...throughout history is that of women’s rights, which encompasses the second theme of gender roles. From the beginning of this course, we have studied and read about gender and the roles that society believes the different sexes to be responsible for. Since the beginning, women were not granted or afforded a life independent from their spouse or significant other. They were considered property of their spouse, allowing them to do with as they please. Women were seen as inferior to men and were denied the same luxuries as men. Societal beliefs were that a woman’s role was as the homemaker. She was responsible for taking care of the home and children and keeping things in order for her spouse, who was the party responsible for financially caring for the family. It was thought that if women were afforded male luxuries, such as voting, gender roles in the home would change, something that males did not want to see happen. When the National American Women’s Suffrage Association formed in the 1890s, women lacked many of the rights that men had and were fighting to obtain voting rights equal to that of men. These rights would be the first step in gaining equality for women. This was the beginning of what would pave the way for the great women’s movement and what we know as the Equal Rights Amendment today. Gender roles are still faced today. Society still holds the prejudice of male roles versus female roles in some aspects. Women are still known to be the main homemakers and carers of children...
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...fullest, although the past is no ideal time for women. The hit TV show “Mad Men”, particularly season 2: episode 6, criticizes the gender relations of the 60’s, demonstrating that traditional roles are not worth keeping, and especially not for a woman’s sake, though some of the show's representation of the 60’s are critiqued to be idealized and flawed. Daily occurrences in the show illustrate problems that, although...
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...media on gender identity. Madalen Smith 11473441 Who are we? Who do we want to be? These are questions that have plagued people globally since the beginning of time. Our whole life is dedicated to developing our identity- one that we are happy with and feel reflects whom we are inside. But what influences our identity? And to what extent? We are constantly interacting with media. Subsequently we are continuously absorbing meaning and information whether we realise it or not. This essay focuses on gender identity and the impact the media can have on it. As individuals grow and seek to cultivate and define their identity, is media influencing their thoughts and views? This essay seeks to show that whilst media does in fact play a vital role in how individuals and society view gender the final decision regarding ones gender identity, is something that comes from within. Media both presents ideas and reflects societies already held values. Media does impact on what we view as acceptable for each gender, and what an individual may feel is the norm for their gender, but only to a certain extent. Ultimately gender is something that is felt within the individual and cannot be manipulated by outside things. Media plays a significant role in contemporary societies everyday life. The rapid technological developments that have taken place during the twentieth century has resulted in media becoming prevalent in almost all daily aspects of life. (Cinque, 2012, p 8) In the past media...
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...The Role of Gender in 16th Century European Witch Trails This annotated bibliography explores the contribution gender identity made to the ‘witch craze’ of 16th century Europe. The texts analysed provide varying insights into the issue and its causes, helping to shed light and add reason to the seemingly incomprehensible acts of the European witch trials. Mencej, Mirjam. 2011. “The Role of Gender in Accusations of Witchcraft: The Case of Eastern Slovenia”. Český Lid 98 (4). Institute of Ethnology, Czech Academy of Sciences: 393–412. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.lib.monash.edu.au/stable/42640635. Mirjam Mencej pieces together the childhood memories of many different people from a small village in Eastern Slovenia in order to understand how...
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...description of gender equality as it exists in different cultures with (2) two examples. Also describe your own culture and relate this to the role of gender equally in one of the example you have described. Gender equality is described as a status in which men and women enjoy equal opportunities and rights in all sectors in a society, this includes decision making, economic participation, politics, and in different behaviors where men and women’s needs and aspirations are all valued and favored equally. Nevertheless, different culture treats men and women in certain ways in line with their tradition or religion. In The United Arab Emirates countries most of the countries here strictly follow the Muslim faith, with these, women’s freedom are restricted. They are not treated as equal being with men being given absolute power and authority. This gives them the right to discipline their spouses which is a tradition and a way of life here, and that’s how men and women are brought up. Women have little access to higher education and they seem to be content with it since most do not know about their rights. Leaders are male and thus always enforce laws that favor them. In this culture gender equality is when women’s observe the set rules and adhere to the traditions. In African tradition gender equality is none issue since women are disregarded here since tradition plays a key role in how they conduct their business. Here there are roles and work for certain gender, women are to...
