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General Business Environment

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I. Introduction
Dalam mempelajari lingkungan bisnis, variable demografi merupakan variable yang penting untuk dimengerti. Salah satu alasannya adalah hampir seluruh sektor publik maupun swasta mempunyai tujuan utama untuk memproduksi dan menyampaikan barang dan jasa yang baik kepada orang-orang. Dengan demikian dibutuhkan pegetahuan yang mendalam mengenai populasi dan situasi sosial untuk mendapatkan insight awal yang penting dan fundamental dalam menghasilkan dan menyampaikan barang dan jasa secara efektif dan efisien. Tidak hanya itu, variable demografi memiliki potensial untuk menyediakan data dan informasi yang mendasar untuk membantu memperkuat bisnis dan prospek masa depan pasar.
Variabel demografi seperti struktur umur, pendidikan dan pekerjaan dapat menentukan sifat dasar dari situasi bisnis dan pasar. Secara teoritis, hubungan antara demografi dan aktivitas bisnis dapat dianalisis melalui 2 perspektif : 1. Variabel demografi ditempatkan sebagai variable independen
Demographic variables Business activities

2.Variabel demografi ditempatkan sebagai variable independen 1. Business activities Demographic variables
Variabel Demografi dapat dilihat dari : Number of population, Population growth and density, Population structures II. Pembahasan
PT. Hino Motors Sales Indonesia merupakan ATPM (Agen Tunggal Pemegang Merek) atau main distribution (distributor utama) untuk penjualan kendaraan dan suku cadang produk Hino di Indonesia beserta layanan purna jualnya. PT. HMSI pertama kali terbentuk pada April 2003. Struktur kepemilikan saham saat ini yaitu terdiri dari 40% Hino Motors, Ltd; 40% Indomobil Sukses International, Tbk dan 20% Sumitomo Corporation. Jabatan Presiden Direktur dipegang oleh Toshiro Mizutani.
PT. Hino Motors Manufacturing Indonesia merupakan perusahaan perakitan komponen, perakitan kendaraan dan ekspor suku cadang bagi produk Hino di Indonesia. PT. HMMI yang pertama kali terbentuk pada April 2003 (perusahaan awal PT Hino Indonesia Manufacturing berdiri pada bulan Desember 1982), kini menjadi pangkalan produksi strategis untuk kawasan ASEAN, yang dapat memenuhi semua kebutuhan pasar dalam negeri maupun di regional ini. Lokasi pabrik terletak di daerah industri Kawasan Industri Kota Bukit Indah, Purwakarta, Jawa Barat. Struktur kepemilikan saham saat ini terdiri dari 90% Hino Motors, Ltd dan 10% Indomobil Sukses International, Tbk. Jabatan Presiden Direktur dipegang oleh Akihito Yamanaka. Sebagai perusahaan pembuat truk dan bus yang terdepan, PT. HMSI dan HMMI menjadi pelopor produksi kendaraan ramah lingkungan. Karena itu, sejak Januari 200, semua model Hino di Indonesia telah menggunakan mesin standar EURO2.
Demografi berasal dari Bahasa Yunani, demos : rakyat dan grafein : menulis. Demografi berarti tulisan tulisan tentang rakyat/penduduk ( ilmu kependudukan).
Menurut Donald J Boque, demografi adalah Ilmu yang mempelajari secara statistik dan matematik tentang besar, komposisi dan distribusi penduduk beserta perubahannya sepanjang masa, melalui bekerjanya lima komponen demografi yaitu kelahiran (fertilitas), kematian (mortalitas), perkawinan, migrasi dan mobilitas sosial. Sedangkan Philip M. Hauser dan Duddley Duncan, memaparkan bahwa demografi adalah Ilmu yg mempelajari jumlah, sebaran teritorial, dan komposisi penduduk; serta perubahan penduduk karena fertilitas, mortalitas, migrasi, dan mobilitas sosial. Krisis ekonomi yang masih berlangsung dewasa ini telah berhasil memberikan pelajaran bahwa pembangunan yang mengejar pertumbuhan dan dilakukan tanpa melihat kondisi dan potensi penduduk serta sumberdaya alam dan lingkungan hidup, tidak akan bersifat berkesinambungan. Pada masa dan pasca krisis ekonomi, perhatian terhadap masalah kependudukan dan lingkungan harus tetap dilakukan, terutama menyangkut upaya mengembangkan pembangunan berwawasan kependudukan (people-centered-development). Ketidakpedulian terhadap isu pemabangunan berwawasan kependudukan akan menyebabkan Indonesia kembali menghadapi situasi krisis yang sama pada beberapa tahun mendatang. Justru perkembangan ini yang perlu diwaspadai, bahkan harus dihindarkan. Dalam kondisi keuangan negara yang semakin terbatas dan dengan derasnya tuntutan politik dalam dan luar negeri, perencanaan pembangunan yang bersifat ‘bottom-up’ menjadi sangat penting. Dalam hal ini masing-masing daerah dituntut harus dapat memanfaatkan keuangan negara yang semakin terbatas untuk mencapai tujuan pembangunan, yaitu meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat di daerahnya.
