...Low Energy Laser as a Treatment for Refractory Diabetic Leg Ulcers By Wendy Price Wake Forest University Department of Physician Assistant Studies 4/10/2009 I would like to thank everyone at Coy C. Carpenter library help and reference desks. To Ekatrina Zachry who translated the Russian research papers, thank you is the very least I can say for such an excellent job. I would like to tell my girls how proud I am of them and thank them for their patience, pictures, and prayers. You make it all worth the while. I would also like to thank my mother for her support, coming to help with the girls while I have been in school, and her motherly faith in me that never waivers. Most of all I want to thank my husband Clay Price for being an amazing pillar of strength, encouragement, patience, understanding, and love. I know I COULD NOT have done it without you. UA&F Low Energy Laser as a Treatment for Refractory Diabetic Leg and Foot Ulcers ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Diabetic leg and foot ulcers often lead to immobility, infection, and amputation, cost $7,000 to $40,000 per ulcer, and erode mental health and QOL. Lasers have been effectively utilized in medicine since the 60’s, from various surgical uses to the treatment of diseases. Although low-energy (also called low-power, low-level, and cold) laser therapy for “biostimulation” (or biomodulation) of ulcer healing has been studied extensively, quality data on diabetic wound healing is rare. This review seeks...
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...Age-Related Macular Degeneration By Connie Goldsmith, RN, BSN, MPA Changes in vision occur throughout our lives. Some young people need glasses for driving or watching movies. Others wbo enjoy perfect vision until they reach middle age discover they require reading glasses. Many people must wear bifocals or trifocals to obtain the best vision at every distance. However, these problems are minor irritations compared to the loss of vision caused by a common agerelated disorder. Painlessly and insidiously, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects an estimated 10 million Americans.' It's the most common cause of vision loss and blindness in people over 65, and it can affect people at younger ages as well.' The risk of developing AMD steadily increases with age. People in their 50s bave about a 2% chance of developing it, while the risk rises to nearly 30% in those over age 75.^ Every three minutes, another case of AMD is diagnosed in the US.^ Each year, 200,000 people with AMD lose all central vision in one or both eyes.' More people than ever before will be forced to live with AMD as the baby boomer generation continues to grow older. This article reviews the anatomy and function of the normal retina. It also identifies tbe risk factors for AMD and its causes, as well as its diagnosis and treatment. A diagnosis of AMD means a significant decrease in vision, and, in some cases, complete blindness. Because patients face important concerns related to...
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...taught to self-examine their skin monthly. The cornerstone of self–skin examination is the ABCDE rule. Examine skin lesions for Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color change/variation, Diameter of 6 mm or more, and Evolving in appearance. * Risk factors for skin cancer include fair skin type (blonde or red hair and blue or green eyes), history of chronic sun exposure, family history of skin cancer, and exposure to tar and systemic arsenicals. * Actinic keratosis is a premalignant form of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) affecting nearly all the older white population. * A typical lesion is an irregularly shaped, flat, slightly erythematous papule with indistinct borders and an overlying hard keratotic scale or horn. * Treatment includes cryosurgery, fluorouracil (5-FU), surgical removal, tretinoin (Retin-A), chemical peeling agents, laser resurfacing, photodynamic therapy, and dermabrasion. * Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a locally invasive malignancy from epidermal basal cells. * Treatment includes surgical excision, electrodesiccation and curettage, cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiation therapy. * The cure rate is greater than 90% with treatment....
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...altered gene that is important for cell growth or for repair of damaged DNA. ➤ They have to change their eating habits, what they do on a daily basis, and what sports they can play. ➤ Some causes of cancer are genetic and lifestyle factors but the primary cause is unknown. SIGNS, SYMPTOMS, AND BEHAVIORS ➤ Depends on what type of cancer they have. ➤ Breast Cancer: bloody discharge from the nipples, lumps in breasts, and changes shape and texture. ➤ Lung Cancer: cough with blood, chest pains, wheezing, and weight loss. ➤ How they behave depends on the person and what kind of cancer they have. TREATMENT ➤ Radiation therapy ➤ Chemotherapy ➤ Surgery ➤ Lasers in cancer treatment ➤ Blood donation and transfusion ➤ There is not cure. PREVENTION ➤ Eating artichokes helps prevent skin cancer. ➤ Eat resistant starches such as green bananas, rolled oats, and white beans. ➤ Stand more. Sit less. STATISTICS/FACTS ➤ There are more than 100 types of cancer. ➤ In 2000, 7.6 million people died of cancer ➤ 13% of all deaths worldwide. ➤ About 70% of all cancer...
