...Running Header : Fruits and Characteristics 1 Fruits Christopher Jerry Dr. Kendricks D. Hooker Biology 115 February 18, 2012 Running Header : Fruits and Characteristics 2 Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? The taste of a fruit depends on the compounds present in it. Normally a fruit contains the materials like cellulose, proteins, starch, vitamins, certain acids, fructose or sugar. All these materials are found in mixed form inside the fruit and they have different proportions in different fruits. Fruits of sweet taste have more fructose in them whereas the fruits of sour taste have more acids in them. Some fruits are sweet as well as sour in taste like orange, as it has almost equal quantities of fructose and acids in it. Normally, the raw fruits have more acids but on ripening the quantity of acids get decreases and the amount of sugar gets increase. This is the reason that raw mangoes are sour in taste but on ripening they become sweet. Raw bananas have more starch but when the fruit gets ripen, the starch gets converted into fructose. The chemical changes take place inside the fruit during the process of ripening, due to these changes the amount of sugar increases in fruit and it becomes sweet. You will see that even two fruits of same type have different taste like two mangoes or two apples do not have same taste but they are different in taste. The reason behind it is that same fruit has many varieties...
Words: 1041 - Pages: 5
...Assignment 4: Fruits Prepared by: Yajaira Prepared for: Prof. McKay SCI 115 – Fall 2012 Sunday, December 2, 2012 This paper will talk about why some kinds of fruits are sweet and others sour or have no particular taste. Also, how does their ripening process and humans affect the dispersal of their seeds, and how fructose is used for metabolism in fruits. There are many types of fruits some considered tropical for the environments they grow into and others temperate for growing in cooler environments. Fruits have different tastes depending on their chemistry and according to the level of fructose or starch they possess. Fruits that are high in fructose like watermelon, grapes, mangoes, and apples tend to be on the sweeter side while starchy fruits like pineapples, oranges, lemon, and some raw fruits are more acidic and go towards the sour side. There are some others that just have no particular taste; this is due to them having similar levels of both fructose and starch giving them a more neutral taste than others. A particular fruit like oranges may also be sweet; the same goes with some apples which are more on the tart side. In regards to their evolution process, almost all fruits have seeds and their dispersal is essential for the production of more fruits, this dispersal may be affected by their ripening process. When fruits ripen it goes through a series of changes that alter their appearance and taste, their starches convert into sugars and...
Words: 456 - Pages: 2
...Fruit: Nature's Candy Most people, and many animals around the world, love to eat fruit. But why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? Well it all has to do with the amount of glucose (sugar) and acid is given in a single fruit. More glucose equals more sweet, while more acid equals more sour. In most fruits, when the fruit is new, or raw, the more acid it has in it. But as it matures, the acid leaves and glucose is formed, making it more sweet. For example are bananas, which start out hard and a bit sour. But as it ripens, the starch is changed into sweet glucose. Though some fruit, like oranges, have an almost equal amount of glucose and acid, creating a deliciously tangy flavor. Others who lack flavor simply lack glucose or acids. Also, 2 of the same fruit rarely taste exactly the same, for example 2 apples. The reason is due to many variations such as soil, weather, manure, and quality of water (GeminiGeek, 2012). Sure we love to eat fruit, but what purpose does fruit serve the plant that makes it? Reproduction of course! In fruit there are seeds, and the fruit is the means of dispersal. But how does the ripening of fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? First we must understand that there are two types of fruit: dehiscent and nondehiscent fruits. The first kind set their seeds free when the fruit ripens and opens, being fruit that remains itself part of the mother plant. While nondehiscent fruits fall off the...
Words: 612 - Pages: 3
...Head: Essay Paper Fruit & Seeds nita brown Strayer University Mr. Kenneth Jones May 28, 2010 1 Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? Each fruit has its own distinct taste, which will differ in some way form the taste of any other fruit. Fruits having more of fructose taste sweeter, while those having more acids taste sour. There are many fruits, which almost equal quantities of fructose and acids. In general raw fruits contain more acids but on ripening, the quantity of acid in them decrease and the amount of sugar increase. Fruits contain fructose, certain acids, vitamins, starch, proteins and cellulose. Fruits that are sweet are, watermelon, guavas, and apples. The fruits that are sour are, lemon, raw mango, and limes. How does the ripening of a fruit affect the process of seed dispersal? Fruit development and ripening are very unique to plants. They represent an important component of human and animal’s diets. Analyses of fruit –ripening mutants and ripening –related gene expression suggest higher levels of a development that remains to be defined. A fruit not only protects the seeds inside it, but also may aid in dispersing those seeds away from the parent plant. The dispersal of seeds is important because it reduces competition for sunlight, soil, and water between the parent plants. The role of sunlight signaling in fruit carotenoid may be examined by the...
