Practice Test #1 Sentence Correction

1. To meet the rapidly rising market demand for fish and seafood, suppliers are growing fish twice as fast as they grow naturally, cutting their feed allotment by nearly half and raising them on special diets.

2. Organized in 1966 by the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Breeding Bird Survey uses annual roadside counts along established routes to monitor changes in the populations of more than 250 bird species, including 180 songbirds.

3. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.

4. Excited about the prospects of harnessing Niagara Falls to produce electric power, Nikola Tesla, the inventor of alternating current, predicted in the mid-1890's that electricity generated at Niagara would one day power the streetcars of London and the streetlights of Paris.

5. The airline company, following through on recent warnings that it might start reducing service, announced that it was eliminating jet service to nine cities, closing some unneeded operations, and grounding twenty-two planes.

6. The list of animals that exhibit a preference for using either the right or the left hand (i.e., claw, paw, or foot) has been expanded to include the lower vertebrates.

7. Obtaining an investment-grade rating will keep the county's future borrowing costs low, protect its already-tattered image, and increase its ability to buy bond insurance.

8. The Achaemenid Empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the southern Indian alphabets.

9. Records from ancient Athens indicate that each year young Athenian women collaborated to weave a new woolen robe with which they dressed a statue of the goddess Athena and that this robe depicted scenes of a battle between Zeus, Athena's father, and giants.

10. Ancient hunter-gatherers developed instincts that stigmatized selfishness and encouraged voluntary cooperation, not only within the group but also with outsiders.

11. Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create a robot that will empathize with us.

12. In contrast to ongoing trade imbalances with China and Japan, the United States trade deficit with Mexico declined by $500 million as a result of record exports to that country.

13. Unlike most severance packages, which require workers to stay until their last scheduled day in order to collect, the automobile company's severance package is available to workers even if they find a new job before they are terminated.

14. Having finally reached a tentative labor agreement with its company's pilots, the airline's board of directors must now determine how the airline can both increase profits and compete more effectively for customers than it did in the past.

15. Even though sub-Saharan Africa often evokes images of drought and famine, researchers say that the area is the home of more than 2,000 grains, vegetables, roots, fruits, and other foods that could feed the continent and even other parts of the world.

16. In her later poems, Phyllis Wheatley's blending of solar imagery, Judeo-Christian thought and figures, and images borrowed from ancient classicism suggests her range and depth of influences, not the least of which is her African heritage.

17. Rejecting the apprenticeship model of training social workers in philanthropic agencies, twentieth-century reformer Edith Abbott was convinced that social work education belonged in the university, where students could be offered a broad range of courses dealing with social issues.

18. Bluegrass musician Bill Monroe, whose repertory, views on musical collaboration, and vocal style influenced generations of bluegrass artists, also inspired many musicians, including Elvis Presley and Jerry Garcia, whose music differed significantly from his own.

19. Although unhappy with the high rent her company was paying for its suburban office building, the chief executive recognized that rental rates for buildings in the suburbs were far lower than those typically charged for property located within the city limits.

20. The hognose snake puts on an impressive bluff, hissing and rearing back, broadening the flesh behind its head the way a cobra does and feigning repeated strikes, but it has no dangerous fangs and no venom, and, eventually, if its pursuer is not cowed by the performance, will fall over and play dead.

21. When Nigeria achieved full independence in 1960, it had already established a federal political structure that consisted of three regions based on the three major population clusters within its borders.

22. The company announced that its profits declined much less in the second quarter than analysts had expected and that its business would improve in the second half of the year.

23. While they remove carbon dioxide from the air, conserve soil and water, and house thousands of species, forests also supply potentially valuable pharmaceuticals and, as sources of building material and firewood, provide employment for millions worldwide.

24. Employment costs rose 2.8 percent in the 12 months that ended in September, slightly less than they did in the year that ended in the previous quarter.

25. Often incorrectly referred to as a tidal wave, a tsunami, a seismic sea wave that can reach speeds of up to 150 miles per hour and heights of up to 200 feet, is caused by underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.

26. The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization that there is little that is significantly different in the underlying mental processes manifested by people from different cultures.

27. When Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments that was adopted at the Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention in 1848, she included in it a call for female enfranchisement.

28. Although eradicated in the United States, polio continues elsewhere and could be brought into the country by visitors.

29. Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.

30. Five fledgling sea eagles left their nests in western Scotland this summer, bringing to 34 the number of wild birds successfully raised since transplants from Norway began in 1975.

31. According to some economists, the July decrease in unemployment to the lowest level in two years suggests that the gradual improvement in the job market is continuing.