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...ANNOTATED BIBLIOGERAPHY Introduction The differences brought by gender in work have caused more and more people’s attention, which has been a hot topic for a long time. With the change of society, an increasing number of women have engaged in work and their roles as leaders in work have also caused people’s attention. The purpose of this bibliography is to find the changes of gender in leadership. With the development of society, the number of female leaders is increasing in recent years (Michelle and Elaine, 2008). According to (Stewart, 2009), there are more difficulties facing female leaders than male leaders, which makes it difficult to involve more females in the leading positions. A research (Hilary, 2009) indicated that although the number of female leaders is increasing, the ratio of female leaders in leadership is not balanced and more females should be involved in management positions. According to Kaycee (2010), the changes of gender in leadership have been in the process, which can be proved by the changes of people’s attitudes to female leaders. Reference | Michelle M & Elaine Y(2008), The trend of female leaders in organisations, Journal of Management, 23, 7, pp 105-124 | Type of Article | Literature review | Aim\purpose | The purpose of this article is to find out the changes of female leaders in the past decade and explain the reasons of the changes and then predict the trend of changes. | Approach | This paper reviews previous theories...
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...Abstract In the present situation, both men and women are working in order to build up the career. This end up in the work family conflict which is in simple term refer to the situation which occurs due to the imbalance in the working area and family where an individual cannot fulfill the role in the both areas. The main purpose of this paper is to unfold what the work family conflict and dual professionalism is. Furthermore, this paper reviews the article that pinpoint the factors that is responsible for work family conflict. The main aim of this paper is to figure out how the factors like gender, culture, job satisfaction and stress end up in work family conflict. Likewise, this paper also reviews the ways to control the work family conflict to some extent. Keywords: Work family conflict, Gender, Culture, Job Satisfaction, Stress Introduction Work-family conflict has been the important issue in the present scenario. Today both the couples are working in a particular field in order to pursue their goals. In the past decades, mainly women were responsible to balance the work and family. As the time changes, men have been also responsible to balance family and work. Female were only supposed to stay in home in the past era. These days the idea is completely changing. Both the couples work and pursue their dream. These days it is clear to us that both the couples work and share the responsibility of the family and care giving. (Greenhaus et. al, 2000). Both the couples are...
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...Over two hundred people were accused during this period, three quarters of the accused being women. “Even without precise economic indicators, it is clear that women from all levels of society were vulnerable to accusation.” (66). The trails really plagued the town, with constant gender discrimination making it hard to live freely as a woman. Looking at this vulnerability past the witch trials, main figures like Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton come to mind. These women dedicated their lives to fighting for women's rights, including the right to vote. They faced criticism and backlash from those who believed that women should conform to traditional roles as wives and mothers rather than participating in public activism. Their efforts laid the foundation for progress, but the journey towards true gender equality is far from over. Single women today continue to advocate for their rights and challenge gender inequalities in various spheres, such as the workplace, with efforts to confront wage gaps and glass...
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...the stable past The three revolutions: Post industrial – life and modernity, evolution of life, altered family with technology, work moved outside the home Old family had a lot of kids and worked on farms then had less kids and went to work (rural to urban) Life course revolution – advances in medicine and vaccines, family and people live longer, have less children and have more time for education and job pursuit, medicine helped people to live longer added stages in life that people never had before like old age and middle age and childhood stages Psychological revolution – family relationships used to be functional (roles) now it is about love and support, increased education increased peoples marriages Conservative views – decline, pessimists, and their values were traditional Avoid talking about women’s rights, claim that America’s problems are a result of the breakdown of family values Liberal – diversity (variation), optimists, and values were changing Claims that women’s problems are a result of job discrimination Feminist – diversity, caring for each other, women’s roles, individualism over collectivism, free child and healthcare and raise minimum wages Coontz – ahistorical not typically historical says conservatives are ahistorical Static – concepts and ideas remain the same (opposite of dynamic) Family is not static because it is always changing Stop moralizing and start mobilizing mythmaking is not a solution Idealized past vs terrible...
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...Samantha Sanchez Boston University July 22, 2015 Self-consciousness and gender vs. depression In the current research it has have provided a wide overview of both founding and the present appreciation of the dispositional construct of self-consciousness. Several studies have established the significance of gender and psychological implications. Such as mortality concerns and self-consciousness. As important factors in determining depression levels in human beings (Leary & Hoyle, 2013). Understanding the impact of these psychological implications on the emotional vulnerabilities especially in the adolescents has been a major subject of interest in most research work on self-consciousness. This paper presents an analytical study of the influence of psychosocial variables. For instance, age, self-esteem, self-attention, elf-consciousness, and the extent to which an individual identifies with the societal stereotype of masculinity – on depression in adolescents. Further, this paper explores the intra-individual mediators of the relationship between stress and depression in adolescents. Literature review : Self-consciousness as a variable Defined as the propensity to direct thoughtfulness toward the traits of the self, past studies have linked self-consciousness to a wide span of psychological functioning. According to Barios and Belloch (1990), these areas of psychological functioning span from the predisposition of handling of impresses, sociability, and understanding...
