...Acceleration Due to Gravity Introduction In this lab you will measure the acceleration due to gravity near the earth’s surface with two experiments: first, by determining the time for a steel ball to fall a known vertical distance (free fall), and then second, by measuring the velocity of a cart at various points as it glides down a slightly inclined and nearly frictionless air track (slow fall). Equipment Part 1: Free-Fall • Free-fall apparatus (steel plate, drop mechanism) • Electronic Timer • Steel Ball Part 2: Slow-Fall • Air Track • Electronic Timer (may be different brand/model than in Part 1) • Gliding Car • Laser Photogate Background: Free Fall Acceleration Under the constant acceleration of gravity near the Earth’s surface, g, the vertical position, y, of a falling object is related to the time it has fallen by 1 y = y 0 + v 0 t " gt 2 2 where y0 and v0 are the initial position and velocity, respectively. The distance fallen after a time, t, has elapsed is: ! 1 y 0 " y = gt 2 " v 0 t 2 If you release the object from rest, v0 = 0, the equation simplifies to ! y0 " y = 1 2 gt 2 By varying the distance the ball drops and measuring the corresponding transit times, we can determine the acceleration of gravity from a best fit line to a linear graph of the experimental data. ! ! Procedure: Free-Fall Acceleration A diagram of the experimental apparatus is shown in Figure 1. When the ball loses contact with the release mechanism, the timer starts counting. It stops...
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...NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE GRAVITY EQUATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE: AN EXPLANATION Thomas Chaney Working Paper 19285 http://www.nber.org/papers/w19285 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 August 2013 I want to thank Fernando Alvarez, Michal Fabinger, Xavier Gabaix, Sam Kortum, Bob Lucas, Jim Tybout, Jon Vogel and seminar participants in Berkeley, Bilkent, Bocconi, Boston University, Chicago, Erasmus, Hitotsubashi, LBS, Louvain-CORE, LSE, the NY Fed, Oxford, Princeton, Rochester, Sciences Po, Toulouse, UBC Vancouver, Yale and Zurich for helpful discussions, and NSF grant SES-1061622 for financial support. I am indebted to Jong Hyun Chung, Stefano Mosso and Adriaan Ten Kate for their research assistance. During the last year, I have received compensation for teaching activities from the Toulouse School of Economics, as well a research grant from the National Science Foundation (SES-1061622), in excess of $10,000. The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peerreviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2013 by Thomas Chaney. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit...
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...Acceleration Due to Gravity Tushar Agarwal 17st November 2014 Aim-In this experiment I will be calculating the value of gravity by the drop of the ball. I will be measuring the distance and finding out the time . Distance will be changed however the size of the ball and the type of the ball will remain constant , The time will be then give me the value of gravity by the suvat equation ,where acceleration will be the subject . Background Knowledge.For an object to move, a force that is greater than its opposite force needs to act upon an object. Force =Mxa where in this case at least acceleration is due tp gravity . Every falling object accelerates at a constant rate and this happens simply due to the force of gravity ,so mathematically the distance “s” that the object is travelling is half the acceleration times of time squared additional to the initial speed and time . Now , We are going to make a the subject of the equation .After making a the subject of the equation we find out that the acceleration due to gravity is twice the distance of Time Squared will equal to acceleration due to gravity . The answer should be somewhere close to 9.81m/s-2 Time (m/s) Distance(m) The graph above shows the relationship between the two variables .In this experiment distance is the independent variable and Dependent variable is time . As Distance increases time will...
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...Geometric Gravity George Gabriel Geometric Gravity Science, the never ending pursuit of answers, it has solved many questions thought unsolvable. It has made the impossible possible time and time again. Yet one question has stood the test of time and to this day remains unanswered. How to unite gravity with the unified field theory or UFT. But to answer that question other questions must first be asked such as, what makes gravity? Scientifically what makes gravity is unknown, gravity is just this mysterious force that exerts itself on universal and atomic scales. We understand what it does but we don’t understand what makes it happen. Throughout my studies I have come across a consistent that I believe needs to be examined and that is, not only a correlation between the geometric patterns found in multi-year planetary orbits and those found when studying Cymatics but also the correlation of those to the orbital patterns of electrons around their nucleus on the atomic level. You may be asking yourself what exactly is Cymatics, or even perhaps what is this lunatic talking about? To begin to answer these questions I will describe Cymatics first. Cymatics is the study of visible sound and vibration, a subset of modal phenomena. Typically the surface of a plate, diaphragm, or membrane is vibrated, and regions of maximum and minimum displacement are made visible in a thin coating of particles, paste, or liquid. Different patterns emerge in the exitatory medium depending on...