32. Initiated on Columbus Day 1992, five centuries after Europeans arrived in the New World, Project SETI pledged a $100 million investment in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

33. More than 300 rivers drain into Siberia's Lake Baikal, which holds 20 percent of the world's fresh water, more than all the North American Great Lakes combined.

34. Hundreds of species of fish generate and discharge electric currents, in bursts or as steady electric fields around their bodies, using their power to find and attack prey, to defend themselves, or to communicate and navigate.

35. In laboratory rats, a low dose of aspirin usually suffices to block production of thromboxane, a substance that promotes blood clotting, but does not seriously interfere with the production of prostacyclin, which prevents clotting.

36. Thomas Eakins's powerful style and his choices of subject--the advances in modern surgery, the discipline of sport, the strains of individuals in tension with society or even with themselves-- were as disturbing to his own time as they are compelling for ours.

37. One report concludes that many schools do not have, nor are they likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively.

38. Like Rousseau, Tolstoi rebelled against the unnatural complexity of human relations in modern society.

39. The Sports Medicine Programs of the Olympic Training Center, a complex where final tryouts are held for athletes representing the United States in the Olympics, are geared toward enhancing the performance of athletes and preparing them for international competition.

40. Aware of the connotations of the numbers 1 and 2 and the letters A and B, companies conducting consumer taste tests of foods or beverages typically choose numbers such as 697 or 483 to label the products.

41. The budget for education reflects the administration's demand that the money be controlled by local school districts, but it allows them to spend the money only on teachers, not on books, computers, or other materials or activities.

42. As a result of a supernova explosion, every human being on Earth was bombarded on February 23, 1987, by about 100 billion neutrinos; fortunately, neutrinos are harmless elementary particles that are produced in nuclear reactions and that interact very weakly with matter.

43. A one-million-year-old skull bearing traits associated with both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens has been found in the Afar region of Eritrea, indicating that modern humans developed much earlier than previously thought.

44. Scientists at the Los Alamos National Laboratory have succeeded for the first time in mining heat from the Earth's interior to produce energy on a commercial scale, enough for generating electricity efficiently and for heating factories and homes.

45. Applying a new method for analyzing the chemistry of tooth enamel, scientists have examined molars of prehuman ancestors and determined that their diets were more varied than had been supposed.

46. The continental United States receives an average of 30 inches of precipitation a year; transpiration from soil and from plants returns approximately 21 of the 30 inches to the atmosphere, while the balance of 9 inches contributes to the flow of streams and rivers.

47. Although 1998 saw several new ventures promoting online distance learning for both college- and graduate-level courses, it was also a year when a large number of faculty members began questioning whether the computer screen was an adequate replacement for the classroom.

48. Just as scientists, because of random fluctuations in the weather, cannot determine the transition from one season to the next by monitoring temperatures on a daily basis, so they cannot determine the onset of global warming by monitoring average annual temperatures.

49. The automobile company announced that the average price of next year's cars and trucks would decrease four-tenths of one percent, or about $72, from that of comparably equipped models this year.

50. Many teenagers undergo stress, but results of a recent study indicate that the patterns of stress that girls experience are more likely to result in depression than are those that boys experience.

51. Gasoline marketing is undergoing major changes as stations often not only add convenience stores but also combine with major fast-food chains to build complexes where customers can shop and eat as well as buy gasoline.

52. In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.

53. Most vaccines are derived from weakened or killed strains of the same virus that they prevent, unlike smallpox vaccine, which is derived from a different virus altogether.

54. In cooking, small quantities of spices are used, whereas in medicinal usage spices are taken in large quantities in order to treat particular maladies.

55. Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow coastal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver.

56. First discovered more than 30 years ago, Lina's sunbird, a four-and-a-half-inch animal found in the Philippines and resembling a hummingbird, has shimmering metallic colors on its head; a brilliant orange patch, bordered with red tufts, in the center of its breast; and a red eye.

57. The Anasazi settlements at Chaco Canyon were built on a spectacular scale with more than 75 carefully engineered structures, of up to 600 rooms each, connected by a complex regional system of roads.

58. The country's currency, weakened both by concern about the government's agreement with the International Monetary Fund and by growing fears of a rise in inflation, continued its slide to a record low against the dollar, forcing the central bank to intervene for the fourth time in a week.

59. A new genetically engineered papaya was produced not by profit-motivated seed companies, as was the case with most genetically modified crops previously approved for commercial use, but by university and United States Department of Agriculture researchers who allowed growers to use it free of charge.

