...Chronic glomerulonephritis which affects the glomeruli within the kidney and often impedes the kidneys’ function is known to be one of the most common causes of kidney failure. The development of chronic glomerulonephritis is often a blindside as there is little to no signs or symptoms of the disease. The development may occur due to many causes such as infections, immune diseases, blood pressure or diabetes. Patients’ are often diagnosed when the disease is severe or has been triggered by underlying causes. As many as 40% of people suffering from glomerulonephritis are on dialysis which shows how severe progression may escalate. Treatments are constantly being improved to make it for efficient for suffers such as plasmapheresis which are only...
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...Research name | No of individuals | Reason for use | Reason for discard | | Donor Structural and Functional Parameters Are IndependentPredictors of Renal Function at 3 Months | 202(111 biopsied) | | A donor preimplantation biopsy with sufficient material forevaluation was available in 111 cases. Mean global glomerularsclerosis was 1.2% _ 3.5% and in seven cases globalglomerular sclerosis was greater than 10%. Mean donorchronic damage score was 0 in 77 cases; 1 in 15 cases; 2 in13 cases; and _3 in five cases(LOW PERCENTAGE OF GLOMEROSCLEROSIS) | | Histopathologic Evaluation of Pretransplant Biopsy as a Factor InfluencingGraft Function After Kidney Transplantation: A 1-Year Observation | 92 | We observed a significant correlation between immediate graft function (IGF)and lack of ATN in the pre-0 biopsy. We observed no correlation between renal functionand arterial hyalinization and fibrosis, inflammatory infiltration, tubular atrophy. In thepostoperative period, we observed a significant correlation between IGF and lack ofinterstitial fibrosis with significantly lower levels of creatinine, urea, and potassium andhigher urine output early after transplantation. IGF and better function of the right kidneywas correlated with shorter time to reach a creatinine level of 2 mg%. In the postoperativeperiods, we also observed a difference between renal function depending on gender. Thepresence of acute tubular necrosis, arterial fibrosis, lack of inflammatory infiltration in thepre-0 biopsy correlated...
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...Technical Explanation: I Smell Memories… Purpose: To inform my audience about the connection of smells to memories. Audience Analysis: This process is difficult to this particular group of students because most of this class consist of business majors so most likely the highest biology class they have completed is BIO 1101. This information, which I will present in a cause/effect structure, is complex and involves critical thinking. Introduction I. “Six years ago, on an early morning in September, Molly Birnbaum was out for her regular jog when she was hit by a car. Her pelvis was shattered, her skull fractured, her knee torn. Yet for her, the most serious damage was far less visible: she lost her sense of smell. Birnbaum, now 29, was an aspiring chef, and the loss meant the end of her career. It also meant something else, something that was potentially even more life-changing. "I felt like I lost a dimension of my memory," she says. "It made me worried about the future. If I couldn't smell ever again, was I losing this important layer”? (Konnikova) A. This was a story told by Maria Konnikova. B. She is a contributing writer for The New Yorker with a Ph.D. in Psychology from Columbia University told this story in an article called, “Smells like Old Times”. II. After reading this article I started thinking about how certain smells trigger different memories. A. Like how the smell of Beautiful, a perfume by Estee Lauder, reminds me of my great grandma’s house and her...
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...heart failure or acute myocardial infarction (Castner, 2010). Patients that have these risk factors should be evaluated frequently by their physician as well as educated about lifestyle changes to decrease their risk (weight loss, exercise, smoking cessation, blood sugar control, blood pressure monitoring, and a healthy diet. Early signs and symptoms include fatigue, cold intolerance, metallic taste, irregular pulse, a change in urine output, increased bleeding, and edema (Castner, 2010). The signs and symptoms may be generalized, but combined with the risk factors kidney disease should not be overlooked. There are many diagnostic tests for kidney disease. A urine dipstick shows protein (proteinuria) as this indicates damage to the glomeruli which...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease that destroys the function of the human kidneys. This purpose of this research paper is to present an introductory profile of the disease. The profile includes a description of the disease, leading causes, how it is diagnosed, and its stages. Current statistics of the individuals impacted by the disease and mortality are provided. This paper will also explain the progressive nature of the disease and how the kidneys are damaged. Finally, the treatment goals and actions for the different stages of the disease are laid forth. Chronic Kidney Disease Kidneys are vital organs that regulate the body’s fluid level, filter toxins, control blood pressure, and more. A human cannot live without at least one functioning kidney. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that destroys the operating capacity of the kidneys. CKD impacts millions of Americans and is often undiagnosed until it is in an advanced stage. The human body attempts to compensate for the disease and, in doing so, worsens the condition. CKD is usually caused by another underlying cardiovascular condition. Treatment for CKD seeks to slow the progression of the disease by relieving the underlying condition. Once CKD has reached its final stage, kidney function is insufficient and renal replacement therapy is required. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was formerly known as chronic renal failure (Haynes & Winearls...