Pembangunan yang hanya mengejar pertumbuhan terbukti tidak berlangsung secara berkesinambungan dan tidak dinikmati oleh seluruh masyarakat, sehingga filosofi sebagai subyek dan obyek pembangunan tidak tercapai. Pembangunan tidak dirasakan sebagai milik rakyat, sehingga tidak mengakar. Apa yang terjadi kemudian adalah jika terjadi sedikit gejolak (seperti apa yang sedang dialami saat ini), maka gejolak tersebut menjadi sulit untuk diatasi, dan masyarakat menjadi kurang berpartisipasi dalam mengatasi gejolak yang ada. Hal ini disebabkan mereka tidak pernah merasa memiliki dan merasakan hasil pemabangunan itu sendiri. Berdasarkan sensus penduduk 2010, laju pertumbuhan penduduk (LPP) Indonesia mencapai 1,49 persen per tahun. Laju pertumbuhan seperti ini memberikan pengaruh pada sektor ekonomi, perusahaan dan industri tidak mampu menampung penduduk yang mengalami pertambahan penduduk yang cepat serta tidak disertai dengan kesiapan. Indonesia masih perlu membenahi sektor ekonomi, seperti kesiapan para calon pekerja rjadan kesiapan suatu institusi menampung pekerja. Jika hal ini terjadi, mengakibatkan perekonomian tidak berjalan dengan baik, cenderung mengalami penurunan. Dikutip dari laporan world bank (18/9/2012), pertumbuhan lapangan kerja di Indonesia lebih lambat daripada pertumbuhan penduduk. III. Analysis
Seperti yang telah dijabarkan sebelumnya, demografi dapat mempengaruhi aktivitas bisnis sebagai dependen variable. Di lain pihak, variabel demografi juga dapat bertindak sebagai independen variable, dimana aktivitas bisnis (baik dalam bidang industri, jasa ataupun agrikultur) dapat mempengaruhi variable demografi. Menurut situs Bank Dunia, Indonesia telah menyusun rencana pembanguan jangka panjang dalam rentang waktu 2005 hingga 2025. Pembangunan Indonesia dilakukan secara berkala selama lima tahun. Misalnya saja pada tahun 2009 hingga 2014, yang merupakan tahap dua pembangunan, fokus utama terletak pada peningkatan kualitas sumber daya manusia, pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi, dan ketiga memperkuat daya saing ekonomi. Bahkan kekuatan ekonomi Indonesia kini tak lagi diragukan. Menurut McKinley Global Institute (2012), pada tahun 2030 mendatang Indonesia menjadi kekuatan ekonomi terbesar ketujuh. Hal ini terlihat dari pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia lebih cepat dari negara berkembang lainnya. Keberhasilan geoekonomi Indonesia tersebut tentu tak lepas dari beberapa faktor. Yang pertama, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia tak lepas dari pengaruh pertumbuhan penduduk yang menjadi penentu masa depan Indonesia. Jumlah penduduk yang meningkat dapat meningkatkan pula jumlah konsumsi barang. Dengan adanya peningkatan jumlah konsumsi barang, berarti angka kelas menengah pun naik. Menurut data dari Bappenas, pada tahun 2020, populasi penduduk yang produktif diperkirakan akan meningkat. Hal ini sudah terlihat peningkatannya dari tahun 1995 sebanyak 121,6 juta, kemudian meningkat lagi pada tahun 2000 menjadi 136,5 juta, dan pada tahun 2020 diperkirakan akan meningkat menjadi 182,5 juta. Indonesia bersama dengan negara MIST, yang terdiri dari Meksiko, Korea Selatan, dan Turki, merupakan negara yang dianggap sebagai new emerging markets memiliki kondisi demografi yang sama. Sehingga, negara – negara ini diperkirakan dapat memegang peranan utama dalam perekonomian global.