60. Immigrants from the Mideast exhibit rates of entrepreneurship exceeding those of virtually every other immigrant group in the increasingly diverse United States economy.

61. The bones of Majungatholus atopus, a meat-eating dinosaur that is a distant relative of Tyrannosaurus rex and closely resembles South American predatory dinosaurs, have been discovered in Madagascar.

62. After analyzing data gathered by weather satellites, scientists report that the Earth's northern latitudes have become about ten percent greener since 1980, due to more vigorous plant growth associated with warmer temperatures and higher levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

63. Unlike emergency calls that travel through regular telephone lines and thus automatically inform the operator of the location and phone number of the caller, cellular calls require emergency operators to determine the location of the caller.

64. Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that learn new songs.

65. Developed by Pennsylvania's Palatine Germans about 1750, Conestoga wagons had high wheels capable of crossing rutted roads, muddy flats, and the nonroads of the prairie, and a floor that was curved upward at both ends to prevent cargo from shifting on steep grades.

66. Africa's black rhino population in the mid-1970's numbered about 20,000, ten times the estimated population of 2,000 in 1997.

67. Scientists say that each of the photographs taken of the Ares Vallis plain by the Mars Pathfinder indicates the overwhelming extent of the flooding on the planet billions of years ago and the degree to which rocks were scattered by its force.

68. The best way to extract the flavor from saffron threads is to soak them in liquid after pounding them with a mortar and pestle.

69. The proliferation of so-called cybersquatters, people who register the Internet domain names of high-profile companies in hopes of reselling the rights to those names for a profit, led to the passage in 1999 of the Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act, which allows companies to seek up to $100,000 in damages against those who register domain names with the sole intent of selling.

70. It is unclear whether chimpanzees are unique among nonhuman species in their ability to learn behaviors from one another, or whether other animals would exhibit similar patterns if they were studied in as much depth.

71. Paper production accounts for approximately 40 percent of the world's industrial use of wood, and the market for paper is growing faster than the market for all other major wood products.

72. Broccoli thrives in moderate to cool climates and is propagated by seeds sown either directly in the field or in plant beds designed to produce transplants.

73. Evolutionary psychology holds that the human mind is not a "blank slate" but instead comprises specialized mental mechanisms that were developed to solve specific problems human ancestors faced millions of years ago.

74. Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments.

75. Beneath the soil of the Malheur National Forest in eastern Oregon, a fungus that has been slowly weaving its way through the roots of trees for centuries has become the largest living single organism known to humans.

76. By recording the noise of crinkled wrappers as they were slowly stretched out in an otherwise silent chamber, and then digitizing and analyzing the sound emissions on computers, a team of scientists found that the noise was not continuous but consisted of individual bursts or pops just thousandths of a second long.

77. Scientists have found signs that moving water changed the chemical makeup of the surface of Mars in recent eras and have therefore concluded that the planet's crust harbors up to three times as much water as previously thought.

78. The cottontail rabbit population in Orange County, California, has increased unchecked in recent years as a result of the removal of the native fox population and the clearing of surrounding woodlands.

79. Shipwrecks are more likely to be found undisturbed at great depths than in shallow coastal waters, where archaeological remains are exposed to turbulence and are accessible to anyone in scuba gear, whether archaeologist, treasure hunter, or sport diver.

80. Changes in sea level result not only from changes in water temperature, which affect water density, but also from the melting of glaciers.

81. In the major cities of industrialized countries at the end of the nineteenth century, important public places such as theaters, restaurants, shops, and banks had installed electric lighting, but electricity was in less than one percent of homes, where lighting was still provided mainly by candles or gas.

82. Each year companies in the United States could save as much as $58 billion by preventing illness among employees and gain as much as $200 billion through improved worker performance if they simply provided offices with cleaner air.

83. Stock levels for domestic crude oil are far lower than in past years, leaving domestic oil prices vulnerable to any hints of oil supply disruptions in the Middle East or any unexpected growth in consumer demand that might be prompted by colder-than-normal temperatures.

84. The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists for their discovery that plastic can be made electrically conductive--an advance that has led to improvements in film, television screens, and windows.

85. In 1945, after a career as First Lady in which she shattered expectations with an audacity never matched by Abigail Adams or Dolly Madison, Eleanor Roosevelt was appointed a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly by President Harry S Truman.

86. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet.

87. Results of a United States study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine have shown that college-educated women and women living in the South and West are significantly more likely to use supplemental hormones than women living in the Northeast and Midwest.

88. A recent study has found that amoxicillin, long a standard treatment for ear infections, is about as effective as newer, more expensive antibiotics and causes fewer side effects.