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...Week 5: Case Study 1. How would a pneumococcal infection lead to glomerulonephritis? How can glomerulonephritis result in nephrosis? One of the causes of glomerulonephritis is from a pneumococcal infection. The antibodies that the body produces to fight off the bacterium binds to bacterial antigens and makes its way out into the capillary beds. This process causes an inflammation which then injures the glomerular capillary and basement membrane. The damage that is caused leads to glomerulonephritis. The injured and defective glomeruli in the kidneys lead to the release of too much protein in the urine resulting in nephrosis. 2. Use JH’s laboratory values to determine if he is still experiencing nephrosis or if his condition is progressing to renal failure. JH’s lab values indicate that the PaCO2, HCO3-, and Hct, and Na levels are all below normal limits. His potassium level was increased at 5.4 mEq/L. There was also an increase in JH’s BUN (58 mg/dl), creatinine (3.9 mg/dl), and albumin (2.0 g/dl) levels. Traces of protein were found in his urine suggesting that JH’s condition is progressing to renal failure. 3. What additional physical or laboratory findings would be helpful in determining JH’s degree of renal impairment? Creatinine clearance is helpful in determining general kidney function. A level above 1.2 is reduced and indicates renal impairment. The kidneys' ability to handle creatinine is called the creatinine clearance rate, which helps to estimate the glomerular...
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...Glomerulonephritis is an abnormal renal disease and not a part of the normal aging process. This disease is categorized by the inflammation of glomerulus. The inflammation can be onset in the presence of certain drugs and toxins, diseases such as vascular, systemic, diabetes mellitus, and lupus erythematosus, or viruses such as hepatitis B or C and human immunodeficiency disease (HIV) (McCance, et al., 2006). There are eight different common types of glomerulonephritis. The common types of glomerulonephritis are distinguished by cause and pathophysiology (McCance, et al., 2006). One type in particular that will be discussed into further detail is acute glomerulonephritis. Acute Glomerulonephritis Acute glomerulonephritis is categorized...
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...Pathophysiology: Neoplasia and Renal System School of Nursing 1. Cancer Staging Cancer staging describes the severity of a person’s cancer based on the person’s initial tumor, and whether or not the cancer has metastasized (American Cancer Society, 2012, www.cancer.org). Knowledge of the stage is very important in that is can be used to explain prognosis to the patient, and can be used by the doctor and the patient to plan treatment. Staging of cancer is based on knowledge of the way in which cancer progresses in the body. Malignant cells grow and reproduce without any control or order, and they do not die when they should. In most cases the cancer cells will form a mass called a tumor. As the tumor grows it can invade tissues and organs that are close to it. The malignant cells can also break away from the tumor and enter the bloodstream (Lemone, 2004, p. 284). There are five common elements considered in most staging systems: site of the primary tumor, tumor size and number, lymph node involvement, cell type, and the presence or absence of metastasis. A common staging system is called TNM, which stands for Tumor, lymph Nodes, and Metastasis. When staging a number is added to each letter to indicate the size of the primary tumor and the extent of the cancer spread. (Lemone, 2004, p. 284) Infection, immunity and inflammation in cancer patients are all interrelated. They form what could be...
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...Disease Prevention Paper HCS/436 April 29, 2014 Maria Libano Disease Prevention and description about the kidneys There is a common saying that “the body is a one way street”, therefore any alteration can hinder the flow and may cause damage to vital body systems and organs. The kidneys which are bean-shaped structure primary function are elimination of waste and toxins out of the body and blood filtration. Each kidney contains almost one million nephrons, which is a major aspect of the functional unit of the kidney which filters blood and urine production through the network of capillaries tubules in the glomerulus. The tubules ensure that the glomerulus filters the substances that are essential including protein and that waste exit to the bladder to the urethra. The kidneys participate in different life-sustaining duties of the body including removal of waste and any excess fluid in the body, maintenance of salt and minerals in the blood, blood pressure regulation, producing of erythropoietin through renin by stimulating red blood cells, and can also aid in the production of vitamin D. When the glomerulus is not able to meet the daily demand from the kidneys by the human body as a result of damaged, it can hinder the function causing protein and blood loss in the urine, accumulation of waste product because it can no longer filter, which will then lead to edema in the extremities, fatigue, and elevated blood pressure as a result of inflammation is named...
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...present with left-sided heart failure are cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion such as orthopnea or basilar crackles. There would also be an increased heart rate and S3 heart sound while listening with a stethoscope. 2. What compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative in A.O. to enhance cardiac output? The following compensatory mechanisms are likely to be operative to enhance cardiac output: myocardial hypertrophy due to prolonged stretch on the myocardium; baroreceptors will detect a low blood pressure and carbon monoxide levels, which would excite the sympathetic system due to an increased heart rate. During this mechanism the beta receptors will downregulate; there would also be a decrease in the filtration rate of the glomeruli, and it will retain less water and result in increased preload. 3. What is the most likely cause of A.O.’s pedal edema? The most likely cause of A.O.’s pedal edema is heart failure on the right side due to the left side failure causing pressure on the right ventricle, as well as biventricular failure 4. What...