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...Reflection Journal: Module 3 & 4 1. Gravity- The force that attracts everything to the center of the earth. 2. Inertia- To remain unchanged 3. Potential Energy- Energy that is stored up 4. Kinetic Energy- Energy being released 5. Friction- The resistance on a surface or object when moving over another 6. Traction- Dragging or pulling something over a surface 7. Centrifugal Force- A force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body’s inertia 8. Centripetal Force- A force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed toward the center around which the body is moving 9. Deceleration- A decrease in rate of change 10. Force of Impact- The force in which one thing hits another or in which two objects collide 1. A- Broken yellow lines mean you are allowed to pass but with caution B- Broken yellow lines indicate that traffic is moving in the opposite direction C- White lines indicate that the traffic flow is going in the same direction and you are eligible to pass one another with caution 2. A- A stop sign it is a red octagonal shape that means you stop. B- A handicap sign is a blue rectangular shape with a person in a wheelchair in white on it, which means you can only go there if you are disabled. C- Recreational signs are usually found in parks for example a brown square with a white figure swimming means that you are allowed to swim there. D- A red and white upside down triangle...
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...Lucius Gardner Mrs. Henry AP Physics 16 February 2016 Gravity Research Project Over the past several hundred years there have been many great scientists that have come up with significant ideas and theories in the scientific field of gravitational research. These scientists include but are not limited to Aristotle, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Einstein! Each one of these scientist have come along after another, using each other’s ideas to further expand the human species’ knowledge on gravity and how it works. They have each left a unique mark on the scientific community. The Greek philosopher Aristotle was the first of his kind, coming up with the first theory about gravity even existing around the 4th century BC. Aristotle’s belief was that there is no effect or motion in the universe without a cause for it. He believed that heavy bodies moved downward toward the center of our universe, while light bodies moved toward the Moon. A heavy body would be something like the element of earth, not the Earth. While a light body would be something like the element of fire. Aristotle also believed that objects of different weights fall at different speeds. This gave the belief that heavier objects should fall at faster speeds than lighter objects. The next scientist to have a voice on the theory of gravity is the Italian scientist Galileo Galilei. Galileo showed that Aristotle’s assumption that the speed of falling bodies is determined by their weight is outright wrong. He said...
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...Ball Bearing Drop Lab Bijay Gurung Nathan Wells September 21, 2014 Physics 2425 Purpose: The purpose of this lab is to calculate the gravity constant. Procedure: The materials needed for this experiments are standard mechanism which includes the time calculator, bearing, and a ruler. Student has to measure the distance of mechanism. Further we have to setup the mechanism by placing the bearing ball in the holding mechanism a distance h above the impact sensor. Once the bearing ball is released, an electronic timer will begin and finally halt once the steel ball has hit the impact plate. One student in a group records the time and repeats the trial for fifteen times. The free fall time, t, can then be used along with the distance h to calculate the acceleration of gravity. Theory: After obtaining the data, we have to convert the distance from cm to m. 1 cm=0.01m. The total height from where the bearing was drop is 173.7 cm=1.737m. We can find the acceleration due to gravity or g value by using the formula, g=2h/t^2, where ‘g’ is the acceleration due to gravity, ‘h’ is the height where bearing was drop from, & ‘t’ is time taken by bearing to hit the floor. For example, for the first trial we have the height of 1.737m, and time it takes was 0.5924s. We can calculate the ‘g’ value by, g=2h/t^2 g=2*1.737m/(0.5924s)^2=9.899 m/s^2 We can also use graphic calculator to find the time. In order to find the “g” by using graphic calculator, we have to list...
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...1. Introduction Free falling objects are very common around us. Everyone knows , at a same certain height, a stone will fall faster than a leave. There is a common asumption that the phenomenon is due to the gravity force applied on the stone is larger than the force applied on the leave. We will consider during this experiment. 2. Necessary Equipment Equipments/ devices | Quantities | Release unit | 1 | Impact switch | 1 | Universal counter | 1 | Support base | 1 | Right angle clamp | 2 | Plate holder | 1 | Cursors | 1 pair | Meter scale, demo, l = 1000 mm | 1 | Support rod, square, l = 1000 mm | 1 | Connecting cord, l = 1000 mm, red | 2 | Connecting cord, l = 1000 mm, blue | 2 | 3. Preparation and Setting Up The set-up is shown in Fig. 1. Activate the “Timer” operating mode on the universal counter by pressing the FUNCTION button as often as necessary for the LED alongside the “Timer” inscription to light up. Select the trigger type: To adjust the pan, use the adjusting screw under the arrest switch. A downward motion of a few tenths of a millimeter should close the stop circuit. The pan is raised by hand after each single measurement (initial position). For the effective determination of the height of fall using the marking on the release mechanism, the radius of the sphere must be taken into account (diameter 3/4 inch, approx. 19 mm). 4. Experiment Procedure * Set the universal counter. * hold the sphere by...
