...Classical Conditioning The comprehension of the classical conditioning concepts helps professionals identify various factors affecting this procedure. The four basic classical conditioning concepts become various stages of environmental stimulus. These environmental stimuli processed through sensation and perception converts the classical conditioning concepts into changed behavioral patterns. Classical conditioning concepts also introduce the repetitive exposure of different stimuli within any individual’s learning environment. The purpose of this paper is to explain, analyze, and evaluate classical conditioning and the factors that affect this process, such as the four phenomena, and awareness. The analysis of these factors helps professionals understand the application of classical conditioning in the learning process. Stimuli Processes Environmental stimuli become processed by sensation and perception converting the information into data used to modify learned behavioral patterns (Davis, 2004). This physical process of sensation shows in the use of the five senses responding to the stimulus. The sensory means of perception becomes the analysis of the stimulus. The brain continually sorts the information gathered to make decisions. This unique concept stores unnecessary information from the interpretation of the stimulus. The ability to decide on multiple options shows the subject responding to only the priming prompt (Davis, 2004). Classical Conditioning Technique ...
Words: 1570 - Pages: 7
...Self control procedures used in therapeutic psychology Self control procedures are cognitive and behavioural skills used by individuals to maintain self motivation and achieve personal goals. They are defined by Ruch (1984) as “procedures that involve the growing emphasis on asking people to set up personal systems of rewards and punishments to shape their own thoughts and actions.” The goal of self control procedures is to reduce behavioural deficiencies or behavioural excesses. They help individuals become aware of their own patterns of behaviour and to alter those patterns so that the behaviour will be more or less likely to occur. They are used by people who are dissatisfied with certain aspects of their lives for instance one may feel they smoke too much, exercise to little, or have difficulty controlling anger. Self control procedures include aspects like self monitoring and stimulus control and follow a particular process. Self control procedures are based primarily on the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. According to Bandura, ones behaviour is influenced by a variety of factors including one’s own thoughts and beliefs and elements in the environment. Self control procedures are useful for a wide range of concerns including medical, addictions, occupational and psychological. However self control procedures when used in situations where symptoms are severe, should be used in conjunction with other therapies. The self control procedures follow certain step...
Words: 939 - Pages: 4
...numbers were placed in a hat and four trials of selection were used for five members of a certain age group and gender. Two control groups were made using equal amount of participants from each gender (same age group)....
Words: 647 - Pages: 3
...Instructor’s Manual with Test Items to accompany Applied Behavior Analysis Second Edition John O. Cooper ● Timothy E. Heron ● William L. Heward All, The Ohio State University Prepared by Stephanie Peterson, Idaho State University ● Renée K. Van Norman, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Lloyd Peterson, Idaho State University ● Shannon Crozier, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● Jessica E. Frieder, Idaho State University ● Peter Molino, Idaho State University ● Heath Ivers, Idaho State University ● Shawn Quigley, Idaho State University ● Megan Bryson, University of Nevada-Las Vegas ● David Bicard, University of Memphis [pic] Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Columbus, Ohio ____________________________________________________________ ______________________ Copyright © 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education...
Words: 75129 - Pages: 301
...virtual conditioning chamber, which was a cage that presented sniffy with the light stimulus on the back of the wall and a grid floor that supplied the shock stimulus. Also, Excel and SPSS were used to interpret the data for our experiment. Procedure The experiment had three stages, the first stage was the pre- acquisition stage in this stage we want to verify the light (CS) in neutral with no shock at an interval of five minutes with one trial. The second stage is the acquisition trial, which is to condition sniffy with the CS of the light and shock (US) with an interval of five minutes and ten trials. The third stage is the post-acquisition stage with an interval of five minutes and one trial to see if conditioning with (CS) light and no (US) shock occurred. The fourth stage was the extinction trials, which the light (CS) was presented for 30 seconds with no shock, with 20 trials and two minute intervals between trials. The fifth stage was the spontaneous recovery which the light (CS) was presented for 30 seconds with no shock during the last second; involved 15 trials with two minute intervals between the...
