...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...1. What did Richard Stallman mean when he stated that GNU was a free operating system? Richard Stallman meant that his intention was that nobody would have to pay for “permission” to use the GNU system. He learned to distinguish carefully between “free” in the sense of freedom and “free” in the sense of price. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. 2. Describe the relationship between Linux and the GNU Project. Linux is the kernel: the program in the system that allocates the machine's resources to the other programs that you run. The kernel is an essential part of an operating system, but useless by itself; it can only function in the context of a complete operating system. Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system: the whole system is basically GNU with Linux added, or GNU/Linux. All the so-called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of GNU/Linux. 3. List and describe in detail four advantages of Linux. Applications – Linux is both free and commercial as well as a wide variety of tools: graphical, word processing, networking, security administration, Web server and many others. Flexibility - Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can save disk space by only installing the components needed for a particular use. You can restrict the use of specific computers by installing for example only selected office applications instead...
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...1. What did Richard Stallman mean when he stated that GNU was a free operating system? Nobody would have to pay for permission. Free software is software that users have the freedom to distribute and change. 2. Describe the relationship between Linux and the GNU project. There is really no direct relationship between them. The GNU programs are open source and have been adapted to work using the Linux kernel as well. Linux is normally used in combination with the GNU operating system. The whole system is basically GNU with Linux added. All the so-called “Linux” distributions are really distributions of GNU/Linux. 3. List and describe in detail four advantages of Linux. Stability-Linux has an edge over Windows. In case Linux crashes, the kernel and other processes are usually not harmed. Free software-Most of the Linux software is free of cost. Runs on old hardware-Linux can be ran on older and slower machines. Security-Linux has the advantages of the code being in public domain. This can act like a double-edged sword while you can look at the code and developers can rapidly fix the holes hackers can find bad code. 4. List three examples of different hardware platforms on which Linux has been ported. It can be ported on x86, Alpha, and PowerPC. 5. What are the minimum system requirements for Fedora 15 with the GUI installed? Xen 3.46 6. What is the primary file system type used by Fedora 15 Linux? Ext4 7. What is LVM? What advantages does LVM have over traditional...
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...1. What did Richard Stallman mean when he stated that GNU was a free operating system? A. Richard Stallman meant nobody should have to pay to use software. 2. Describe the relationship between Linux and the GNU Project? A. They are the same operating system. 3. List and describe in detail four advantages of Linux? A. Stability: Linux doesn’t need to be rebooted periodically to maintain performance levels. It doesn’t freeze up or slow down over time due to memory leaks. Performance: Linux provides persistent high performance on workstations and on networks. It can handle unusually large numbers of users simultaneously, and can make old computers sufficiently responsive to be useful again. Low-Cost: You don’t need to spend time and money to obtain licenses since Linux and much of its software come with the GNU. There are also large repositories from which you can freely download high quality software for almost any task you can think of. Flexibility: Linux can be used for high performance server applications, desktop applications, and embedded systems. You can save disk space by only installing the components needed for a particular use. 4. List three examples of different hardware platforms onto which Linux has been ported. A. Linux has been ported on x86, Alpha, and PowerPC 5. What is the minimum system requirements for Fedora 15 with the GUI installed? A. Xen 3.46 6. What is the primary file system type used by Fedora 15...
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...Chapter 1 Exercise 1 Free software is software which is not charged for; as such you can share it with whoever you want, as many times as you want. You can also install it on as many of your home computers as you wish. Chapter 1 Exercise 4 GNU a group dedicated to creating an operating system compatible with the Unix software system. Linux is based off the original Unix operating software. Unix provided the kernel, while Linux provided the interface that people used in place of another operating system like windows or apples own software. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel, and Richard Stallman created the GNU Project Chapter 2 Exercise 1 Depending on the installation being done, Fedora/RHEL either overwrites all the files on the hard drive, or updates the software that has new versions Chapter 3 Exercise 1 A live system is where you have a linux running on top of another operating system like windows. The advantages are that none of the changes you make are kept, as it doesn’t write to the hard drive Chapter 3 Exercise 4 I honestly could not find the answer to this question Chapter 3 Exercise 8 Disk Druid is a GUI program that allows users to add, delete or modify partitions on a hard disk Chapter 11 Exercise 1 Single user mode is where only the system console is enabled, you can run programs from the console, so long as they are not graphical programs (Text only). Multi user Mode is where you have a graphical interface to use. Chapter 11 Exercise 3 SU...