Penduduk Indonesia menurut Provinsi 1971, 1980, 1990, 1995, 2000 dan 2010 | | | Provinsi | Penduduk | | 1971 | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2010 | Aceh | 2,008,595.00 | 2,611,271.00 | 3,416,156.00 | 3,847,583.00 | 3,930,905.00 | 4,494,410.00 | Sumatera Utara | 6,621,831.00 | 8,360,894.00 | 10,256,027.00 | 11,114,667.00 | 11,649,655.00 | 12,982,204.00 | Sumatera Barat | 2,793,196.00 | 3,406,816.00 | 4,000,207.00 | 4,323,170.00 | 4,248,931.00 | 4,846,909.00 | Riau | 1,641,545.00 | 2,168,535.00 | 3,303,976.00 | 3,900,534.00 | 4,957,627.00 | 5,538,367.00 | Jambi | 1,006,084.00 | 1,445,994.00 | 2,020,568.00 | 2,369,959.00 | 2,413,846.00 | 3,092,265.00 | Sumatera Selatan | 3,440,573.00 | 4,629,801.00 | 6,313,074.00 | 7,207,545.00 | 6,899,675.00 | 7,450,394.00 | Bengkulu | 519,316.00 | 768,064.00 | 1,179,122.00 | 1,409,117.00 | 1,567,432.00 | 1,715,518.00 | Lampung | 2,777,008.00 | 4,624,785.00 | 6,017,573.00 | 6,657,759.00 | 6,741,439.00 | 7,608,405.00 | Kepulauan Bangka Belitung | - | - | - | - | 900,197.00 | 1,223,296.00 | Kepulauan Riau | - | - | - | - | - | 1,679,163.00 | DKI Jakarta | 4,579,303.00 | 6,503,449.00 | 8,259,266.00 | 9,112,652.00 | 8,389,443.00 | 9,607,787.00 | Jawa Barat | 21,623,529.00 | 27,453,525.00 | 35,384,352.00 | 39,206,787.00 | 35,729,537.00 | 43,053,732.00 | Jawa Tengah | 21,877,136.00 | 25,372,889.00 | 28,520,643.00 | 29,653,266.00 | 31,228,940.00 | 32,382,657.00 | DI Yogyakarta | 2,489,360.00 | 2,750,813.00 | 2,913,054.00 | 2,916,779.00 | 3,122,268.00 | 3,457,491.00 | Jawa Timur | 25,516,999.00 | 29,188,852.00 | 32,503,991.00 | 33,844,002.00 | 34,783,640.00 | 37,476,757.00 | Banten | - | - | - | - | 8,098,780.00 | 10,632,166.00 | Bali | 2,120,322.00 | 2,469,930.00 | 2,777,811.00 | 2,895,649.00 | 3,151,162.00 | 3,890,757.00 | Nusa Tenggara Barat | 2,203,465.00 | 2,724,664.00 | 3,369,649.00 | 3,645,713.00 | 4,009,261.00 | 4,500,212.00 | Nusa Tenggara Timur | 2,295,287.00 | 2,737,166.00 | 3,268,644.00 | 3,577,472.00 | 3,952,279.00 | 4,683,827.00 | Kalimantan Barat | 2,019,936.00 | 2,486,068.00 | 3,229,153.00 | 3,635,730.00 | 4,034,198.00 | 4,395,983.00 | Kalimantan Tengah | 701,936.00 | 954,353.00 | 1,396,486.00 | 1,627,453.00 | 1,857,000.00 | 2,212,089.00 | Kalimantan Selatan | 1,699,105.00 | 2,064,649.00 | 2,597,572.00 | 2,893,477.00 | 2,985,240.00 | 3,626,616.00 | Kalimantan Timur | 733,797.00 | 1,218,016.00 | 1,876,663.00 | 2,314,183.00 | 2,455,120.00 | 3,553,143.00 | Sulawesi Utara | 1,718,543.00 | 2,115,384.00 | 2,478,119.00 | 2,649,093.00 | 2,012,098.00 | 2,270,596.00 | Sulawesi Tengah | 913,662.00 | 1,289,635.00 | 1,711,327.00 | 1,938,071.00 | 2,218,435.00 | 2,635,009.00 | Sulawesi Selatan | 5,180,576.00 | 6,062,212.00 | 6,981,646.00 | 7,558,368.00 | 8,059,627.00 | 8,034,776.00 | Sulawesi Tenggara | 