...Internationalization and firm performance 1. Introduction The topics of internationalization and firm performance are introduced. Over the last decades the interest on the relationship and connection between internationalization and performance has grown rapidly. The aim of this paper is to focus on the strength and weaknesses of internationalization as a business strategy by stressing the positive and negative factors that influence the whole process. Moreover, internationalization well be discussed with regard on performance levels. Does firms expansion abroad has a direct positive or negative impact on performance? And, if yes, in what extend does performance, profit, market share as well as the position toward competition change? The first part of the paper deals with some of the important reasons such as resource, marker, efficiency, as well as strategic asset seeking, which directly influence companies to be multinationals. We live in the area of globalization, where “going global” and becoming international is a very common strategy used by firms in order to expand and spread their potentials abroad. Nevertheless, before some decades this topic was not as common as today and authors starting to study it by concentrating not only in the economical side, but as well as by dealing with cultural diversities, political barriers, local versus foreign customers, competition etc. The second part of the paper is focused in more details in the IP relationship. It is understandable...
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...The internationalisation process of the firm - a case study Tomas Sylverberg - - Avdelning, Institution Division, Department Datum Date 2004-01-20 Ekonomiska institutionen 581 83 LINKÖPING Språk Language Svenska/Swedish X Engelska/English Rapporttyp Report category Licentiatavhandling Examensarbete ISBN ISRN Internationella ekonomprogrammet 2004/26 C-uppsats X D-uppsats Serietitel och serienummer Title of series, numbering ISSN Övrig rapport ____ URL för elektronisk version http://www.ep.liu.se/exjobb/eki/2004/iep/026/ Titel Title Företagets internationaliseringsprocess - en fallstudie The internationalisation process of the firm - a case study Författare Author Tomas Sylverberg Sammanfattning Abstract Background: The Uppsala model is the most accepted paradigm regarding the internationalisation process of the firm. This thesis tries to complement the Uppsala model with Porter's theories regarding internationalisation. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to study to what extent the Uppsala model is applicable to a small manufacturing firm, and to see if the theory, combined with the Porterian framework, can provide a more solid framework for the description of the internationalisation process of the firm. Method: The master thesis is based on one personal interview with the CEO of the study object, Bukowski design. Results: The internationalisation process of the firm can to some extent be explained using the Uppsala...
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...The evolution of internationalization There have been a variety of different approaches to explain the internationalization of business activities. They normally concentrate on distinct aspects of the reasons for and results of, enterprises operating in more than one environment and have changed dramatically throughout the last decade. Whereas traditional theories have focused their attention on the internationalization of production and foreign direct investment (FDI) where the multinational enterprise (MNE) played a central role, recent theories have approached internationalization as a process in which firms increase their involvement in international operations adapting their strategies, resources and structure to new investments. The focus of recent theories has centered on small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). In the late 1960s, scholars started to study international business in a historical perspective. Historians established a very fruitful dialogue with applied and development economists who helped to explain quite convincingly why American and British firms went international and how they influenced their home and host economies (Jones, 1986, 2002; Wilkins, 1970, 1991). As pointed out by Geoffrey Jones (2005), internationalization is a rather cumulative process, two powerful explicative factors being technology and networking. A major factor in the history of internationalization is the family firm. So far, however, little attention has been paid to the advantages...
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...Managing the internationalization process Learning outcomes After reading this chapter, you should be able to: ➤ Understand the motives for internationalization. ➤ Apply the theories underpinning the internationalization process. ➤ Explain the Psychic Distance and Born Global concepts. 5 ➤ Advise a multinational firm on choosing an appropriate entry mode for internationalization. ➤ Advise a multinational firm on de-internationalization. 148 Global strategic development Opening case study Internationalization of a French retailer—Carrefour In 1960, Carrefour opened its first supermarket in France. In 1963, Carrefour invented a new store concept—the hypermarket. The hypermarket concept was novel, and revolutionized the way French people did their shopping. It moved daily shopping from small stores to enormous stores where customers find everything they want under one roof, in addition to selfservice, discount price, and free parking space. The first Carrefour hypermarket store was established at the intersection of five roads—hence the name, Carrefour, which means ‘crossroads’. Carrefour is the leading retailer in Europe and the second largest worldwide, with Exhibit A International development of Carrefour Year Country and mode of entry No. of stores (2009) 1969 1973 1975 1982 1989 1991 1993 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1997 1998 1998 2000 Belgium—Carrefour’s first hypermarket outside France Spain Brazil—Carrefour’s first hypermarket in the Americas Argentina Taiwan—Carrefour’s...
