...Analysis/Discussion: Mendel had three different laws to describe genetics which were The Law of Segregation, The Law of Independent Assortment, and The Law of Dominance. Law of Dominance - The law of dominates states that one factor for a trait will be dominant, and the other will turn out to be recessive. As an Example, if a hybrid red fly (Rr) crossed with a pure white fly (rr), the results (50% Rr, and 50% rr) would carry the white gene (r). Though only 50% of fruit fly would show it cause of the dominance of the red trait (R). Law of Segregation - This sates that two alleles for a trait are split half and half into the gametes, which give the offspring an equal chance of getting either one. An example, in all of the punter squares that each fly was given the chance to have each trait, even though a couple may not have been shown. A red fly has an equal possibility to be red as thew other fly. Law of Independence - This law states that alleles for different traits are passed on independently. This means that each gene (alleles) combination is likely to occur. As an example, each offspring get one gene from each...
Words: 738 - Pages: 3
...Gregor Mendel was a genius of a scientist. He is considered the man who discovered modern genetics. Mendel discovered this 'genetics' one day while working in his garden. He was growing peas in 1856 and he worked with 7 characteristics of pea plants. All including pea shape, pea color, pod shape, pod color, flower color, plant size or height, and position of the flowers. These experiments lasted until 1863. Mendel bred his peas by taking pollen from both of the pea plants and cross breeding them. He has terms as well. "Recessive" and "dominant." The green peas being recessive and the yellow being dominant. He was never a type of person wanting to be recognized for fame. Three decades later, in 1900, three scientist who were doing agricultural research, came across his paper from 1866....
Words: 525 - Pages: 3
...Mendel’s “First Law”: Observing Anthocyanin in Brassica rapa Abstract The foundation of genetics lies with the principles that Gregor Mendel outlined after his experiments with pea plants where he discovered the relationship between physical characteristics, or phenotype, and genetic traits, or genotype. This experiment aimed to reproduce Mendel’s results with the Brassica rapa plant, noted for it’s fast generation time, and anthocyanin, a purple pigment that can be visually tracked through subsequent generations. It is important for experiments resulting in scientific discovery to be replicable and peer reviewed. Since Mendelian genetics are the foundation of scientific education, including answering questions about evolution and heredity of beneficial or fatal genes, his experiment is a valid and important choice. The hypothesis was that the presence of anthocyanin in Brassica rapa follows Mendel’s laws. By germinating the P1 generation and creating the F1 and F2 generations through pollination the hypothesis was tested. The experimental hypothesis was accepted with ------ error and the null hypothesis that these results were due to chance was rejected. Introduction A phenotype provides a clear visual cue for examining the inheritance pattern of genotypes and whether or not these patterns follow Mendelian genetic principles. Gregor Mendel is someone who is often referred to as the “father of genetics,” and discovered important theory pertaining to heredity. He did this...
Words: 3273 - Pages: 14
...Chapter 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea Lecture Outline Overview • Every day we observe heritable variations (such as brown, green, or blue eyes) among individuals in a population. • These traits are transmitted from parents to offspring. • One possible explanation for heredity is a “blending” hypothesis. ° This hypothesis proposes that genetic material contributed by each parent mixes in a manner analogous to the way blue and yellow paints blend to make green. ° With blending inheritance, a freely mating population will eventually give rise to a uniform population of individuals. ° Everyday observations and the results of breeding experiments tell us that heritable traits do not blend to become uniform. • An alternative model, “particulate” inheritance, proposes that parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes, that retain their separate identities in offspring. ° Genes can be sorted and passed on, generation after generation, in undiluted form. • Modern genetics began in an abbey garden, where a monk named Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of inheritance. A. Gregor Mendel’s Discoveries 1. Mendel brought an experimental and quantitative approach to genetics. • Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas in carefully planned experiments. • Mendel grew up on a small farm in what is today the Czech Republic. • In 1843, Mendel entered an Augustinian monastery. • He...