714,120.00 | 942,302.00 | 1,349,619.00 | 1,586,917.00 | 1,821,284.00 | 2,232,586.00 | Gorontalo | - | - | - | - | 835,044.00 | 1,040,164.00 | Sulawesi Barat | - | - | - | - | - | 1,158,651.00 | Maluku | 1,089,565.00 | 1,411,006.00 | 1,857,790.00 | 2,086,516.00 | 1,205,539.00 | 1,533,506.00 | Maluku Utara | - | - | - | - | 785,059.00 | 1,038,087.00 | Papua Barat | - | - | - | - | - | 760,422.00 | Papua | 923,440.00 | 1,173,875.00 | 1,648,708.00 | 1,942,627.00 | 2,220,934.00 | 2,833,381.00 | INDONESIA | 119,208,229.00 | 147,490,298.00 | 179,378,946.00 | 194,754,808.00 | 206,264,595.00 | 237,641,326.00 | Catatan : Termasuk Penghuni Tidak Tetap (Tuna Wisma, Pelaut, Rumah Perahu, dan Penduduk Ulang-alik/Ngelaju) | | Sumber : Sensus Penduduk 1971, 1980, 1990, 2000 dan Survei Penduduk Antar Sensus (SUPAS) 1995 | | | | | | | | |
Dengan demikian lingkungan atau variable demografi sebagai salah satu faktor non ekonomi yang menjadi lingkungan eksternal yag mempengaruhi aktivitas bisnis akan mendatangkan peluang, antara lain tersedianya tenaga kerja dalam jumlah yang banyak dan peningkatan produksi serta penjualan. Namun ada juga ancaman (threat) yang harus dihadapi yaitu tenaga kerja yang jumlahnya banyak tadi tidak semua memiliki ketrampilan yang dibutuhkan oleh pekerjaan tersebut. Belum lagi jika dibandingkan dengan harga.

Produksi Kendaraan Bermotor Dalam Negeri (unit), 2008-2012 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Jenis Kendaraan Bermotor | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | Sedan | 37327 | 32209 | 23880 | 33496 | 257316 | 6228 | 2008 | 1570 | 5923 | 2367 | 4081 | 3231 | 4869 | Jeep 4x2 | 3087 | 1931 | 1011 | 894 | 145 | 326334 | 203676 | 302334 | 415997 | 346245 | 477252 | 530762 | 693421 | Jeep 4x4 | | | | | | 28 | 637 | 5304 | 9503 | 3560 | 15191 | 27870 | 45211 | Bis | 29108 | 40458 | 45769 | 45629 | 1231 | 2429 | 1254 | 1676 | 2956 | 2328 | 4106 | 4142 | 5299 | Pick Up | 223200 | 204220 | 225899 | 224933 | 163407 | 165691 | 88433 | 100754 | 166249 | 110316 | 201878 | 271943 | 316757 | Sepeda Motor | 982380 | 1645133 | 2318238 | 2814054 | 3897250 | 5113487 | 4458886 | 4722421 | 6264265 | 5884021 | 7366646 | 8006293 | 7079721 | Indonesia | 1275102 | 1923951 | 2614797 | 3119006 | 4319349 | 5614197 | 4754894 | 5134059 | 6864893 | 6348837 | 8069154 | 8844241 | 8145278 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sumber: Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia (GAIKINDO) dan Asosiasi Industri Sepeda Motor Indonesia (AISI) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | catatan: untuk data yang di blok kuning,angka tersebut merupakan data total untuk jeep 4x2 dan jeep 4x4, karena format SI tahun 2005 kebelakang berbeda dengan yang terbaru SI 2013 | |

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