...As we can see from the examples in the text, we can analyze the fact that attribution plays a big part in social interaction and personal perception. We can evaluate that the two examples of college students meeting their advisors is a scene where situations and dispositions can be altered with some simple explanation. Example one showed negative situational attribution, dispositional attribution and self-schema. But the similarity about both examples where the fact that they both displayed fundamental attribution errors where there is over-attribution to dispositional factors and the under-attribution to situational factors. Negative situational attribution was demonstrated when Jessica made an appointment with Dr. Smith but since she was running late, she was only able to do last-minute checkups. As well as Jessica displayed negative dispositional attribution by thinking Dr. Smith “cared too little for her students to allow enough time to meet every student for the time they needed”. Dr. Smith showed a self-schemas view of himself, where self-schemas are structures that organize one’s thoughts, quality, and expectations regarding the self, by making a point about “she was a good advisor and prided herself on that fact. However, as we can see from the example two, we can identify that both shares common factors but they were opposite in many ways. When Jonathan knew about the fact that his advisor was running late, he tried his best to hide it because he knew that Dr. Jones...
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...Analysis for Case Jensen Shoes: Lyndon Brooks’ Story Are self-evaluations being hurt? Yes. This case gives us indications that Lyndon had negative core self-evaluations which are explained below: a. Self-esteem: Although not happy with this first assignment he decided to take it up so that it helped him broaden his background and move up in job roles by showing credibility. But he could not complete all his assignments in time. He was later told by Chuck that he would be moved to Strategic Product Marketing and would be reporting to Jane Kravitz as part of reorganizing. Lyndon took this change as the effect of his under-performance and had a feeling of being demoted. This looked like it hit his self-esteem as it gave him feeling of failing in his work and now he had to report to Jane while he himself was in line management before. b. Self-efficacy: In his first project he did believe in his capabilities to take on the project, but when he could not complete it, his work was not well appreciated by Chuck and was also moved to another project. This demotivated him and let him down. He thought he had failed. When he was again assigned the same market in his 2nd project he thought he will fail again in this project and his lack of knowledge of this market will add into the issue. He now did not have confidence in his capabilities and wanted to remain in his comfort zone of line management. c. Locus of control: He seems to display external locus of control as he believed...
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...Analysis for Case 2 Jensen Shoes: Lyndon Brooks’ Story Are self-evaluations being hurt? Yes. This case gives us indications that Lyndon had negative core self-evaluations which are explained below: a. Self-esteem: Although not happy with this first assignment he decided to take it up so that it helped him broaden his background and move up in job roles by showing credibility. But he could not complete all his assignments in time. He was later told by Chuck that he would be moved to Strategic Product Marketing and would be reporting to Jane Kravitz as part of reorganizing. Lyndon took this change as the effect of his under-performance and had a feeling of being demoted. This looked like it hit his self-esteem as it gave him feeling of failing in his work and now he had to report to Jane while he himself was in line management before. b. Self-efficacy: In his first project he did believe in his capabilities to take on the project, but when he could not complete it, his work was not well appreciated by Chuck and was also moved to another project. This demotivated him and let him down. He thought he had failed. When he was again assigned the same market in his 2nd project he thought he will fail again in this project and his lack of knowledge of this market will add into the issue. He now did not have confidence in his capabilities and wanted to remain in his comfort zone of line management. c. Locus of control: He seems to display external locus of control as he believed...
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...Lynise Harris February 19,2015 Soc. Psyc Seven Floors The story Seven Floors by Dino Buzzati, Focused on a lawyer named Giovanni Corte stay at a well known nursing home for what was described as a slight sickness. Mr. Corte arrived at the hospital for treatment for early stages of is unknown sickness with hopes of getting better. His first impression of the place seemed to be to his liking, Givoni was pleased with the appearance of the nice rooms, attractive nurses and even interested in the knowledgeable doctors. Shortly after arriving at the sanatorium he found out the placing of the patients depended on their health state. This new information caused him to become obsessed with his placement and eventually began to effect his health. The concept that become clear while reading was that negative thinking will produce a negative effect. A concept can be used to help understand the main purpose of something or to help explain it. An example of a concept in the story that stood out was the hindsight bias. The hindsight bias is the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome. On page 4 in the beginning of the third paragraph, Givoni was asked to move to a different room due to a mother needing to be near her children and he graciously agreed. After agreeing the head nurse stated, “ such courageous act doesn’t surprise me coming from a person like yourself.” The nurse acted as though he expected Givoni to say yes but only knew this after the fact. The way the...
