batch files can start working at any time and can be left completely alone until the process is finished. The one of the main advantages to using batch files is the accessibility. A person can make the file entry themselves and...
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...File Services In order to avoid having to make files and folders at each of the three locations of Shiv LLC, Distributed File System (DFS) will be implemented, making only one copy of the files and folders accessible to all employees across the three locations. This will reduce the total cost, time, and space needed to establish a file system for each of the three locations. The use of DFS will enable the grouping of shared folders that are located on different servers across the three locations of Shiv LLC into logically structured namespaces in a manner that each namespace would appear to the user as a single shared folder having subfolders. The files on the servers at the three locations can easily be shared to users in a manner that is location-transparent to the user accessing a file (DFS, 2016)....
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...the sharing of files online. The migration from the analog system of information to digital content has eased access to information and false possession of information hence copyright issues. In the current age, it is easy to copy information created by a different party and claiming full ownership. Digital piracy has been on the rise. There have been proposals of litigations on new copyright enhancement paradigm in many countries and the traditional industries that intend to achieve efficiency in the protection...
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...office. This limits access to files and puts a dependency on repeated personal communication for document access wasting time and efficiency. Lastly, administrative tasks continue to be reliant on a paper based system producing possible processing and communication delays. How Identified Challenges Affect Key Stakeholders Managers and executives are the key stakeholders affected by outdated or incorrect documentation. Individuals or teams could be under the impression that business decisions are being made with information that is helpful and pertinent while in fact the information could be detrimental. When multiple managers and executives are involved confusion could arise about the needed information compounding the problem and leading to lengthy debates and discussion that are not required and create a confusion in business direction. This potential for errors in decision making puts the company at a considerable danger for loss of profitability, unsatisfied customers, and an uncertain future. Separate file servers and email servers affect two key stakeholders. The employees and the managerial and executive group both find themselves dependent on personal communication to gain access to documents that are not local to that individual’s office. For the employee this could result in delayed interactions with customers causing a dissatisfied client base. Employee time is wasted on trying to track down other staff members for access to files. Employee frustration and...
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...Creating a File System 1.5.1 I went to my computer. Than double clicked on local disk drive C. Then I went to users folder and double clicked on Brennan. I then double clicked on the desktop Folder and my classes folder was there. 1.5.2 The OS reference for the myname.txt. file has been moved in to the networking folder. Its storage still remains in the networking folder. Classes Classes 1.5.3 Networking Networking English English Computing Computing Math Math In Class Labs In Class Labs At Home Labs At Home Labs In Class Assignments In Class Assignments At Home Assignments At Home Assignments All Homework All Homework 1.5.4 * Crashes and System Hangs * Slow backup times and aborted backups * File corruption and data loss * Boot up issues * Errors in program * RAM use and cache problems * Hard drive failures No the best way to deal with fragmentation is to defragment your disk. LAB 1.5 Review 1. To keep the bytes in order. If it’s done too loosely than the computer cannot load the files. If its too detailed it will take up to much space on the hard drive. 2. It differs because it different and longer steps. While if you were to click on the desktop folder it’s the root folder to get to the document. 3. When you defragment a disk, what happens to the memory references maintained by the OS? It restructures the memory into a continuous format. What happens to the file system organization? The file system...
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