89. Methane, which has long been counted among the greenhouse gases that are implicated in global warming, comes both from natural sources such as bogs and from a host of human sources, including coal mines, leaking pipelines, landfills, and rice paddies.

90. Archaeologists in Egypt have excavated a 5,000-year-old wooden hull that is the earliest surviving example of a "built" boat--in other words, a boat constructed out of planks fitted together--and that thus represents a major advance, in terms of boat-building technology, over the dugout logs and reed vessels of more ancient vintage.

91. Although they are more temperamental and far more expensive than transistor-driven amplifiers, vacuum-tube-driven amplifiers are preferred by many audiophiles and audio professionals because these amplifiers produce warmer, richer tones.

92. Research has shown that when speaking, individuals who have been blind from birth and have thus never seen anyone gesture nonetheless make hand motions just as frequently and in the same way as sighted people do, and that they will gesture even when conversing with another blind person.

93. Both the complexity of the phenomenon known as extinction and the vastness of the biosphere have prompted many scientists to call for a large increase in the number of biologists working both in the field and in laboratories to clarify the relationships among the planet's many endangered life-forms.

94. The decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog in the high reaches of the Sierra Nevada has become so severe that the United States Fish and Wildlife Service could well list it as an endangered species in the near future.

95. Unlike frogs that metamorphose from tadpoles into adults within a one-year period, mountain yellow-legged frogs of the Sierra Nevada take three to four years to reach adulthood, and so they are restricted to deeper bodies of water that do not dry up in summer or freeze solid in winter.

96. In some species of cricket, the number of chirps per minute used by the male to attract females rises and falls in accordance with the surrounding temperature, and it can in fact serve as an approximate thermometer.

97. Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.

98. A decade after initiating the nation's most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program, California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more than twice as great as that in the nation as a whole.

99. A study of food resources in the North Pacific between 1989 and 1996 revealed that creatures of the seabed were suffering because food supplies were dwindling, possibly as a result of an increase in sea surface temperatures during the same period.

100. To help counteract the adverse effects of trout stocking on the amphibian populations in certain mountain lakes, biologists are recommending that some states cut back on trout stocking and even remove the trout from some popular fishing lakes.

101. Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution.

102. Recent breakthroughs in technology have made it possible for high-definition digital video cameras to capture material with a degree of fidelity nearly comparable to that of 35-millimeter film and to project it digitally in theaters with no resulting loss of image quality.

103. Simply being genetically engineered does not make a plant any more likely to become an invasive or persistent weed, according to a decade-long study published in the journal Nature.

104. In Britain, "pig" refers to any member of the class of domestic swine, but in the United States the term refers only to younger swine not yet ready for market and weighing less than 82 kilograms (180 pounds).

105. Even though it was not illegal for the bank to share its customers' personal and financial information with an outside marketing company in return for a commission on sales, the state's attorney general accused the bank of engaging in deceptive business practices by failing to honor its promise to its customers to keep records private.

106. Officials at the United States Mint believe that the Sacagawea dollar coin will be used more as a substitute for four quarters than the dollar bill because it weighs only 8.1 grams, far lighter than four quarters, which weigh 5.67 grams each.

107. The majority of students entering law school this fall are expected to be women, a trend that will ultimately place more women in leadership positions in politics and business.

108. According to a new report by the surgeon general, women with less than a high school education were three times as likely to begin smoking as women who went to college.

109. The discovery that glass can be expanded and shaped by human breath revolutionized glassworking to such an extent that today "glassblowing" has become the generic term for all glassworking, whether the glass is blown or formed by other techniques.

110. First opened in 1892, then rebuilt in 1900, the federal immigration station on Ellis Island processed nearly three quarters of all immigrants entering the United States in the first quarter of the twentieth century.

111. Although Hans Christian Andersen wrote fairy tales that are among the most frequently translated works in literary history, his plays, novels, poems, and travel books, as well as several autobiographies, remain almost unknown outside his native Denmark.

112. Though certain breeds of dog are renowned for their sense of smell, there is often a greater difference in scenting ability between two members of a single breed than between members of different breeds.

113. Thunderclouds form when warm, moist air rises into cooler air above, either because the ground is warmer than usual or because the interaction of two air masses, one warm and one cold, forces warm air to rise.

114. A study on couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring from their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more so than those who retired completely.

115. Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in societies where little salt is consumed, blood pressure typically does not rise with age.

116. India, like Italy and China, has no single dominant cuisine: Indian food comprises many different styles of cooking, each a product of regional influences, from the fiery vegetarian dishes of the south to the Portuguese-influenced Goan cooking of the west, to the more familiar Mogul food of the north.