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...What is Lung Cancer? Lung cancer is cancer that usually starts in the lining of the bronchi (the main airways of the lungs), but can also begin in other areas of the respiratory system, including the trachea, bronchioles, or alveoli. It is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. Lung cancers are believed to develop over a period of many years. Nearly all lung cancers are carcinomas, a cancer that begins in the lining or covering tissues of an organ. The tumor cells of each type of lung cancer grow and spread differently, and each type requires different treatment. “About 85 percent to 90 percent of lung cancers belong to the group called non-small cell lung cancer” (University Hospitals, 2011). Lung cancers are generally divided into two types: Non-small cell lung cancer is much more common than small cell lung cancer; Small cell lung cancer, sometimes called oat cell cancer because the cancer cells may look like oats when viewed under a microscope, grows rapidly and quickly spreads to other organs. It is important to find out what kind of lung cancer a person has. The different types of carcinomas, involving different regions of the lung, may cause different symptoms and are treated differently. Lung cancer usually does not cause symptoms when it first develops, but they often become present after the tumor begins growing .Each individual may experience symptoms differently .A cough is the most common symptom of lung cancer. Other symptoms include: constant...
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...Leishay Julian Write-up for Eyes Date: 2/21/2014 Time: 1200 Biographical: D.T, 42, Female, African American, D.O.B 12-4-1971, Student, referred by Dr. Thompson, Oriented to person, time, place, reliable source of information History of Present Illness - Chief Complaint: Difficulty with vision bilaterally Symptom Analysis: Difficultly with vision bilaterally 1. Where: States difficult vision in eyes bilaterally. Denies symptoms of increased pain patterns.. States symptoms first noted at school on 5/20//2002. 2. When: The symptoms occurred the afternoon of 5/20/2002. Symptoms developed gradually and have worsened since onset. States “my vision has remained poor, but stabilized since 2009.” Denies specific time or day of week correlated to symptoms. 3. What: Experiences blurry vision when viewing distant objects. Denies any specific event in relation to symptoms. States use of prescription lenses correct vision difficulty. Denies any aggravating factors. States symptoms as “an annoyance”. Denies any strenuous daily activities that contribute to blurry vision. 4. How: States “nearsightedness is likely due to genetics”. Denies any additional factors or stressors occurring at work, school, or home. States nearsightedness present in father and mother. Reports similar episodes occurred in the in the past. 5. Why: Suspects nearsightedness is likely due to genetics. Denies other symptoms occurring at same time. Denies any major changes...
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...urine output, certain lithogenic drugs, irritable bowel syndrome, and other malabsorption problems (Barnela et al., 2012). Medical Care Medical care of kidney stones is individualized to each patient. Increasing fluid intake to 2 liters a day is normally recommended for all patients who have stones unless contraindicated. Reducing intake of calcium oxalate (ex: cucumber, spinach, green peppers) and increasing oral potassium citrate also has been shown to reduce the formation of stones (Barnela et al., 2012). Many times a combination drug therapy is used to stimulate the urinary tract to facilitate or encourage the passing of the stone. This is done with alpha adrenoreceptor blockers, corticosteroids, calcium channel blockers, analgesics, and hydration. Tamsulosin is an alpha-blocker that has been shown to be highly successful in aiding in the passing of stones (Barnela et al., 2012). There are also many therapies and procedures that are implemented to either break up the kidney stones into pieces that are small enough to pass or remove them altogether. Lithotripsy is the use of sound, laser, or shock waves that break the stone into small pieces that can be passed (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2013, p. 1510). Stenting is also a minimally invasive procedure that simply uses a stent to dilate the ureter so the stone can pass. This minimizes pain and damage to the urinary tract during stone expulsion (Barnela et al., 2012). Retrograde ureteroscopy can also be used to enter the ureter...