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...economic globalization, the competitive advantage depends largely on the enterprise innovation and the ability to enter into the market quickly. This essay will discuss the globalization process of a manufacturing company located in a G7 economy making high quality agricultural equipment and both the positive and negative features of globalization. The globalization process of the company Although internationalization is a common sense in today’s marketing, however, to discuss the internationalization process of enterprise, it is important to define enterprise internationalization itself clearly. Beamish(1990) defined enterprise internationalization as "the process by which firms both increase their awareness of the direct and indirect influence of international transactions on their future, and establish and conduct transactions with other countries." (Beamish, 1990, p. 77) It can be concluded that there are two most important elements in enterprise internationalization — internal organization and external investment. Welch and Luostarinen(1999) pointed out that “internationalization is the process of increasing involvement in international operations.” Both definitions are process-based which shows the nature of enterprise...
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...world production c) minimize debt d) minimize the cost of doing business globally Ans: a Section: Multinational Financial Management: Theory and Practice Level: Easy 3. ____________ is defined as the purchase of assets or commodities on one market for immediate resale on another in order to profit form a price discrepancy. a) internationalization b) arbitrage c) financing d) total risk Ans: b Section: evolution of multinational Level: Easy 4. The value of good financial management is ___________ in the global markets because of the much greater probability of market imperfections and multiple tax rates. a) minimized b) neutralized c) enhanced d) arbitraged away Ans: c Section: role of the financial executive Level: Easy 5. When a firm operates globally it offers advantages such as a) greater political power at home b) bless taxes on its profits c) greater negotiating power with foreign minority groups d) greater negotiating power with labor unions Ans: d Section: The rise of the MNC Level: Easy 6. The prime transmitter of global competitive forces is the a) public utility firm b) financial management experience of the U.S. markets c) the multinational corporation d) the Federal Reserve System of the U.S. Ans: c Section: rise of the multinational Level: Easy 1.7 ___________ were the earliest multinationals. a) raw-material seekers b) market...
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...Multinational corporations Table of contents Preface 4 1. Introduction; General meaning of MNC 4 2. Ranking multinationals 5 3. Entry of Multinational corporation into new markets, 6 4. Three Stages of Evolution 7 5. Motives for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) 9 6. The comparison of MNC and TNC 11 7. What are the benefits and problems that MNCs face? 11 8. What are the Russian companies that achieve the multinational status? 13 Conclusion 14 Bibliography 14 Appendix 15 Preface We would like to consider the most interesting topic concerning the multinational corporations. If we called it like that, it means that company made a great success in the market, it operate in several foreign countries. In this mini-course work we will investigate more detailed the structure and strategies of MNCs. In the first part we will look through the history of MNCs. The history, in general, is to be considered as an essential part of every project in order everyone may compare the development of the particular sphere. Next part will show us the statistical data of MNCs, where we will recognize all the most reputable companies from the different industries, such as BMW, Nike, Lego, etc. We cannot leave a side the point of entry into the new market. There it will be explained the strategies of MNCs, such as mergering, joint venture and sequential market entries. Also we will consider investing into the particular companies, weather it is risky or not and the motives...
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...competitive advantages. Through internationalization US firms can often reap benefits from emerging industries and evolutionary technologies developed...