117. The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and the country will probably have 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.

118. It was only after Katharine Graham became publisher of The Washington Post in 1963 that it moved into the first rank of American newspapers, and it was under her command that the paper won high praise for its unrelenting reporting of the Watergate scandal.

119. In the 1920's, the automobile industry dominated the American economy, with one out of every eight workers employed in an automobile-related job.

120. As would be the case with any star of similar mass, once the Sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core, it will expand into a red giant and eventually eject its outer envelope of gases to become a white dwarf.

121. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.

122. Surveys have shown that up to 40 percent of elderly people who live independently in affluent countries consume insufficient amounts of one or more essential nutrients or have deficient levels of these nutrients in their blood.

123. According to two teams of paleontologists, recent fossil discoveries in Pakistan show that whales, porpoises, and dolphins are more closely related to some of the oldest known even-toed ungulates--a group of hoofed mammals that today includes cows, camels, pigs, and hippos--than to any other mammals.

124. Whereas the use of synthetic fertilizers has greatly expanded agricultural productivity in many parts of the world, an increase in their use can create serious environmental problems such as water pollution, and their substitution for more traditional fertilizers may accelerate soil structure deterioration and soil erosion.

125. The computer company registered a $16 million net loss for the year, largely because it was profitable only overseas, where much of its profit went to pay higher taxes, while it continued to lose money in North America.

126. The agreement, the first to formally require industrialized countries to cut emissions of gases linked to global warming, is a formal protocol under which 38 industrialized countries must reduce emissions of these gases by 2012 or face heavy penalties.

127. After decreasing steadily in the mid-1990's, the percentage of students in the United States who finished high school or earned equivalency diplomas increased in the last three years of the decade, to 86.5 percent in 2000 from 85.9 percent in 1999 and 84.8 percent in 1998.

128. According to a study published in The New England Journal of Medicine, aspirin prevents blood clots just as well as a commonly used and more expensive blood-thinning drug does.

129. In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings.

130. Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time introducing some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants that have gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.

131. The particular design of muscles and bones in the neck and limbs of the turtle allows it to draw in its exposed parts, so that an attacker can find nothing but hard shell to bite.

132. A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.

133. In the past several years, astronomers have detected more than 80 massive planets, most of them at least as large as Jupiter, circling other stars.

134. Among lower-paid workers, union members are less likely than nonunion members to be enrolled in lower-end insurance plans that impose stricter limits on medical services and require doctors to see more patients, spending less time with each.

135. At one time, the majestic American chestnut was so prevalent that it was said a squirrel could jump from tree to tree without once touching the ground between New York State and Georgia.

136. It seems likely that a number of astronomical phenomena, such as the formation of planetary nebulas, are caused by the interaction of two stars orbiting each other at close range.

137. The Swedish warship Vasa, sunk in 1628 and raised in 1961, was preserved in the cold water of Stockholm harbor, where low salinity inhibits the growth of marine borers that in most seas devour every exposed scrap of a sunken ship's wooden hull.

138. According to scientists at the University of Alaska, while the surface temperature of the globe has risen over the last century by about one degree Fahrenheit, the surface temperature in Alaska, Siberia, and northwestern Canada has increased over the last thirty years by about five degrees.

139. Among the surest indications on Earth of sunspot cycles is believed to be the rate at which trees grow, as seen in the rings visible in the cross sections of their trunks.

140. In human hearing, subtle differences in how the two ears hear a given sound help the listener determine the qualities of that sound.

141. The federal rules aimed at protecting human subjects of medical experiments were established to ensure that patients would be warned of potential risks and that an independent panel would evaluate the experiment before it was conducted.

142. According to a 1996 study published in the Journal of Human Resources, Americans of Middle Eastern descent were twice as likely as the average American to be self-employed.

143. Although shipbuilding traditions in Viking-Age Scandinavia were not fundamentally different from those in other parts of Northern Europe, archaeological evidence shows that Viking ships were lighter, slimmer, faster, and thus probably more seaworthy than the heavier vessels used by the English at that time.

144. In order to protect English manufacturers of woolen goods against both American and Irish competition, England passed the Woolens Act of 1698, which prohibited the export of woolen cloth beyond a colony's borders.

145. Any increase in the temperature of a gas is accompanied either by an increase in pressure if the gas is enclosed in a container or by an increase in volume if the gas is able to expand.

146. Often billed as "The Genius," American pianist, singer, composer, and bandleader Ray Charles is credited with the early development of soul music, a genre based on a melding of gospel, rhythm and blues, and jazz.