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...Page 20-21 1. What is free software? List three characteristics of free software. Free software is a matter of the users’ freedom to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software. Three characteristics are: Freedom to run the program for any purpose, freedom to redistribute copies, and freedom to improve the program and release your improvements to the public. 4. What is the Free Software Foundation/GNU? What is Linux? Which parts of the Linux operating system did each provide? Who else has helped build and refine this operating system? GNU is a project for creating an operating system, both kernel and system programs. Linux is a free kernel that was written in 1991. Linus Torvalds contributed the kernel while the GNU project contributed the system programs. It was built and refined by like-minded programmers all over the world. Page 50 1. Briefly, what does the process of installing an operating system such as Fedora/RHEL involve? It involves copying the operating system files from the installation media to the hard disk(s) on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Page 86 1. What is a live system? What advantages does it have over an installed system? A live system is when you run Linux from a CD/DVD instead of installing it on the computer. The advantage is you can test out Linux without disturbing your current operating system. 4. Where on the disk should you put your /boot partition or the root (/) partition...
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...1. Richard Stallman said that free software is software that users hat the freedom to distribute and change. “Free software” is a matter of liberty not price. He stated to understand the concept think of “free” as in “free speech” not as in “free beer”. To understand thislogic think of it as you receive a beer but you don’t know what ingredients go into that beer to make up a glass. But if you were to make the beer yourself you know what ingredients are going intothat beer. 2. The relationship between GNU and linux is that the GNU project for creating an operating system , both kernel and system programs. Today GNU runs on top of the FreeBSD and NetBSD. 3. 1. Its free or little to no cost to users. 2. There is a wide selection of applications as well as a wide variety of tools.4. the amount of software that is available not just source sod but also pre-built binaries that are easy to install and reday to run. 4. 3 different hardware platforms that has been ported onto are power-PC apple computers (ppclinux), Compaq’s (nee digital equipment corporation) alpha based machines, also its not just for single processor machines as of verison2.0, it runs on multiple processor mahines. 5. Windows X was developed in part by reasearchers at MIT and provides the foundation for the GUI’s available with Linux. 6. The window manager is what allows heavy customization. 7. Miinimum system requirements for 32-bit fedora 8 w GUI installed is 192-256 megabytes for graphical systems...
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...A computer programmer named Richard Stallman started the Free Software Movement in the mid 1980’s; Stallman was an avid participant and part of the underground computer hacking and programming culture at MIT during the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. When the hacker culture began to break up and move on to building software for the first personal computers many people who once worked together so closely began to hide the source code they were writing and started to copyright and put exclusive licenses and usage agreements in an effort to limit the copying, altering, and redistribution of the software. To combat this growing trend and Stallman started the GNU Project, which was a collection of free software that could be modified and changed to the users preferences and needs. Stallman’s initial goal was to “Put together a sufficient body of free software so that it will be able to “get along” software that is free. “ Currently the majority of software that is released into the consumer market is considered proprietary software, this means that the coding that runs the software is copywrighiten and cannot be changed, studied, or redistributed in any form. The main stand that Stallman and the Free Software Movement (FSM) take against this concept is they believe that once the software is purchased the end user should be able to change and modify the software as they wish, similar to the way in which after purchasing a car you are able to modify the car as you wish albeit possible...