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...Revision question p 460 1. Casual attribution is a method in which to attribute what caused success or failure in a certain situation. There are four categories which are Ability, Luck, task difficulty and effort. These four categories can be split into 2 sub-groups Internal/ external and stable/unstable. 2. Attribution theory looks at the reason for why someone failure or succeeded in a certain situation. This is important from a sports psychologists view because models such a Wieners give people the ability to blame their failure on external reasons out of there control and therefore keep motivation high. 3. The locus of causality dimension indicates whether the attribution relates to factors that are either internal or external to the performer. Effort and ability represent internal factors while task difficulty and luck are external and are known as environmental variables. Stability indicates whether attributions are stable or unstable. Stability refers to the degree of permanence associated with an attribution factor. A stable factor is considered permanent and unchangeable, for example ability. An unstable factor, by contrast, is temporary and can be changed. Luck is an example of an unstable factor. Control, which will be considered later, is a third dimension of the attribution model. It is not referred to directly in the specification but is a key factor in the important process of attribution retraining. 4. If a hockey player continues to lose because...
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...Activity 5.1: Overcoming the Fundamental Attribution Error 1. What is the fundamental attribution error? Our human tendency to assume that other people’s behavior is due to something about their personality, while at the same time failing to consider possible situational influence. 2. Describe a situation from your own life when you made an internal attribution about someone’s behavior, potentially committing the fundamental attribution error. There are times when I make internal attributions about people, especially if I see them yelling at their children or other people. I often catch myself speaking loudly when I am upset, It is something I am aware that I do, so I try to prevent myself from doing it especially sense I think so un-highly of those that do yell. 3. What internal attribution did you make in that situation? My internal attribution to a parent yelling at a child is that they are a bad parent and can’t control their anger. 4. What three questions would you have to ask yourself to see if your internal attribution was correct? The three questions that I would have to ask myself to see if my internal attribution was correct would be; consistency, distinctiveness and consensus. Consistency is whether a particular behavior typically occurs in that situation. Distinctiveness is whether a particular behavior typically occurs in other situations. Consensus is whether other people typically exhibit this behavior in this situation. 5. To the best of...
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...Kerwin Pasia Professor Ayers Social Psychology 13 September 2014 Benchmark Assignment: Cultures and Fundamental Attribution Error When we speak of the fundamental attribution error, we are speaking of individuals' tendencies to interpret others' behaviors based on what we assume to be internal factors, such as a person's possible personality traits, capabilities, or even possible motives. In reality, there could just as easily be external factors governing behavior. But when it comes to fundamental attribute error, individuals will neglect thinking of external factors to interpret behavior and only interpret behavior through internal factors (Sabini, Siepmann, & Stein, 2001). A good example can be one driver witnessing a second driver running a red light. If the first driver were to judge the second driver's behavior by making a fundamental attribution error, the first driver might assume that the second driver ran the red light simply because that driver is a reckless, inconsiderate, and possibly even unskilled driver. On the other hand, another explanation could be that the second driver ran the red light simply because the driver was experiencing an emergency situation that called for drastic action, a situation such as needing to get someone to the hospital. Individualistic cultures are those who put more emphasis on the needs of an individual as opposed to the needs of a group as a whole like a community as a whole or even a whole nation. When a culture is...