147. By pressing a tiny amount of nitrogen between two diamonds to a pressure of 25 million pounds per square inch, scientists were able not only to transform the gas into a solid but to create a semiconductor similar to silicon.

148. In contrast to some fish, whose eggs require months to incubate, the Rio Grande silvery minnow produces eggs that hatch in about 24 hours, yielding larvae that can swim in just three to four days.

149. Until Berta and Ernst Scharrer established the concept of neurosecretion in 1928, scientists believed that cells either secreted hormones, in which case they were endocrine cells and thus part of the endocrine system, or conducted electrical impulses, in which case they were nerve cells and thus part of the nervous system.

150. The computer company has announced that it will purchase the color-printing division of a rival company for $950 million as part of a deal that will make it the largest manufacturer in the office color-printing market.

151. Like the thorny ballooning of a frightened pufferfish or the sudden appearance of angry sapphire hoops for which the blue-ringed octopus is named, the California newt's display of its red underbelly is a clear warning that predators ignore at their peril.

152. Recent research indicates that two popular arthritis drugs may not be as safe as they were initially believed to be.

153. A recent United States Census Bureau report shows that there are more than three times as many households where the children and grandchildren are living in their grandparents' home as there are households where the grandparents are living in their children's or grandchildren's home.

154. Some patients who do not respond to therapies for depression may simply have received inadequate treatment, having, for example, been prescribed a drug at a dosage too low to be effective or having been taken off a drug too soon.

155. A different variety of giant tortoise can be found on every island in the Galapagos, each with its own style of oversized dome and comically scrawny neck.

156. Just as English and Italian have elaborate rules for forming words and sentences, so sign languages have rules for individual signs and signed sentences.

157. Joachim Raff and Giacomo Meyerbeer are examples of the kind of composer who receives popular acclaim while living, but whose reputation declines after death and never regains its status again.

158. The largest trade-book publisher in the United States has announced the creation of a new digital imprint division, under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase.

159. As the chair of the planning board for 18 consecutive years and a board member for 28 years, Joan Philkill attended more than 400 meetings and reviewed more than 700 rezoning applications.

160. As an educator, a builder of institutions and organizations, and a major figure in the Black church and secular feminist movements, Nannie Helen Burroughs was one of the best-known and most well-respected African Americans of the early twentieth century.

161. Unlike the other major planets, Pluto has a highly eccentric orbit and is thus closer to the Sun than Neptune is for 20 years out of every 230-year cycle, even though it is commonly described as the remotest planet in the solar system.

162. The government predicts that, for consumers and businesses that make a large number of long-distance calls, the Federal Communications Commission's recent telephone rate cuts will greatly reduce costs, though some consumer groups disagree with the government's estimates, suggesting they are too optimistic.

163. The British sociologist and activist Barbara Wootton once noted as a humorous example of income maldistribution that the elephant that gave rides to children at the Whipsnade Zoo was earning annually exactly what she then earned as director of adult education for London.

164. One automobile manufacturer has announced plans to increase the average fuel efficiency of its sport utility vehicles by 25 percent over the next five years, an increase that would amount to roughly five miles per gallon and would represent the first significant change in the fuel efficiency of any class of passenger vehicle in almost two decades.

165. Researchers have determined that, because of poaching and increased cultivation in their native habitats, there are fewer than 100 Arabian leopards left in the wild, and that these leopards are thus many times more rare than China's giant pandas.

166. The population of Japan is shrinking faster than that of any other nation and is projected to decline by 17 percent during the next half century.

167. It is possible that, like the Volkswagen, whose unchanging exterior over decades concealed many changes in its internal machinery, many prehistoric microbes evolved without significant modification of their sheaths.

168. An international team of astronomers working at telescopes in the Canary Islands and Spain has detected at least 18 huge gas spheres estimated to have 5 to 15 times the mass of Jupiter, the solar system's largest planet.

169. Part of the proposed increase in state education spending is due to higher enrollment: the number of students in public schools has grown steadily since the mid-1980's and, at nearly 47 million, has reached a record high.

170. Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families and the relative merits of competition and cooperation.

171. One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill as in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.

172. Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.

173. The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

174. Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.

175. Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale as conventional reservoirs.

176. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had been the most admired painter in Italy.

177. In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practice.

178. Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting adult sea turtles.

179. Unlike the independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.

180. Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensive.

181. The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.

182. The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.

183. Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividends.

184. Japan's abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, have made it possible to raise a variety of crops.

185. Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by pushing them lower.