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...Motion of Freely Falling Objects Objectives: * To study the motion of free falling objects * To determine the acceleration due to gravity, g. * To derive quantities from the slope and intercept of graphs * To determine if the motion of a falling object changes by varying its mass Theory: The free fall is a known example or the most common example of a uniformly accelerated movement, with an acceleration a = -9.8m/s2 (vertical axis pointing vertically upward). If you choose the vertical axis pointing vertically downward, the acceleration is taken as + 9.8m/s2. The kinematic equations for a rectilinear movement under the acceleration of gravity are the same as any movement with constant acceleration: (1) v = vi - gt velocity as function of time. (2) y - yi = ½(vi + v)t displacement as function of time (3) y - yi = vit - ½gt2 displacement as function of time (4) v2 = vi2 -2g(x - xi) velocity as function of displacement The sub index i denotes initial quantities, g the gravity acceleration and t, the time. But for this type of motion, the displacement of the object as a function of time is described mathematically as: (5) ∆y=Vot + ½gt2 where Vo is the initial velocity of the object. If object if just drop velocity, Equation (5) becomes (6) ) ∆y=½gt2 Methodology Procedure: * A digital balance was used to measure the masses of the small and big steel balls. ...
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...HIGH JUMP When holding the Olympics on the moon, there are a number of different factors that must be considered. The major one is the fact that the gravity on the moon is one sixth that on Earth. Therefore in the high jump event the results on the moon will be better than the results on Earth. The reasoning behind this is because the acceleration down due to gravity will be less on the moon. On the moon the acceleration is 1.6 m/s2 and the acceleration on the Earth is 9.8 m/s2. A smaller acceleration in the opposing direction of which the jumper is trying to maximize her jump will be beneficial to her results. This is due to the decrease in the pull downwards on the moon compared to the pull downwards on Earth. Since we know the displacement (how high she jumped) on Earth is 2.06 meters, the initial velocity on both the Earth and the moon is 0 m/s2, and the acceleration on Earth is 9.8 m/s2 and on the moon its 1.6 m/s2,, we can determine the velocity on Earth. This value for the velocity will be the same on both the Earth and the moon therefore we have enough information to determine the displacement on the moon. The Olympic record for the women’s high jump on the Earth is 2.06 meters and the Olympic record for the women’s high jump on the moon would be 12.6175 meters. WEIGHTLIFTING When the Olympics are held on the moon and the weightlifting event takes place, the results on the moon will be better than the results on the Earth. This is due to the fact that even though...
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...Objective The first objective of this lab was to determine if the coarse aggregate meets ASTM C33 standards for coarse aggregates. Also this lab was used to determine the specific gravities of the coarse aggregate. Lastly, this lab helped to determine if this coarse aggregate could be used to make a good gravel driveway. Apparatus and Materials 1. Ohaus Heavy Duty Solution Balance, model 1119, property of Bluefield State College. 2. Common sieves: 1 – ½”, 1”, ¾”, #4, #8, including the pan and lid. 3. Peerless Stove and Mfg. Co. oven, #2324DS (Solitest model L-90), property of Bluefield State College. 4. Common gravel aggregate. 5. Common flask. 6. “Bath Scale”, BSC # 18589. Method Sieve Analysis: This lab exercise determined the size of coarse aggregate as it passed through the given sieves resulting in a percent that passed though, and a percent that was isolated on the sieves. Gravel coarse aggregate was obtained and weighed using the Ohaus HD Solution Balance and approximately 1 kg of the gravel aggregate was measured. Sieves were obtained then stacked according to sieve size, from largest screen openings to finest, with the pan on the bottom. The 1kg of coarse aggregate was then poured over the top sieve and the lid was placed on top. The stack of sieves was then shaken by hand to sift the aggregate over the layers of sieves. The lid was removed and the coarse aggregate on each sieve was weighed and the weight was recorded...