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... most decision making in organizations are not completely rational. Person perception is the main issue in organizational behavior and decision making for the fact that based on M.J. Martinko et al.’s (2007) assertion the limited information or immediate impressions of employee performance could result in an inaccurate perceptual judgment made by the employers. In an attempt to explain the ways in which people form perceptions about each other, this essay will examine the influence of the attribution theory towards decision-making and illustrate three common biases and errors that distort the attribution formation through the application of three mini-case. This essay will also discuss the importance of attribution theory in relation to organizational behavior as well as decision-makers in organizations. Attribution theory is concerned with how individuals perceive and infer causality (Robert E. Ployhart and Crystal M. Harold, 2004). Johns et al. (2007) also state that the attribution theory is an attempt when individuals observe behavior to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally caused behaviors refer to the behaviors which are under individual control while externally caused behaviors are the result of outside causes (Johns et al. 2007). To distinguish whether the behavior is one’s own outcomes or others’ actions, Robert E. et al. (2004) applied three pieces of information which originate from the Kelly model to infer causality: first of...
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...BUSN2007 Lecture-3 Lecture outline 1. Outline the perceptual process. 2. Explain how we perceive ourselves and others through social identity. 3. Discuss the accuracy of stereotypes. 4. Describe the attribution process and two attribution errors. 5. Diagram the self-fulfilling prophecy process. 6. Discuss three types of diversity initiatives. 7. Explain how the Johari Window can help improve our perceptions. 8. Identify the ‘Big Five’ personality dimensions. 9. Discuss the psychological dimensions identified by Jung and measured in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Perception and personality in organisations Why do so few women opt for careers in Engineering and Information Technology? •Sex-role stereotyping •Fewer role models •Low self-confidence •Image of industry Perceptual process model Environmental stimuli Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting Selective attention Organisation and interpretation Emotions and behaviour © Ian Cugley/News Limited Selective attention • Characteristics of the object –size, intensity, motion, repetition, novelty Perceptual organisation/interpretation • Perceptual grouping principles –trends –similarity/proximity –closure • Perceptual context • Characteristics of the perceiver –values and attitudes –perceptual defence –expectations − condition us to expect events • Mental models –broad world-views or ‘theories-in-use’ –can blind people to potentially better perspectives 1 Social identity theory ACME...
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...kind of attribution do people most often make about others? Internal If Little Joey gets punished every time he plays with matches, Joey may develop a negative attitude toward matches. If so, what would social psychologists say best explain Joey's negative attitude toward them? operant conditioning Which of the following is NOT one of the three components of attitudes? Evaluative ________attribution is to person to as ________ attribution is to situation Internal; external Which of the following processes is most likely to lead to increased intrinsic motivation? self-perception processes One problem with using severe punishment to control behaviors is that it | serves as an external justification for "being good", so a child has no incentive to behave when s/he thinks s/he won't be caught | When we conclude that there is something about a situation that is causing a person's behavior, we are making a(n)______ personal attribution ________ refers to the desire to undertake an activity because of external rewards, not because we find it interesting or enjoyable in its own right. Extrinsic motivation In the forbidden toy experiment the boys least likely to play with the forbidden toy robot when later given the opportunity to play with any toy they wanted were those who 6 weeks earlier had been told simply "it is wrong to play with the robot" before being left alone with the toys. | | When people make the fundamental attribution error, they...
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...The Nature of Errors in Human Perception Everyday individuals try to make sense of the environment that they are presented with. What we perceive can be significantly different from objective reality, this is because people’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not reality itself. Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. The process of perceiving and interpreting the behavior of other individuals takes time. Consequently, techniques have been developed to speed up this task. These techniques can be used to make accurate perceptions quickly and provide validity for making predictions. One of these techniques is Attribution Theory: the theory that when we observe what seems like atypical behavior by an individual, we try to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Internally meaning the individual is responsible for the behavior, externally meaning something outside of the individual caused the behavior. Attribution theory can be a great tool; however, it is not always accurate and can distort the perception process. Individuals tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgements of others. This is known as the fundamental attribution error. This leads to perceptual errors. We can try to make accurate perceptions about other individuals but we will always come across flaws...