186. Laos has a land area comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.

187. United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic party during his first term, including assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.

188. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

189. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been in her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.

190. The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.

191. The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of not paying back their loans on time, a group, collectively known as the subprime lending market.

192. In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, whose thesis was simple: consumers have the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.

193. New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—workers needed to produce a ton of steel.

194. Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, the yellow jacket’s stinger is comparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and used again.

195. (GWD-7-Q13) Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.

196. (T-9-Q26) There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them in the wall in mud mortar.

197. (GWD-8-Q20) The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.

198. (GWD-1-Q23) Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burn down individual trees but do not denude the forest.

199. (GWD5-Q4) The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have direct contact with the latter by means of an ichana (dream) experience.

200. (T-3-Q14) A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tends not to bother recovering a perishable treat stored long enough to have rotted.

201. (GWD30-Q4) The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received the unqualified support of labor.

202. (GWD-27-Q7) Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice that emitted annually by all motor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.

203. (T-4-Q29) In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

204. (T-9-Q16) The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.

205. (T-9-Q15) The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.

206. (GWD-21-Q29) While studying the genetic makeup of corn, Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.

207. (T-4-Q30) Unlike the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.

208. (GWD-11-40) Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.

209. (T-3-Q7) In Scotland, the wild salmon’s numbers have been reduced by uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting, by pollution, and by various other threats to the fish’s habitat.

210. (GWD-1-Q2) By merging its two publishing divisions, the company will increase to 10 percent from 6 percent its share of the country's $21 billion book market, which ranges from obscure textbooks to mass-market paperbacks.

211. (GWD-8-Q39) Whereas in mammals the tiny tubes that convey nutrients to bone cells are arrayed in parallel lines, in birds the tubes form a random pattern.

212. (GWD-10-Q1) According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing in socioeconomically deprived areas.

213. (GWD-3-Q34) Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike those in department stores, do very little impulse shopping; someone who comes in for a basketball will leave with a basketball only and not buy a pair of skis and a boomerang as well.

214. (T-9-Q31) Scholars who once thought Native American literatures were solely oral narratives recorded by missionaries or anthropologists now understand this body of work to consist of both oral literatures and the written works of Native American authors, who have been publishing since 1772.

215. (GWD-3-Q3) A study by the Ocean Wildlife Campaign urged states to undertake a number of remedies to reverse a decline in the shark population, including establishing size limits for shark catches, closing state waters for shark fishing during pupping season, and requiring commercial fishers to have federal shark permits.

216. (T-3-Q39. 天山-7-39) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it to energy-rich sugars.

217. (T-3-Q17. 天山-7-14) Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded.

218. (GWD7-Q4) Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—fewer than have been killed by bee stings.

219. (GWD-12-Q20) Approved April 24, 1800, the act of Congress that made provision for the removal of the government of the United States to the new federal city, Washington, D.C., also established the Library of Congress.

220. (GWD-24-8) The results of the company's cost-cutting measures are evident in its profits, which have increased five percent during the first three months of this year after falling over the last two years.

221. (GWD-12-Q34) In an attempt to guarantee the security of its innovative water purification method, the company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement prohibiting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company using an analogous purification process.

222. (GWD-1-Q34) Although people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the death rates from heart disease are far lower in France.

223. (GWD-23-Q23) After several years of rapid growth, the health care company became one of the largest health care providers in the metropolitan area, but then proved unable to handle the increase in business, falling months behind in paying doctors and hospitals.

224. (GWD-12-Q13) Although energy prices have tripled in the United States over the last two years, research indicates that few people have significantly reduced the amount of driving they do or made fuel efficiency a priority when shopping for cars.

225. (GWD-1-Q24) By sucking sap from the young twigs of the hemlock tree, the woolly adelgid retards tree growth, causing needles to change color from deep green to grayish green and to drop prematurely.

226. (GWD-3-Q1) The four-million-year-old fossilized skeleton known as Lucy is so small compared with many other skeletons presumed to be of the same species that some paleontologists have argued that Lucy represents a different lineage.

227. (GWD-3-Q41) In ancient Thailand, much of the local artisans' creative energy was expended on the creation of Buddha images and on construction and decoration of the temples in which they were enshrined.

228. (GWD-8-Q2) Jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk produced a body of work that was rooted in the stride-piano tradition of Willie (The Lion) Smith and Duke Ellington, yet in many ways he stood apart from the mainstream jazz repertory.

229. (T-9-Q34) Just as an archaeologist needs a background in art history to evaluate finds of ancient art, so a nautical archaeologist needs specialized knowledge of the history and theory of ship design in order to understand shipwrecks.