Words: 682 - Pages: 3
...2012 Sweet Nectar I. Why are some fruits sweet and some sour, whereas others have no specific taste? Most fruits contain about four basic mixtures such as Starch, acids, cellulose and sugar or fructose, depending on the chemical compounds that are present in the fruit tends to contribute to the sweetness or sour taste of the fruit. It’s these same mixtures that stimulate a person’s taste bud so when they bite into a piece of fruit it would give them the indication that the product is sweet or sour. Sometimes, one of these combinations can be more over barren then the other. Such as, the acids can give a piece of fruit a more bitter taste compared to a piece of fruit that produces more fructose or sugar. Which, can become a more sweet taste and in some cases too sweet. When a person thinks of a certain type of fruit it’s naturally expected on how that fruit will taste. For example, when we think of a sweet fruit, we may image items such as: Peaches, Watermelons, and Oranges. This is because we assume that the content will contain more sugar then acid, which would lead us to believe our taste buds will welcome the product, more. However, when it comes to such items as lemons, grapefruits, and cherries, we know that these items contain more acid, then it would sugar, so we are aware that the taste would become more bitter, in response. Meanwhile, there are certain fruits that can be split down the middle of containing a sweet and sour taste...
Words: 703 - Pages: 3
...SCI 115 Professor Evans Fruit Andre Beale 8/10/2011 Fruit Fruit, what exactly is a fruit. Most fruit has to be wash and refrigerated for the best taste. Some fruit is hard, some fruit is soft. Some fruit has to be peeled and some fruit can be eaten right away. Some fruits are fleshy, some are juicy and have some have seeds. Fruit is loved by just about everyone and every race. Fruit is loved by kids and adults. Fruit don’t just taste good they also smell good and look good. They look so good they are actually used for decoration on a picture or in the center of the dinner table. Some fruits are sweet and some are sour it makes you wonder are the sour fruits actually fruits and if so why is it sour. Well the taste of a piece of fruit depends on the levels of glucose and fructose. All fruits have different chemistry levels and the Fructose, glucose and different chemistry levels will determine the taste of the fruit. The levels of citric acid, vitamin C and citric acid will also conclude how sweet or sour the fruit is. Every Fruit has a different taste peaches, apples, and grapes are sweet while oranges, limes and lemons are sour. Some fruits are sweet because they have more fructose and sour fruits have more acid which makes them taste sour. One fruit that has equal acids and fructose is the orange which is why it is one of the very fruits that can be both sweet and sour. As a piece of fruit begins to ripen the amount of acid decreases and the amount of sugar...
Words: 760 - Pages: 4
...Activity#21 2. A. Simple Fleshy Fruits | 1. The Berry | Grapes and tomatoes are classified as berries because the ovary wall of the carpel becomes almost completely fleshy at maturity. The number of carpels in each species varies from one to several and their skins can be thin and tender or thin and tough. The number of seeds also varies from one per carpel to many per carpel. The seeds of all berries, are embedded in the fleshy tissue of the carpel. | 2. The Hesperidium | Hesperidium type fruits are always covered with a leathery rind and the partitions separating their carpels are tough and fibrous. The orange, lemon and grapefruit, all members of the citrus family, are good examples of the hespiridium type of fruit. | | | | | | | 3. The Pepo | The pepo is covered by a rind that is hard and thick. The cucumber, pumpkin and watermelon are good examples of the pepo type of fruit. Below the rind, the the rest of the ovary wall is soft and fleshy. In the photographs above seeds fill the locule of each carpel. | 4. The Drupe | If a fruit is fleshy and it has a hard stony pit containing a seed it is classified as a drupe. Drupes are covered by a thin skin derived from the outer tissue layer of the ovary. The soft fleshy tissue below the skin is derived from the middle layer of the ovary and the hard stony pit is derived from the inner tissue layer of the ovary. Cracking the pit open reveals a single seed formed from an ovule contained within...