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...Nanotechnology (first used the term nanotechnology by Richard Feynman, in 1959) can be defined as the manipulation of atoms and molecules at nano (one billionth) scale (1–100 nm) to produce devices, structures or systems having at least one novel or superior property. The materials having at least one dimension in the nano scale are called nanomaterials. 10-9 meter (1 nanometer) to 10-7 meter (100 nanometer) Human eye can visualize up to 20μm only 1μm = 10-6 m DNA= 2.5nm- 3nm Protein= ̴ 5 nm Virus= ̴ 150 nm Human hair= ̴ 5000 nm Properties of Nanomaterials 1. The surface area to volume ratio of the nanomaterials is relatively larger than that of bulk materials of the same mass. This increases the chemical reactivity and affects strength and electrical properties of the material. 2. The quantum confinement is observed at nanometer sizes that changes the optical, electronic and magnetic properties of the material. The band gap increases as the size of the material is reduced to nanometer range. I II III IV Reduction in particle size increase in its Surface area Now, material is NANO so surface area will big… HOW? Let us consider a sphere of radius ‘r’ Surface Area = 4 x π x r2 Volume = (4/3) x π x r3 ratio of SA to Vol = 3/r Thus, radius of sphere decreases, Surface area will increase Let us consider a cube of sides 1 m Area= 6 x side2 = 6 x 1m2 = 6m2 Now, cut the same cube into 8 pieces, then the SA will increases Area= 6 x (1/2)2 x 8 = 12m2 Similarly, the...
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...performed on men in which the vas deferens (the tubes that carry the sperm from the testicles to the seminal vesicles) are cut, ties or cauterized. * The semen no longer contains sperm after the tubes are cut, so conception cannot occur. The testicles continue to produce sperm, but they die and are absorbed by the body. * There are 4 types of vasectomies: * Traditional vasectomy – the doctor will make an incision on the scrotum, allowing access to the vas deferens, which will then be cut. * No-scalpel vasectomy – the doctor cut the vas deferens via a small hole on the scrotum. * Clip vasectomy – small clamps are used to block the vas deferens instead of severing it. * Laser vasectomy – the vase deferens are cut and cauterized with a surgical laser * The vasectomy procedure prevents the release of sperm when a man ejaculates. The man will still produce semen, but will be sperm free. * Vasectomies may be reversed, however, this procedure should be considered permanent as there is no guarantee of successful reversal. * Following the procedure, ice packs are often applied to the scrotum to reduce swelling and decrease pain and the wearing of a scrotal supporter for 3-4 days. * Mild over-the-counter medications such as aspirin or acetaminophen should be able to control any discomfort. * A...
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...579 Atomic force microscopy and other scanning probe microscopies Helen G Hansma and Lía Pietrasanta The highlight of the past year is the unfolding and refolding of the muscle protein titin in the atomic force microscope. A related highlight in the intersection between experiment and theory is a recent review of the effects of molecular forces on biochemical kinetics. Other advances in scanning probe microscopy include entropic brushes, molecular sandwiches and applications of atomic force microscopy to gene therapy. Address Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2:579–584 http://biomednet.com/elecref/1367593100200579 © Current Biology Ltd ISSN 1367-5931 Abbreviations AFM atomic force microscopy/microscope SFM scanning force microscopy/microscope SICM scanning ion conductance microscopy/microscope SPM scanning probe microscopy/microscope STM scanning tunneling microscopy/microscope A new journal, Probe Microscopy, was launched in 1997 as a forum specifically devoted to the science and technology of SPM. AFM and SFM have been also newsworthy items in Science and Nature in the past year [14••,15•–17•,18••,19]. An introduction to AFM is covered well in a recent issue of Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, which describes and illustrates the design and mode of operation of AFM [4••]. The AFM images sample surfaces by raster-scanning a sharp tip back and forth over the surface. The tip is on...
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...TITLE : Nano material as biological sensors or nano in medical therapy or nano in medical use CONTENT LIST CONTENTS PAGE NO. ABSTRACT 2 INTRODUCTION 2 CURRENT STATUS 3 DISCUSSION 3 FURTHER DIRECTION 16 CONCLUSION 16 REFERENCES 17 ABSTRACT The recent developments in the Nano scale systems promise to be a harbinger for scientific and technological advancements initiating a fundamental understanding and quest of novel physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of systems in nano material dimensions. The latest architectures in nanostructures and nano systems are representative of improved functionalities. The nano structured materials have future applications for chem.-bio sensors, medical therapies and potential applications in security and environment safety. (Merkle, R.C.1993) INTRODUCTION The intentional or unintentional contamination of the environment, food items and the agricultural products has been increased due to certain local and global threats of poisonous gases and terrorism. This situation makes the decentralized sensing a core issue for several international bodies. A nanotechnology based sensor platform makes the direct electrical detection of biological and chemical agents possible in a highly multiplexed format over a vast dynamic range during clinical testing. Nucleic acid layers can be combined with nanomaterials-based electrochemical which produce affinity biosensors such as the “DNA Biosensor”...