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... The whole general idea of FOSS arose in the 1980’s through one Richard Stallman who was the founder and creator of the GNU project which later went on to become the Free Software Foundation. FOSS philosophy simply states that it is the right of every user to use, modify, and distribute computer software for any purpose. The right to use, distribute, modify and redistribute derivative versions, the so called "four freedoms," are based in and representative of an extreme form of anti-discrimination resistant to categorization into the typical “left, center and right” political schema. This element of nondiscrimination, coupled with the broad nature of FOSS's philosophical foundation, enables the easy adoption of FOSS technologies. FOSS's broadly defined freedom acts as an important starting point and one conceptual hinge useful in understanding the wide circulation of FOSS as a set of technologies, signs, methodologies and philosophies. An analysis of the way in which this philosophical and legal form is animated and redirected in particular ways through the use of FOSS technologies and licensing schemes. It is to three contrasting examples of such transmutations that we now turn to. Hiring a cadre of FOSS developers to work in-house on FOSS software, IBM launched the first nationwide advertising campaign promoting the FOSS operating system GNU/Linux. In their first campaign, they highlighted the ideas of openness and freedom in ways that, unsurprisingly,...
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...NT1430 6/27/13 Unit 1 Exercises Assignment 1 Unit 1: 1. Free software is something that is free from the hands of the people you get it from and from this you can change it and modify it to what fits your needs. a. One characteristic of a free software is that the code must go along with the program. b. Users are encouraged to modify the code to make it better and share it with others. c. And lastly you can’t stop or restrict people from sharing this free software. 4. The Free Software Foundation/GNU was a project that was started by Richard Stallman who believed that giving the resources for free software was the way of the future. He also wrote the GNU kernel and system. Linux was developed by Linus Torvalds and was first introduced in September of 1991. Thousands of people world wide have helped make Linux/GNU what it is today. Unit 2: 1. Installing Fedora/RHEL is when you copy the operating system from a CD/DVD and you set up the files so that it works properly on Linux. Unit 3: 1. A live system gives the user the chance to view Fedora without actually installing it. 4. You put /boot at the beginning of the first partition so that Linux has no issue from booting on the drive. 8. You have to set the runlevel to 3, which is text based, and then you can log in and change it to startx. Unit 11: 1. If you log into the system in single-mode you can only sign in at a designated console and some filesystems may not be loaded. However...
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...BASH SHELL Bash is a Unix shell written by Brian Fox for the GNU Project as a free software replacement for the Bourne shell .Released in 1989, it has been distributed widely as the shell for the GNU operating system and as a default shell on Linux and Mac OS X. It has been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW, to DOS by the DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare and to Android via various terminal emulation applications. Bash is a command processor, typically run in a text window, allowing the user to type commands which cause actions. Bash can also read commands from a file, called a script. Like all Unix shells, it supports filename wildcarding, piping, here documents, command substitution, variables and control structures for condition testing and iteration. The keywords, syntax and other basic features of the language were all copied from sh. Other features, e.g., history, were copied from csh and ksh. Bash is a POSIX shell but with a number of extensions. The name itself is an acronym, a pun, and a description. As an acronym, it stands for Bourne-again shell, referring to its objective as a free replacement for the Bourne shell. As a pun, it expressed that objective in a phrase that sounds similar to born again, a term for spiritual rebirth. The name is also descriptive of what it did, bashing together the features of sh, csh, and ksh. Early computers had a teletype machine with a keyboard for I/O. Later, glass terminals became the norm,...
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...users. a. Linux is an operating system. It is the software on a computer that enables applications and the computer operator to access the devices on the computer to perform desired functions. The operating system (OS) relays instructions from an application to, for instance, the computer's processor. The processor performs the instructed task, and then sends the results back to the application via the operating system. 3. The GNU Hurd is not suitable for production use. The capability-based design has problems that result directly from the flexibility of the design, and it is not clear whether solutions exist. Fortunately, another kernel was available. In 1991, Linus Torvalds developed a Unix-compatible kernel and called it Linux. In 1992, he made Linux free software; combining Linux with the not-quite-complete GNU system resulted in a complete free operating system. It is due to Linux that we can actually run a version of the GNU system today. This system version is called GNU/Linux, to express its composition as a combination of the GNU system with Linux as the kernel. Chapter 2 1. Installing Fedora/RHEL is the process of copying operating system files from a CD, DVD, or USB flash drive to hard disk(s) on a system and setting up configuration files so Linux runs properly on the hardware. Several types...