Words: 768 - Pages: 4
...FOOD from the SUN HOW PLANTS LIVE AND GROW LIFESCIENCE © 2008 Rourke Publishing LLC All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the publisher. www.rourkepublishing.com PHOTO CREDITS: p. 17: Sally Bensusen/Science Photo Library; p. 26: Jonathan S. Blair/ Getty Images; p. 33: Vera Bogaerts/istockphoto.com; p. 27, 34: Nigel Cattlin/FLPA; p. 4: Elena Elisseeva/istockphoto.com; pp. title page, 19, 36: Chris Fairclough/CFWImages.com; p. 13 both: Chris Fairclough/Discovery Picture Library; p. 30: Foto Natura Stock/FLPA; p. 39: Joe Gough/istockphoto.com; p. 10: Paul Gsell/istockphoto.com; p. 8, 15, 41: istockphoto.com; p. 16: Silvia Jansen/istockphoto.com; p. 21: Chee-Onn Leong/ istockphoto.com; p. 9: Brenda McEwan/istockphoto.com; p. 29: Dave Michaels/Corbis; p. 38: Neil Nathan/istockphoto.com; p. 12: David Nunuk/Science Photo Library; pp. 42, 43: Ed Parker/EASI-Images/CFWImages.com; p. 31: Susanna Pershern/istockphoto.com; p. 23, both, 24: Photodisc; p. 7: Corey Rich/Aurora/Getty Images; p. 37: Rey Rojo/ CFWImages.com; pp. 34, 35 bottom: Malcolm Romain/istockphoto.com; p. 35 top: Yali Shi/ istockphoto.com; p. 18: Stephen Strathdee/istockphoto.com; p. 25: Herbert Zetti/Zefa/Corbis. Cover picture shows the early green shoots of a plant. [istockphoto.com] Produced...
Words: 11210 - Pages: 45
...student: The plants in which the sex organs are carried within the flowers and the seeds are enclosed in a fruit are called angiosperms. Angiosperms are commonly known as flowering plants. Many botanists considered the flowering plants are the most successful group of land plants. Flowering plant success is primarily attributed to their co-evolution with animals (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). When spore-producing plants need on water for reproduction, while non-flowering seed plants need wind to carry pollen to a seed. There are some systems of nature it contains to success. Earliest developments that led to the flowering plants' to success were the evolution of a vascular system. The vascular system allowed them to grow larger and shade their competitors (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Root system with a large surface area allowed for absorption of minerals, phosphates, sulphates, fixed nitrogen, and water and this system is help to grow especially water. Root system allowed for mutualistic relationships with some fungi, and, in legumes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The waxy cuticle and bark slowed water loss even in direct sunlight. Pollen allowed plants to grow at a distance from each other in dry climates the sperm did not have to swim across the environment. Flowers (color, scent, nectar) attracted pollinators (Chae K, Lord EM, 2011). Seeds containing nutrients and energy for the plant embryo within, allowing the seed to survive for years before germinating, thus allowing the plant species to "skip...
Words: 617 - Pages: 3
...apparent. b. How many ovules are developing in each locule? -There is one ovule in each locule. 2. Q4, p. 339 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. Can you see vegetative and generative nuclei in the pollen tubes? -Yes. 3. Q5, p. 342 (1 pt). a. Why is the endosperm being digested? -It is providing nourishment for the zygote or baby plant. b. Is Capsella a monocot or dicot? How can you tell? -Capsella is a dicot. You can tell this because the embryo has two cotyledons (seeds). 4. Q7, p. 343 (1 pt). a. OMIT b. OMIT 5. Q8, p. 344 and Q9, p. 344 (1 pt.) a. Does the pod appear to be a single carpel with one cavity containing seeds? -Yes. b. Is the micropyle near the attachment of the seed to the pod? -Yes. Q9 a. Before today would you have referred to the uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit? Why or why not? -No I wouldn’t have referred to an uncracked sunflower achene as a fruit because it never registered as having seeds to me before. I also never really thought about it but now that I do it’s very obvious that it is. b. Is sunflower a monocot or dicot? -A sunflower is a dicot. 6. Q11 a, p. 346 (1 pt). a. How many carpels are fused to form an apple? -Five carpels fuse to form an apple. 7. Q1, p.346 (1 pt). What is meant by “double fertilization”? - OMIT 8. Purple box, p. 346 (1 pt). What are the functions of a flower? Describe how a flower of you choice is adapted to each function? -Flowers...
Words: 474 - Pages: 2
...tubesWater-conducting tubes- prototypes of vascular tissues that fully developed in the next group | | 2. Seedless Vascular plants-evolved about 400 million years ago-they reproduce through spores-structures with vascular tissues eventually diversified and allowed a wider range of sizes for plants wherein the vascular tissues permit transport of water and nutrients across longer distances | | 3. Seeds-provided a natural advantage for colonizing drier lands as they protect plant embryos from harsh environment factorsCone- earliest seed plants bear naked seeds on reproductive structures -they gave rise to the group of cone-bearing plants (gymnosperms) about 200 million years ago | | 4. Flower- Bearing Plants * They emerged about 130 million years agoFlowers- complex reproductive structures that bear seeds within chambers called Ovaries. | | Additional notes: Mosses -the first group of land plants are the mosses and their allies, the liverworts and hornworts. Together, they are called the bryophytes. -they are land plants, but do not have seeds or flowers. -lack vessels, so they are restricted to smaller sizes and more moist environments than other land plants. Gametophyte generation- is the one that produces gametes, not the one that produces spores. Sporophyte generation- is a little plant that grows on or just under the soil and is rarely seen. Ferns -Ferns, horsetails, and their allies make up the second group of land plants, the pteridophytes...