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...Cover page: Unit 2 Lab 2.1.1 States of Matter . Survey of the Sciences Week 2 Assignment 2 – Lab 2.1.1 – States of Matter Date of assignment: 12/18/2013 Date turned in: 01/15/2014 Liquid at over 650K | Liquid under 650K | The molecules appear to be faster and more spread apart | Molecules are even faster, mostly touching and mostly compact | Gas at over 1540K | Gas at under 300K | Faster and mostly apart and randomly touching | Slower, more clustered and in ring shapes and mostly touching with less space apart | Solid at 350 – 360K and over 600K | Solid at under 10K | Moving from one position to another at accelerated pace but mostly touching at an even faster rate and mostly spread apart | Less movement, but still clustered and connected in ring forms | Solid is at 157K and appears to be moving slower and less close but compact in rings. Liquid is at 328K and appears to be closely bonded but moving around much faster. Gas is at 809K and appears to be moving much faster and occupying more space than solid and liquid. But when the temperature is reduced to about 97K the rate of movement decreases and the molecules get more clustered and compact, the reaction in liquid is almost the same as gas when the temperature is reduced to the same 97K. The reaction in solid liquid and gas stages of water are almost constant at a reduced temperature of 97K. Only the solid state resembles itself in heated and cooled stages. The others have different resemblance. In...
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...problem set 2 Gravity method (due on or before Thursday, February 19, 2015): The following data are collected from a gravity survey over some suspected buried targets. Column 1 shows the observation stations. The first station, situated at latitude 35° S is the reference station, and the other stations are placed successively in the South with distances in meters from the reference station as shown. Column 2 is the elevation in meters of each station with respect to the datum. Finally, column 3 is the measured gravity value at each station in gravity units (g.u.). Note, as we discussed, the measured values are NOT the absolute gravity, but the relative gravity field or the deviations (anomaly) from the mean gravity. Station (distance in m from the reference) Elev (m) Measured Gravity (g.u) 0 160 170.1 200 120 240.1 400 80 340.5 600 30 438.6 800 10 480.4 1000 60 480.2 1200 100 460.4 1400 120 365.7 1600 130 380.8 1800 140 406.3 2000 160 484.7 2200 170 436.7 2400 180 419.3 2600 190 418.7 2800 195 416.9 3000 192 417.8 3200 199 319.7 3600 198 300.3 3800 193 268.8 4000 197 217.5 4200 195 200.2 4400 196 198.7 4600 197 200.2 4800 199 207.1 5000 200 207.2 • Compute the latitude, free-air, and Bouguer corrections to the measured data at each observation point. For Bouguer correction, assume a density of 2.067 g/cm3. Show each correction in separate columns with headings. • Compute the Bouguer gravity anomaly...
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...Report: Acceleration of gravity, g Introduction In this experiment you will be measuring the acceleration of gravity using a pendulum like apparatus. The value of g is an important issue as it forms the basis for many mathematical theories and allows for life to exist on this planet. If we keep in contact with the Earth, ordinary tasks will be very difficult. Establishing due value for the acceleration of gravity allows to utilise many of theories that could allow us to solve the big problems. Everyday life would be difficult if we did not have gravity, we would be constant free fall and stopping us to function as a society. The concept of zero gravity can be seen on the International Space Station (ISS), however theoretically they should be not experiencing as they as still in the Earth's gravity field however as the constantly circling the Earth to stay above the surface this causes a state of free fall allowing for the zero gravity to occur in the ISS. You will be using this setup to calculate the acceleration due to gravity using pendulum motion. The investigation is designed to demonstrate: • Air friction • Pendulum motion • Acceleration due to gravity Historical Context: Gravity has been long-known concept, first conceived Isaac Newton with the famous moment of the apple dropping on his head. With that remarkable accident, he derived the law of universal gravitational attraction. F =G ( m1 m2 ) d 2 F = Attraction force between two objects (N) G = Universal Gravitational...
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...Executive Summary In the system of a bouncing ball there are many factors which influence how the ball bounces. The 5 main components which affect how high the ball will bounce include the initial position of the ball, the initial velocity of the ball, the elasticity of the ball, the gravity of the selected area, and also the temperature of the material in which the ball was made from. These 5 major components of the basic system determine how high the ball bounces and how much energy was lost in the process of bouncing as well as allowing us to determine the relationship between these components and how each of these affects the overall system as a whole. However by changing these components of the system, it will dramatically change the overall results. In the system of a bouncing ball there already at secondary school level, illustrates Newton’s laws of motion and concepts of gravitational energy and kinetic energy with examples of objects dropped or thrown vertically and contains investigative activities about falling objects, the physics and mathematics. The fives main components which affect how high the ball will bounce they are initial position, the initial velocity, the elasticity, the gravity and the temperature of the material in which the ball was made from. These five major components of the basic system determine how high the ball bounces and how much energy was lost in the process of bouncing as well as allowing us to determine the relationship between these components...
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