230. (T-4-Q4) A novelist who turned away from literary realism to write romantic stories about the peasant life and landscape of northern Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf became in 1909 the first woman and also the first Swedish writer to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.

231. (T-9-Q38) The globalization of financial-services companies has been a boon to money launderers, because it allows money placed in a bank in a less regulated jurisdiction to be transferred to a branch in a more regulated one.

232. (TTGWD4-Q1)The Acoma and Hopi are probably the two oldest surviving Pueblo communities, both dating back at least a thousand years.

233. (GWD-12-Q32) Prospecting for gold during the California gold rush was a relatively easy task, since erosion, prehistoric glacier movement, and ancient, gold-bearing riverbeds thrust to the surface by volcanic activity put gold literally within reach of anybody with a pan or shovel.

234. (GWD-24-36) The Industrial Revolution, which made possible the mass production of manufactured goods, was marked by the use of new machines, new energy sources, and new basic materials.

235. (GWD-9-Q1) A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer's Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by a Black American—the others being Richard Wright's Native Son and Ralph Ellison's Invisible Man.

236. (GWD-1-Q8) The 32 species that make up the dolphin family are closely related to whales and in fact include the animal known as the killer whale, which can grow to be 30 feet long and is famous for its aggressive hunting pods.

237. (GWD-8-Q16: GWD-13-15) Concerns about public health led to the construction between 1876 and 1904 of three separate sewer systems to serve metropolitan Boston.

238. (GWD-4-4) A new hair-growth drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, that the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient.

239. (GWD-12-Q3) Were it not for the fusion-powered heat and radiation that rush from its core, a star would collapse under its own weight.

240. (GWD-12-Q30) According to public health officials, in 1998 Massachusetts became the first state in which more babies were born to women over the age of thirty than under it.

241. (GWD-9-Q39) Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany.

242. (GWD-1-Q38) Retail sales rose 8/10 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

243. (GWD-10-Q8) Sulfur dioxide, a major contributor to acid rain, is an especially serious pollutant because it diminishes the respiratory system's ability to deal with all other pollutants.

244. (GWD-10-Q39) A government advisory committee in Japan called for the breakup of Nippon Telephone and Telegraph Company, the world's largest telephone company, into two local phone companies and one long-distance provider.

245. (GWD-18-Q11) In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910–1911.

246. (GWD-9-Q27) Scientists have identified an asteroid, 2000 BF19, that is about half a mile wide and that, if it were to strike Earth, could do tremendous damage to part of the planet but would probably not cause planetwide destruction.

247. (GWD-3-Q39) Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride.

248. (GWD-9-Q32) The United States minted about 857 million silver-colored “Susan B. Anthony” dollars between 1979 and 1981, but the coin proved unpopular because it looked and felt too much like a quarter.

249. (GWD-10-Q36:GWD-11-19) In Hungary, as in much of Eastern Europe, an overwhelming proportion of women work, many of them in middle management and light industry.

250. (GWD30-Q29) Researchers agreed that the study of new treatments for heart attack patients was extremely important but that more research was needed to determine whether balloon angioplasty preceded by ultrasound is any better for heart attack patients than the balloon procedure by itself.

251. (GWD-1-Q29) Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted.

252. (GWD7-Q1) Although producer prices rose at an unexpectedly steep rate in September, analysts said that the increase resulted mostly from temporary factors and did not necessarily foreshadow a resurgence of inflation.

253. (GWD 4-Q13) A leading figure in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what Marx's Das Kapital is to socialism.

254. (GWD-29-Q36) Section 301 of the 1988 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act enables the United States Trade Representative to single out a country as an unfair trader, begin trade negotiations with that country, and, if the negotiations do not conclude to the United States government's satisfaction, impose sanctions.

255. (GWD-12-Q19) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear.

256. (T-4-Q1 TS-7-41) Scientists have dated sharp-edged flakes of stone found in the fine-grained sediments of a dry riverbed in the Afar region of Ethiopia to between 2.52 and 2.60 million years ago, pushing back by more than 150,000 years the earliest date at which humans are known to have made stone tools.

257. (GWD6-Q30) Though subject to the same wild-animal control efforts that killed off almost all the wolves in North America over the past century, the coyote, because of its amazing ability to adapt to the presence of humans, has been able to expand its range into Alaska and Central America.

258. (GWD-9-Q2) In an attempt to produce premium oysters, a firm in Scotland has developed a prototype of a submersible oyster farm that sits below the surface of the ocean and provides ideal conditions for the mollusks' growth.