Words: 554 - Pages: 3
...farmers picked up some fruit of wild plants to home, eat them, and spited out the bigger seeds or defecated the tiny size seeds to human latrines. And then the seeds germinated in the early lab. But the key points were how the early farmers decided to pick up which fruit? It’s not hard to make some hypothesis: Fruit size: Strawberry, early farmers went into thorny thicket amid the mosquitoes on a hot, humid day to pick up strawberry; the only criterion is the size. The early farmer would choose only bigger size ones to compensate the while to get sunburned and mosquito bitten. Bitterness: Many wild seeds evolved to be bitter, bad-tasting or even poisonous to keep human or animals away from eating them. Natural selection functioned as getting the fruit tasteful dispersed by animals and continue the process of reproducing, meanwhile if the seed remained tasteful, the animal will chew them up as well. Occasional individual almond trees have a mutation in a single gene that prevents them from synthesizing the bitter-tasting amygdalin, which breaks down to yield poison cyanide. Such trees die out in the wild, while the trees lived near humans survived by being picked up by curious children or early farmers who noticed the non-bitter fruit. Fleshiness, Oiliness and fiber length are all similar in the selection process. Initially the wild fruit had less fruit around their seeds, but early farmers chose the fruit mutated to be with more Fleshiness, less seeds, such as squashes, pumpkins...
Words: 1107 - Pages: 5
...* Chapter 25 * Evolution has to work with existing forms * Heterochrony Evolutionary change in rate or timing of developmental events * Padomorphosis Mature state of an organism retains juvenile characteristics Spatial Patterns Rearranges structural features through changes in gene expression or gene duplications. Homeotic genes control 3-D patterns of multicellular organisms Hox gene family: HoxC6 expressed (no limbs), HoxC6 not expressed (limbs can form) Jellyfish to humans Exaptation Traits evolved in one context are used for an entirely different function Feathers first thought to be used as insulation. Feathers are an exaptation- evolved in context of insulation, now used for different function (flight) Adaptive Radiation: a single lineage (common ancestor) undergoes rapid speciation and ecological diversification to form multiple new species. Can occur when: Key Adaptation Adaptations that allow a lineage to exploit new habitats( or resources) and diversify rapidly If key adaptations evolve convergently in different groups: compare diversity of group with key adaptation to diversity of sister group lacking key adaptation (paired t-test) After mass extinction event (leaves many vacant niches for organism to diversify and fill Colonization of a new habitat/location Rapid diversification of “picture-winged” Drosophila on Hawaiian Islands Hypothesis of Chemical Evolution Abiotic synthesis of small organic molecules Observed...
Words: 2582 - Pages: 11
...glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 19 printed pages and 1 blank page. IB13 06_0610_23/4RP © UCLES 2013 [Turn over 2 1 Flowering plants are classified into two groups, the monocotyledons and the eudicotyledons (dicotyledons). (a) Complete Table 1.1 to show differences between these two groups. Table 1.1 monocotyledons eudicotyledons number of cotyledons in seed pattern of veins in leaf number of flower parts e.g. petals [4] (b) State two environmental stimuli that flowering plants can detect. 1 2 [2] (c) Fig. 1.1 shows a cross section of part of a eudicotyledonous (dicotyledonous) plant as seen through a microscope. Fig. 1.1 (i) Name the part of a plant through which the section has been cut. [1] (ii) On Fig. 1.1, draw a line to label the phloem tissue and a line to label the xylem tissue. Label the phloem and xylem tissues. © UCLES 2013 0610/23/M/J/13 [2] For Examiner's Use...
Words: 1651 - Pages: 7
...Keondre Masters New Growth Imagine a flower with no roots would it grow? The answer is no, a plant is more complicated than that. A plant is made up from different sections which each section plays a role in the growth and the maintaining of the plant. The plant is made up of four or five sections depending on the plant, the root, the stem, the leaves, the flower, and the fruit. Without those following ingredients there would be no plants, no trees, and no air to breathe. Realize how important a plant is why it’s something you should know. The roots help provide support by anchoring the plant and absorbing water and nutrients needed for growth. They can also store sugars and carbohydrates that the plant uses to carry out other functions. Plants can have either a taproot system (such as carrots) or afibrous root system (such as turf grass). In both cases, the roots are what carries the water and nutrients needed for plants to grow.(http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/case1/c1facts2a.html) In other words the root is the life of a plant because it won’t grow without it The stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant. The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes, the nodes hold buds which grow into one or more leaves, inflorescence (flowers),conifer cones, roots, other stems etc. The internodes distance one node from another. The term shoots is often confused with stems; shoots generally refer to new fresh plant growth and does include stems but...
Words: 1145 - Pages: 5