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...[pic] Resolution of the World Health Organization After meeting in Geneva in May 2003 for the Fifty-Sixth World Health Assembly, the WHO outlined its Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness, or VISION 2020 plan. The WHO urges national governments to: • Set up, not later than 2005, a national VISION 2020 plan, in partnership with the WHO and in collaboration with NGOs and the private sector. • Establish a national coordinating committee for VISION 2020 or a national blindness prevention committee, which may include consumer or patient groups, to develop and implement the plan. • Commence implementation of such plans by 2007 at the latest. • Include effective information systems with standardized indicators and periodic monitoring and evaluation, with the aim of showing a reduction in the magnitude of avoidable blindness by 2010. • Mobilize resources for eliminating avoidable blindness. In turn, the WHO agrees to: • Maintain and strengthen the WHO’s collaboration with governments and all partners of the initiative. • Ensure coordination of the implementation of the VISION 2020 plan, by setting up a monitoring committee grouping all those involved, including national government representatives. • Provide support for strengthening national capability, especially through development of human resources, to coordinate, assess, and prevent avoidable blindness...
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...Light-Induced Rod and Cone Cell Death and Regeneration in the Adult albino Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Retina Thomas S. Vihtelic and David R. Hyde Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556-0369 Received 24 January 2000; accepted 25 April 2000 ABSTRACT: Light-induced photoreceptor cell degeneration has been studied in several species, but not extensively in the teleost fish. Furthermore, the continual production of rods and cones throughout the teleost’s life may result in regeneration of lost rods and cones. We exposed adult albino zebrafish to 7 days of constant darkness, followed by 7 days of constant 8000 lux light, followed by 28 days of recovery in a 14-h light:10-h dark cycle. We characterized the resulting photoreceptor layer cell death and subsequent regeneration using immunohistochemistry and light microscopy. Within the first 24 h of constant light, the zebrafish retina exhibited widespread rod and cone cell apoptosis. High levels of cell proliferation within the inner nuclear layer (INL) were observed within the first 3 days of Light has been an effective and popular environmental method to experimentally induce photoreceptor cell degeneration. The light treatment can irreversibly cause photoreceptor cell loss through apoptosis (Shahinfar et al., 1991; Li et al., 1996). Factors such as light intensity and exposure duration, length of dark adaptation before light exposure, and ocular pigmentation influence the retinal damage in mice...
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...MKT 5000 MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment 1 Semester 1 July 2011 MARKETING AUDIT FOR BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING PTY LTD. Prepared by: KEDAR CHAVAN Student number: U0061023717 Date submitted: 26Th August 2011 Executive Summary Biosystems Engineering Pty Ltd was incepted in year 1999 under the proprietorship of Richard Sulman and further registered in year 2008. It was developed to significantly improve the way today’s working of environmental projects and issues. With the ever increasing concern for environmental problems their product and services offered tremendous advantages to local environment. Biosystems Engineering Pty Ltd will be positioned as high-end disseminators in engineering knowledge to solve systems problems in agriculture, food, forestry, natural resources and the environment. There is currently no other company that produces and serves this type of management features they developed. The potential market for the product and services is very promising. Biosystems Engineering Pty Ltd has executed over 36 major projects and currently working on the world’s first Short rotation woody crop (SRC) harvester. The Management Team members have strong backgrounds in project management, manufacturing, research, analysis, designs and software development. The Australian market continues to have an increasing number of eco-friendly firms looking to enter the market. It must be aware of competition on all levels and maintain its operational performance...
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...Wireless Sensor Networks and Their Usage Ali Raza,Shahid Rasheed & Shazib Javeed University Of Central Punjab Abstract Innovations in industrial, home and automation in transportation represent smart environments. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide a new paradigm for sensing and disseminating information from various environments, with the potential to serve many and diverse applications Networks (WSN), where thousands of sensors are deployed at different locations operating in different modes .WSN consists of a number of sensors spread across a geographical area; each sensor has wireless communication capability and sufficient intelligence for signal processing and networking of the data. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) are used in variety of fields which includes military, healthcare, environmental, biological, home and other commercial applications. With the huge advancement in the field of embedded computer and sensor technology, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), which is composed of several thousands of sensor nodes which are capable of sensing, actuating, and relaying the collected information, have made remarkable impact everywhere? Key Words Wireless Sensor Network (WSNs) Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) Introduction Sensor network is capable of sensing, processing and communicating which helps the base station or command node to observe and react according to the condition in a particular environment (physical...
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