Words: 3118 - Pages: 13
...derived from B.F. Skinners verbal behavior approach and is a set of teaching procedures that involves arranging naturally occurring or contrived motivating operants (MO's) to aid in the development of the request (mands) repertoire in children with autism and other developmental disabilities (Albert et al, 2012). Skinner identified four elementary operants of verbal behavior that are frequently used in many early language-training programs (Matson, J.L., & Sturmey, P., 2011). These verbal operants consist of mands, tacts, echoics, and intraverbals (Matson, J.L., & Sturmey, P., 2011). In an analysis of language for infants, Drash & Tudor acknowledged that the primary focus and type of language to teach in any language program is manding (Jennet, H., 2008). B.F. Skinner defined mands as a verbal operant where the response is reinforced by a specific consequence that is under the control of an aversive, deprived or satiated stimulus (Albert et al. 2012). The topography of a mand can have various characteristics; for instances it can include spoken words, making eye contact, using gestures or pointing, using sign language, picture exchange communication (PEC's) or augmentative devices (Albert et...
Words: 1574 - Pages: 7
...distraction and the human brain can only focus on one thing at a time. The Nervous System, consisting of the central and peripheral nervous systems, is responsible for detecting stimuli and creating responses. Sensory receptors detect the stimulus and motor effector respond to stimulus. The Central nervous system is the command center of the nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal chord. The Peripheral nervous system is responsible for collecting and responding to the stimulus. The Electromagnetic sensory receptors in the eyes react to light. Once these receptors detect the light, the signal travels down the axon and enters into the Central Nervous System. The interneuron then sends...
Words: 569 - Pages: 3
...Mealworm Response Lab Mealworms are the larvae of the Mealworm Beetle, also known as the Darkling Beetle. The Mealworm Beetle life cycle consists of four stages: the egg, the larvae, the pupa, and the adult. Mealworm beetle eggs are small elongated spheres, about the size of a dime. The eggs hatch anywhere from four to nineteen days after being laid. When the mealworm beetles hatch, mealworm larvae emerge. These larvae feed on plants and dead insects. As these larvae grow, they periodically molt and shed their exoskeleton. Mealworm larvae are high in protein and make good food for birds and reptiles. Mealworm beetles spend eight to ten weeks in their larval stage. After the larvae have completed their last larval molt, they transform into an...
Words: 697 - Pages: 3
...pre-exposed with repeated conditional and unconditional stimulus (CS-US->CR) will show low levels of blocking in contrast...
Words: 1671 - Pages: 7
...The general organization of the cerebral cortex is that it is the outermost layer of gray matter of the cerebral hemisphere. The cerebral cortex develops from the inside out. The first cells that are created move just a little bit to creating the first and the deepest layer. Afterwards, a wave of new cells goes through the first layer and creates the second one and so on and so forth until they reached the sixth layer and the cerebral cortex are then laid down. The four lobes of the cerebral cortex are temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and occipital lobe. The temporal lobe is located in the temple of brain is responsible for, the visual association cortex, the auditory association cortex, and the primary auditory cortex. The frontal lobe which is located in the...
Words: 1657 - Pages: 7
...Experimental Social Psychology Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 535–544 www.academicpress.com Cognitive stimulation and interference in groups: Exposure effects in an idea generation task Bernard A. Nijstad,a,* Wolfgang Stroebe,b and Hein F.M. Lodewijkxb a Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Roetersstraat 15, 1018 WB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands b Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Received 5 December 2000; revised 21 January 2002 Abstract The effects of idea sharing on cognitive processes and performance were assessed in an idea exposure paradigm. Participants generated ideas while being exposed to stimulus ideas that were semantically homogeneous or diverse, and were offered in an organized or a random sequence. As compared to a control condition, participants generated more diverse ideas when exposed to ideas from a wide range of semantic categories, and they generated more ideas per category when exposed to many ideas from only a few categories. The semantic organization of ideas was higher when participants were exposed to ideas that were organized in semantic clusters than when participants were exposed to unorganized ideas. Idea exposure had positive effects in general, because it reduced response latencies for category changes. Implications for information processing in groups are discussed. Ó 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Groups increasingly perform cognitive tasks, such as problem...