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...Academic Research Conference (ITARC ), 7 – 8th November, 2012, London.UK. Network-based theories and internationalization of firms: applications to empirical studies Mojtaba Hosseini and Hosseini Dadfar Linkoping University, Sweden Key Words Network based theories, Internationalization, Revised Uppsala Model, ARA-Model, and Network Embeddedness. Abstract By using a topology of the most frequently used network-based theories on the firms’ internationalization; this paper is going to present some recommendations to correctly apply those theories in future internationalization studies. We have identified eight network-based theories that are broadly used in internationalization studies. These theories are Relationship Approach, Social Network Analysis and Network Mapping in American schools, and Industrial Marketing and Purchasing Group (IMP) Interaction Approach, ARA-Model, Network Embeddedness, Revised Uppsala Model and Network-based Internationalization Theory, which are developed by European universities. This paper, will explain these theories, their applications to internationalization and then making some recommendations for the future empirical studies. Figures and tables are used to clarify and summarize the theories and their empirical applications. Introduction Researchers have been using of different basic theories to explain the internationalization of companies. For example, transaction cost approach (TCA) (Anderson 1986; Lee, Koh, and Heo 2011), resource-based...
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...[pic] PRACTICAL SESIONS 1. Introduction We are going to work on the process of internationalization of a specific company and adapt its determinants to major theories of business internationalization at the same time, we will work the attraction of international investment of two country-specific factors. First of all, you must choose that undertaking, which may not be that choosing another schoolmate. You then select two countries where the company is present, if possible, one developed and other non-developed. 1. Tasks The tasks that you must perform will be a word document and a PowerPoint to present it in class. It is a single work consisting of choose a multinational company and based on information in primary and secondary schools about the company, to analyze the following issues as a case study: 1.- Explain briefly the origin and growth of the company. What is the current situation in terms of number of brands, institutions, countries and modalities of expansion? 2.- What specific factors are those who have influenced the internationalization of the tourist company in question? a) What are the competitive advantages of the company that will ensure an international success?-Hymer applied to the company. b) Does kind of industrial organization sector which belongs to the company? (competes under conditions of perfect competition, oligopoly...) What are your main competitors? Is the industry formed by SMEs or multinational...
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...international business are: - flow of ideas, services and capital across the world - new choices to consumers - acquisition of a wider variety of products is offered - the mobility of labor, capital and tech is facilitated - new challenging employment opportunities - reallocation of resources, shift of activities to a global level International business has created a network of global links that bind countries, institutions, and individuals with trade, financial markets, technology, and living standards. MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE (MNE): is a business –profit or non-profit – that operates in the global arena (across national borders), with no regard to the dimension of the firm The main peculiarity of an MNE is the fact that manage actively and coordinately a set of operations located in different countries. To be true MNE a company must: * have substantial, direct investment in foreign countries (not just the trading relationships of an import-export business) * and actively manage those operations as affecting their strategy and organization The MNE is a recent phenomenon, mostly developed in the post-WW II years. The United Nations has changed (1984) the definition of MNE as these companies have grown in size and importance: “the MNE is an enterprise comprising entities in 2 or more countries, regardless of the legal form and fields of activity of those entities, which operates under a system...
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...INDEX 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. 1.2. BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL 2. THE IMPORTANCE OF SMEs 3. ROLE OF ENTREPRENEUR 4. ENTREPRENEURSHIP. International 5. INTERNATIONALIZATION PROCESSES. Theories. 5.1. 5.2. UPSALA MODEL. HECKSCHER-OHLIN MODEL 6. THE PROCESS OF INTERNATIONALIZATION 7. ENTREPRENEURIAL MARKETING 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. SWOT ANALYSIS MARKET ENTRY STRATEGY COOPERATION STRATEGY 8. TARGET COUNTRY 9. GEM 10. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 11. CONCLUSION 12. RECOMMENDATIONS 13. REFERENCES 1. INTRODUCTION: For this work I decided to open in France Cocoon clothing company, located in Granada, retailing, I have chosen these two countries because they are within the top 5 countries of the European Union in the textiles sector and are two major countries with major fashion catwalks. I chose this company because it is a small company, and is a women's clothing store that has clothes very hard to find in other stores. I chose the fashion industry especially because according to my previous studies I think it's an everchanging industry in terms of fashion and is an area in which the image is very important in Spain. Cocoon is a shop that sold clothing especially at night but you can also find jeans, skirts, blouses, accessories, handbags and more clothing at prices that will chord with our product quality. Cocoon is a very experienced workers and always try to help the customer find what you want, is a company with more than 16 years of experience in this sector. 1.1...