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...Socially Constructed Gender Roles “As we move through our lives, society demands different gender performances from us and rewards, tolerates, or punishes us differently for conformity to, or digression from, social norms. As children and later adults, learn the rules of membership in society they come to see themselves in terms they have learned from the people around them.” (Devor 387) Girls don’t sit like that. Close your legs you have on a dress. No you can’t play in the dirt, go comb your dolls hair. Growing up I wasn’t allowed to do many things my older brothers did. Simply because they were boys and I was a ‘girl.’ This often made me unhappy because the things they did seemed so exhilarating. Is it a boy or a girl? The first question posed when a new life is being brought into this world. Today’s society plays a huge role in the construction of gender. If you’re a boy one must act masculine, if female, one must act feminine. There is no in between for either gender. A “woman” is expected to stay...
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...Through studying gender roles during my Visual Art course and exploring social exclusion in Society and Culture, it compelled me to want to learn more about the representation of women within the art world. As a socially aware individual with an interest in art, I felt the need to explore these inequalities to see if they still exist and how this may impact on other young artists. The research methods that I chose were interview, statistical analysis and content analysis, which would provide me qualitative results, as well as quantitative by being able to collect data and statistics. Originally, I planned on conducting a focus group discussion, however as my project progressed, I decided on content analysis as it allowed me to observe a variety of sources and immerse myself in the art world. By choosing an interview I was able to gain insightful knowledge from four females who were either art curators or historians and one male who is an art historian. This gave me qualitative results as I was able to receive in-depth answers from numerous people and allowed and exploration of my cross-cultural by interviewing both genders and gaining their perspectives on this. However, there were some limitations such as by completing my interviews through e-mail, I was not able to ask any follow up questions for answers to be further elaborated. Additionally I only had one interview with a male and four with females, which may cause more perspectives from females and thus, a gender bias. By conducting...
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...The text, Our Sexuality, explains that relationships and sexuality go hand in hand. Relationships contain an underlying bias in most aspects of life. Mainly, gender is the central focus and is overwhelming influential among the topics discussed. Love, work place relationships, dating, friends, communication, sex, mental health, and sexual health are all examples that contain gender inequalities or sterotypes. issues surrounding equality between men and women are blatantly unfair. Present day expectations within relationship and sexuality roles, since the turn of the century, has changed dramatically. Although, evolution within sexual perspectives and sexual knowledge has dramatically changed, women have consistently been perceived as the weaker...
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...Asses the view that gender difference in achievement are a result of outside the educational system. The gender difference in achievement in the past and the present portray two different perspectives. In the past boys did better than girls’ bout as times go on due to internal and external factors this has changed as girls are doing better than boys in the current education system. In this essay it will explore how the perception of girls in past were perceived and how external factors has contributed to the change in the gender difference in achievement. In the past girls underachieved in the education system due to the expectation created by wider society in the past. The fact of the matter is that in the past girls ‘feared success’ because they were not encourage to achieve because there was this idea that a girls future laid in domestic labour. Fontana argues that girls had lower self-esteem as it was constantly reinforced in the home and wider society that boys were superior to boys thus causing them to underachieve in the education system. Feminists argue due to early socialisation this idea that they had hardly no control over their own lives were fabricated form the roots. Therefore they were more likely to view their success down to luck and fate whereas boys saw their success was down to their ability. Feminists argue that female s are likely to suffer from material deprivation then males from a very early age which yet again reinforces this inequality within the...
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...In the past the repartition was clear; women were in charge of buying personal care produces, fragrances, women clothing, and groceries. Men were just interested in stereo equipment, video games, tires, and men’s clothing. Now the things have changed, the retail environment has changed these behaviors. In this review we will try to explain this phenomenon changes in consumption pattern. At first we will explain the changes of men’s consumption patterns, in a second time we will talk about the changes of consumption habits in women, in a third part we will see how these changes influenced retailers, and finally we will conclude. With the modernization, and the development of new technologies, we can see a change in men’s consumption behaviors. Indeed the gender stereotypes have faded; cosmetics are no longer reserved to women, the choice of the car is no longer reserved to men…With the growth of challengers, the increase of e-commerce, retailers couldn’t sell their goods like in the past with one product for everyone without take into account Culture, gender, age... and they have to developed new strategies like retail market segments, business intelligent tools to respond to these changes. Nowadays “more and more men are in the market for grooming and personal care products”. “Men’s grooming represents a $35 billion global industry in America” (source: FIT NYC). Indeed the attitudes and mindset of the American male have evolved. “Today three out of four men agree that men...
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