Words: 8424 - Pages: 34
...Table of Contents I. II. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………..5 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………6 A. Food Acceptance…………………………………………………………………7 B. Video Modeling…………………………………………………………………10 III. Method…………………………………………………………………………………..12 A. Participant………………………………………………………………………..13 B. Setting and Materials…………………………………………………………….14 C. Dependent Variable and Measurement…………………………………………..14 D. Interobserver Agreement………………………………………………………...14 E. Procedure and Design……………………………………………………………15 IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. Results……………………………………………………………………………………16 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………..16 References………………………………………………………………………………..21 Figure Captions…………………………………………………………………………..24 Figures……………………………………………………………………………………25 Video modeling 5 Abstract A common problem in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorder is limited food intake. There is no published research to date that includes video modeling to increase food acceptance in a participant’s home. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use video modeling to increase food acceptance by one child in his home. A multiple-baseline design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of video modeling on increasing food acceptance. Video modeling was effective in increasing food acceptance with this one participant in his home. The results of this study suggest that this treatment program was responsible for the observed changes, which were maintained during 3, 4, 5, and 6th month follow-up. Video...
Words: 5488 - Pages: 22
...Effect of Color and Word on Response Time Lidia Emelina Brooklyn College of CUNY Abstract Selective attention is the act of focusing on a particular object for a period of time, while simultaneously ignoring irrelevant information. It happens on a daily basis and seen in basically any interactions (at school, at work, at store and etc). Many different researches were done with relevance of Stroop Effect, which allowed scientist to examine differences in gender, age, as well as education on the intervention effect. The METACARD software was used to explore the effect of congruent and incongruent stimuli on the reaction time of participant’s performance. The data is from 46 participants are presented here. Results revealed that when word and color match, participants have faster responses and less errors. When word and color do not match, participants have slower responses and make more errors. The Stroop effect demonstrates the dynamic of selective attention, illustrates the nature of automatic processing, and shows that people can improve their selective attention. Keywords: selective attention, interaction, stroop effect, automatic processing. Introduction The phenomenon of interference takes a large place in experimental psychology and demands our attention. Many psychologist investigate inhibiting effects nowadays. However, the psychologists began to study interference prior to 1890. Many experiments were conducted to investigate...
Words: 2131 - Pages: 9
...------------------------------------------------- LEARNING Submitted to: Prof. Ma. Corazon Cabigao Constantino PSYC1013 Th 10:30am-1:30pm Submitted by: Apiladas, Jessa Marie Bestal, Vanesa Billones, Joanne Camangian, Mae-Ann Cortez, Shayna Dela Cruz, Carlo BSA I-1, GROUP 2 What is “learning”? In ordinary language, this term is applied to many different cases—the development of new skills, the acquisition of new knowledge, and more. Although most people think of learning as “studying”, a lot of situations nonetheless take place outside a classroom. Psychologists define it more broadly as the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors. It is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Notice that this definition excludes temporary changes caused by motivation, fatigue, maturation, disease, injury, or drugs. Each of these can alter our behavior, but none qualifies as learning. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. Merely repeating a response will not necessarily produce learning. You could close your eyes and swing a tennis racket hundreds of times without learning anything about tennis. For one to learn something, one must experience it first, whether directly from the person’s own experience or indirectly through the experiences of others. Learning must also be able to produce...
Words: 13813 - Pages: 56
...objectively measured. This paper will; (1) summarize the four conditioning theories of behaviorism, (2) analyze the strengths and weaknesses of behaviorism in general, (3) apply behaviorism to a practical situation in your specialization, describing the situation, how the theory can be applied, and what the expected outcomes would be, as well as (4) describe the relation of behaviorism to self-regulation. The four conditioning theories of behaviorism Connectionism- Thorndike’s connectionism theory explains that as an individual experiences life, the feelings that they develop during the experiences allows that individual to modify their behavior. According to Schunk (2012) the theory of connectionism was developed by Thorndike and is a theory that involves formation associations between responses and stimuli. Thorndike’s theory is composed of three primary laws; (1) the law of effect, (2) the law of readiness, and (3) the law of exercise, it is these three laws that connect the sensory experiences and neural impulses (Schunk, 2012). The law of effect indicates that responses are strengthened when they are followed by satisfaction and responses are weakened when they are followed by discomfort (MacInnes, 2006). The law of readiness indicates that when there is a learning experience, the mind must be willing to connect to that experience. The law of exercise indicates that the connection between the stimulus and the response gets stronger when the...
Words: 1559 - Pages: 7