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...City College of Medical Technology Acute Glomerulonephritis In partial fulfillment of RLE Researchers: Valdez, Shiela Mae A. Alonzo, Krizzel Marie M. Sevilla, Rica Allona N. Flores, Ma. Cristina D. Mangulabnan, Kimberly M. March 2015 I. INTRODUCTION Glomerulonephritis literally means inflammation of the glomerulus or the clusters of microscopic blood vessels in the kidney that filter wastes and fluids from the blood. It includes a number of disorders that affect the structure and function of the glomerulus without any prominent inflammation. It is therefore also referred to as glomerular disease or glomerulopathy. In glomerulonephritis, various known and unknown causes trigger immune activity against the glomeruli which damages it. It is characterized by body tissue swelling (edema), high blood pressure, decreased protein in the blood (anemia), and the presence of red blood cells (hematuria) or protein (proteinuria) in the urine. (Christian Nordqvist, Medical News Today, 2009) Collin, Rull, and Huins (2012) articulated that glomerulonephritis results from a variety of immune and inflammatory mechanisms. It is often described as primary, when it arises on its own and originated on the kidney, or secondary, when glomerular involvement is part of a systemic disease like systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and polyarteritis nodosa. Furthermore, glomerulonephritis can be classified as acute or chronic. In acute glomerulonephritis, the condition starts...
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...kidney include secreting hormones into circulation, excreting waste products, water/electrolyte balancing and acid/base balancing. The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney with the head of which is the Bowman’s capsule. After substances enter this area they will go through the proximal tubule to the Loop of Henle which has ascending and descending areas. Through those filtered substances move to the distal convoluted tubule to the collecting duct where they will be passed to the bladder as waste. The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the renal corpuscle while on the outside the juxtaglomerular complex is made up of Macula Densa, Mesangial and Granular Cells. In Bowman’s Capsule an afferent arteriole brings in blood to the glomeruli and exits the efferent arteriole. Podocytes wrap around the capillaries which help with filtrations while the Mesangial cells which are important in contraction and altering...
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...Nursing 3366 Pathologic Processes: Implications for Nursing (ONLINE BB COURSE) REQUIRED READING DOCUMENT #7 ~~~~~~~~ Disorders of the Genitourinary (GU) and Renal Systems Instructions: 1. Read this entire RRD (Required Reading Document) and other documents mentioned. 2. Work on Assignment #7 and submit by designated deadline. Note about objectives /outcomes and studying for this course: For ALL content in this course, the student will be able to DESCRIBE/DISCUSS/IDENTIFY correlations (links) between pathophysiology of the disease and its clinical manifestations. In other words, #1: how does the pathophysiology of a particular disease cause the signs and symptoms, and #2: if a patient presents the signs and symptoms of a disease, be able to use critical thinking to figure out the disease process that is most likely in that context. Objectives /outcomes for this subject: 1. the relationship between key aspects of normal genitourinary function and the pathophysiology involved in select genitourinary-related conditions, including: • female-specific disorders: endometriosis, ovarian cancer, PID, UTIs. • male-specific disorders: testicular cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostate cancer • nongender-specific problems: STIs, urologic obstructions 2. the relationship between key aspects of normal renal function and the pathophysiology involved in select renal conditions, including: • hydronephrosis. • glomerulonephritis • acute kidney injury (AKI;...
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... C. sclerosis 3. an induration or hardening, especially from inflammation and in diseases of the interstitial substance; 4. It is what physicians must now do for patients with intractable cancer, severe rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, stroke, and advanced cirrhosis. D. glomerulonephritis 5. a renal disease (usually of both kidneys) 6. In chronic glomerulonephritis, for example, a much clearer insight will be needed into the events leading to the destruction of glomeruli by the immunologic reactants that now appear to govern this disease, before one will know how to intervene intelligently to prevent the process, or turn it around. E. immunologic 7. A branch of biomedical science that covers the study of all aspects of the immune system in all organisms. 8. In chronic glomerulonephritis, for example, a much clearer insight will be needed into the events leading to the destruction of glomeruli by the immunologic reactants that now appear to govern this disease, before one will know how to intervene intelligently to prevent the process, or turn it around. F. thrombosis 9. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. 10. An extremely complex and costly technology for the management of coronary heart disease has evolved--involving specialized ambulances and hospital units, all kinds of electronic gadgetry...
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...The slightly elevated blood sugars that S.W. was consistently experiencing put more pressure on her kidneys. According to Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher (2012), diabetes creates damage to the small blood vessels within the kidney that supply the glomeruli of the kidney. When this occurs, the kidney is unable to concentrate and properly filter the urine that passes through. This leads to consistent oliguria. S.W. is at increased risk not only for the development of diabetes, but she is also at risk for the complications that come from diabetes. One of these is nephropathy. According to Braun and Anderson (2011), excess glucose binds to collagen and proteins that are in the vessel walls. This process if called glycosylation. When glycosylation...
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