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...Pelaez | IT250 | Linux Operating System: Assignment 1.1 | 3/30/2013 | 1) In the free software world, there are several uses of the word "free." The two main ones are "free as in speech" and "free as in beer." Free as in speech means you are relatively unfettered in what you can do with the software. You can modify it, use it for whatever you want, and give it to others (or even sell it). Free as in beer means that you can obtain it for no monetary cost. Richard Stallman originally envisioned GNU to be free as in speech. At the time he started the project (in 1983), internet access was slow and expensive, high-capacity storage devices weren't readily available, and very few people had a personal computer. It would have been infeasible to offer GNU on a gratis basis. Stallman actually used to charge $150 for a tape with the GNU software on it, plus $15 for a manual. 2) The GNU project develops programs and utilities for an as yet rudimentary operating system known as "GNU." Since the programs are open-source, they have been adapted to work using the Linux kernel as well. Other than using its programs, there is no direct relationship. 3) Advantage #1 – Stability: If you have used other operating systems, once you have made the switch to Linux, you will notice that Linux has an edge over Windows here. I can remember rebooting Windows many times over the years, because an application crashed, and I could not continue working. Linux can crash also, but it is much harder...
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...the GNU project. To start, I will explain who developed the GNU project, and what it is. Next, I will tell you why it was necessary. Lastly, you will hear what revisions have been made to GNU and why. GNU According to Stallings (2012), in 1983 Richard Stallman started a development project; by 1985 he published the GNU Manifesto. GNU is an acronym for GNU’s Not Unix. The GNU project is a free software set of packages and tools for developing a UNIX-like operating system. He also formed the Free Software Foundation (FSF). His goal was to encourage the free exchange of software source code and the free use of that software. Instead of copyrighting software, the FSF “copylifts” the software, this makes sharing and improvement possible among programmers. The GNU General Public License (GPL) allows copylefting and is a common license for releasing free software. The GPL requires that the source code be distributed with any binaries and that any changes made to the source code be released under the same GPL license. FSF’s goal is stable, platform-independent software that is free, high quality, and embraced by the user community. FSF’s GNU project provides tools for software developers, and the GNU Public License is the FSF seal of approval. The GNU project produced many UNIX-compatible tools, including compilers, editors, and utilities. Purpose for GNU According to Stallings (2012), Stallman's goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project. This...
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...1. . What did Richard Stallman mean when he stated that GNU was a free operating system? His intentions were that nobody would ever have to pay for the liscencs / permissions to use the GNU. 2. Describe the relationship between Linux and the GNU Project. Linux and Gnu are used together basicly most systems would be GNU + Linux combinded , Linux is a kernel where GNU is the whole. 3. List and describe in detail four advantages of Linux The Performance of linux is alot stronger where you can do alot more seeing as how it is open source. Linux is Free. Linux also offers you a bunch of free tools from networking stuff, Security, Graphical much more. Also runs on older hardware 4. . List three examples of different hardware platforms on which Linux has been ported. A feware Alpha, Apple Pcs , Compaqs 5.What are the minimum system requirements for Fedora 15 with the GUI installed? Fedora 15 This is basicly for CPUs such as AMD, Cyrix and VIA compatible with equivalent or the following intel processors Recommended for text-mode: 200 MHz Pentium Pro or better Recommended for graphical: 400 MHz Pentium Pro or better Minimum RAM for text-mode: 256 MiB Minimum RAM for graphical: 640 MiB Recommended RAM for graphical: 1152 MiB Processors and memory requirements for the x86_64 architectures Minimum RAM for text-mode: 256 MiB Minimum RAM for graphical: 640 MiB Recommended RAM for graphical: 1152 MiB Can use up to a little more then 9GB of disk space 6...
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