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...Kelley’s Attribution Theory Essay In this essay, readers will be presented with the literature review of Kelley’s attribution theory (1967), which was developed after the research done by Fritz Heider on attribution theory (1944, 1958). Moreover, a real world example relating to the theory will also be discussed along with the limitations and the three elements of the theory, which are consistency, distinctiveness and consensus. With that, recommendations will be given on how my experience can be improved with the chosen theory. There have been a great number of research done on perception over the last decade and social psychology had been primarily focused, perceiving causes of a person’s behavior (Kelley and Michela, 1980). In Kelley (1973), it is mentioned that Heider (1958) research has played a major role in contributing to the origination of attribution theory and it is still the major source cited in publications. Kelley’s attribution theory was also built onto Heider’s (1958) theory with an understanding that humans are “naïve psychologists” determining behaviors based on causes and effects (Hewstone and Jaspars, 1987). In Kelley (1973), it was mentioned that the central idea of attribution theory is the causal concept where human’s behavior relies on either the characteristics of the person (internal attribution) or the environment (external attribution). To determine whether a person’s behavior is caused by internal or external attribution, Kelley’s theory requires...
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...social perception. Attribution The process through which individuals attempt to determine the causes behind others’ behavior. Personal identity The characteristics that define a particular individual. social identity Who a person is, as defined in terms of his or her membership in various social groups. social identity theory A conceptualization recognizing that the way we perceive others and ourselves is based on both our unique characteristics (see personal identity) and our membership in various groups Social Identity Theory: An Overview According to social identity theory, people identify themselves in terms of their individual characteristics and their own group memberships. They then compare themselves to other individuals and groups to help define who they are, both to themselves and others. correspondent inferences Judgments about people’s dispositions, their traits and characteristics, that correspond to what we have observed of their actions. internal causes of behavior Explanations based on actions for which the individual is responsible. external causes of behavior Explanations based on situations over which the individual has no control. Kelley’s theory of causal attribution The approach suggesting that people will believe others’ actions to be caused by internal or external factors based on three types of information: consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness. consensus In Kelley’s theory of causal attribution, information regarding...
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...Violating Social Norms I. Social Norm Violated Society today is shaped by norms and customs that we as humans abide by. Many norms are followed without opinion or realization that it is being done. Norms are unwritten but traditionally followed. One norm that is an understood rule is how one should behave in an elevator. For instance, it is proper to face front, stand with a respectable distance away from the person next to you, to look forward, and not stare. Being polite is acceptable with a greeting or so but normally that is all. I violated this norm by standing very closely to people as they entered the elevator and uncomfortably staring at them, I also faced the back of the elevator and sang loudly. That one was easiest for me because I didn’t really have to look at the person the entire time but the consequence was I did not get to fully visualize their reaction. II. Reaction of Others When a social norm is broken people may respond with alarm, humor, fear, irritation, or an array of other emotions. When you think of a norm, you are probably thinking about being normal. But in psychology terms, norm means, a standard or representative value for a group. The norm that is more universal to people is social norm. Meaning expectations about what behavior, thoughts or feelings are appropriate within a given group within a given context. While I violated the social norm of elevator etiquette, I had a few different reactions. I first faced the back of the elevator...
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...according to very well, “Individualistic cultures are those that stress the needs of the individual over the needs of the group as a whole. In this type of culture, people are seen as independent and autonomous. Social behavior tends to be dictated by the attitudes and preferences of individuals.” This causes, as mentioned before, the point of view where many Americans see others that are not like them as non-humans. So when we view other countries, we don’t see them like they see us and vice versa. This can cause something called the fundamental attribution error. According to study.com, the fundamental attribution error is “Our tendency to explain someone else’s behavior based on internal factors.” an example the website provides is: “Your professor is angry at the class for getting bad grades. You attribute that by thinking he has a bad temper when in reality he is just concerned about the classes grades. This is the fundamental attribution error.” An example to show where our spoiled America is making a mistake at, is in the most recent news. According to our media outlets, Assad (the 19th president of Syria) had gassed his own people. This followed with conflicting reports that Syria had allegedly moved all of its chemical weapons out of the country, and Assad actually appearing on local television to say that the most recent chemical attack was fabricated. There have also been reports that America has worked hand-in-hand with terrorists, many conspiracy theorists claiming...
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