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...Primark) will find themselves competing with foreign businesses which are much bigger and more successful. However, International expansion offers businesses the opportunity to become recognised on a global scale, for example, companies such as Coco Cola, McDonalds and Microsoft could not have achieved global leadership within their industry without expanding abroad, therefore International expansion offers international reputation which is necessary when wanting to become a leader. Internationalization Theory The Uppsala model (a.k.a the Stage Model) is an important theory that explains how firms expand abroad, under this model, internationalization is seen as an incremental process whereby firms increase their international involvement in a stepwise manner (Bhardwaj et al 2011). The Uppsala model is based on two assumptions: (i) the resource-based theory and (ii) the incremental process (Forsgren 2002). Under the resource-based theory, Anderson and Kheam (1996) explain that for some firms, their lack of knowledge of foreign markets constitutes a major hurdle to their expansion plans and adds to their “market uncertainty”. To reduce this...
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...shareholder wealth b) Maximize world production c) Minimize debt d) Minimize the cost of doing business globally Ans: a Section: Multinational Financial Management: Theory and Practice Level: Easy 1.3 ____________ is defined as the purchase of assets or commodities on one market for immediate resale on another in order to profit form a price discrepancy. a) Internationalization b) Arbitrage c) Financing d) Total risk Ans: b Section: Evolution of Multinational Level: Easy 1.4 The value of good financial management is ___________ in the global markets because of the much greater probability of market imperfections and multiple tax rates. a) Minimized b) Neutralized c) Enhanced d) Arbitraged away Ans: c Section: Role of the financial executive Level: Easy 1.5 When a firm operates globally it offers advantages such as a) Greater political power at home b) Bless taxes on its profits c) Greater negotiating power with foreign minority groups d) Greater negotiating power with labor unions Ans: d Section: Rise of the MNC Level: Easy 1.6 The prime transmitter of global competitive forces is the a) Public utility firm b) Financial management experience of the U.S. markets c) The multinational corporation d) The Federal Reserve System of the U.S. Ans: c Section: Rise of the MNC Level: Easy 1.7 ___________ were the earliest multinationals. a) Raw-material seekers b) Market seekers c) Cost minimizers d) Oil companies Ans: a Section: Raw material seekers Level: Easy...
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...Service Firms: A Resource-Based Approach Mohammadreza Asgari*, Mohd Nazari Ismail**, Syed Zamberi Ahmad*** Faculty of Business and Accountancy, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur ABSTRACT The rapid progress in services has attracted scholars to study the behaviour and decisions of service firms. Firms from Malaysia, as a developing country, with a fast growing economy that increasingly relies on services have shown a remarkable expansion into foreign markets, which has resulted in high foreign direct investment (FDI) outward inflows and increasing exports of services. This paper utilizes the resource-based theory, in which the main determinants of the choice of entry mode are organizational variables compared to environmental factors, to explain the choice of entry strategies made by Malaysian service firms and the motives for it. This study aims to develop a framework for the choice of entry mode strategies that has fewer shortages than others, analyze the determinants of entry mode strategy in order to find the similarities and differences existing between firms in the decision-making process for the choice of entry mode, and consider the role of psychic distance in adopting an appropriate strategy in different markets. Suggestions for future research are also presented. Keywords: Entry mode strategy, developing country, Malaysia, service industries, multinational corporations INTRODUCTION Because of the fast globalization of business since the 1980s, many firms have developed...
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