Words: 6555 - Pages: 27
...Heredity Heredity is the transmission from one generation to the next of factors that determine the traits of offspring. Although successful breeding of plants and animals was practiced by humans long before modern civilizations were established, there is no evidence that these early people understood the nature of hereditary factors or how they are transmitted through reproduction. EARLY HISTORY One of the early Greek philosophers, Pythagoras (582-509 BC), postulated that all traits of an offspring are derived solely from its father's semen. Aristotle thought that females also produce semen and that the embryo is formed by a fusion in the uterus of both types of semen. He further postulated that both male and female semen are produced by the body's blood. Leeuwenhoek Until the 17th century, European medical schools taught that hereditary factors in the semen were derived from vapors emanating from each body organ. However, Anton van LEEUWENHOEK observed human semen through his microscope and reported finding "animalcules." It became generally accepted that sperm were the actual carriers of hereditary factors from males to their offspring. Other biologists studied the ovaries of animals, noted the presence of swollen bodies--which they correctly assumed contained eggs--and hypothesized that these eggs were also units of transmission of hereditary factors. Epigenesis Some biologists of the 17th and 18th centuries believed that they saw miniature individuals...
Words: 1922 - Pages: 8
...texture, rely on the genetic coding of the organism. These genes can be passed along, mixed with other genes, or removed throughout the generations. The process of traits being passed from parent to offspring is called gene transmission. (Bailey, 2014) In the 1860’s a monk, Gregor Mendel set basic principles for heredity. His first law was Mendel’s law of segregation. He discovered this law while studying pea plants. He studied a series of seven different traits. (Bailey, 2014) He first observed and confirmed through experimentation that one pea plant of a certain color could self fertilize and produce another pea plant of the same color. He referred to the process of these self-fertilizing pea plants as true-breeding. (Urry et. Al, 2014) Mendel continued his studies of pea plants by testing that outcome of cross-pollination between two true-breeding plants. He took the two parent plants, one green and one yellow, and found the offspring to be all green. He continued experimenting by crossing two of the offspring from the first generation plants. Mendel found that in the second generation, an offspring color appeared from the parents that were lost in the first generation. His law of segregation explains that allele pairs segregate during the formation stage, but are capable of uniting during the fertilization stage. (Bailey 2014) Offspring inherit specific genes from their parents to obtain a certain identity through reproduction. The offspring have a specific DNA...
Words: 2405 - Pages: 10
...MENDELIAN GENETICS DEFINITION OF TERMS * Genetics – the study of heredity and variation * Heredity – the transmission of traits from one generation to another, from parents to offspring; the protoplasmic continuity between parents and offspring * Variation – any difference existing between individuals of the same species * Chromosome – rod-shaped body in the nucleus of eukaryotes and prokaryotes that contains the hereditary units or genes seen particularly during cell division * Gene – the unit or heredity occupying a particular location on the chromosome and passed on to offspring * Locus – the location of a gene on a chromosome * Diploid – the 2N number of chromosomes; twice the number of chromosomes found in gametes * Haploid – the N number of chromosomes; half the diploid number; the number characteristic of gametes that contain only one set of chromosomes * F1 generation – first filial generation; the first-generation offspring of a genetic cross that has at least two generation * F2 generation – second filial generation; the second-generation offspring of a genetic cross * Homozygous – a pair of similar of like genes for any one character * Heterozygous – a pair of contrasting traits of two kinds of genes * Genotype – the particular genes of an individual that determine a specific trait * Phenotype – the outward appearance of an organism, caused by genetic and environmental influences * Allele –...
Words: 3129 - Pages: 13
...Composition 1 April, 11th 2013 Genetic Engineering Tentative Thesis: Even though altering DNA can lead to such horrifying events as genocide or viral diseases, genetic engineering is an important scientific breakthrough because by altering DNA, we can cure many diseases and solve many of mankind's problems. 1. History of Genetic Engineering A. What Led to the need for genetic engineering a. Prehistoric Times-1900 B. Gregor Mandel b. European botanist genetically altering plants 2. Modern Genetic Engineering C. DNA c. Watson & Krick 1. discover DNA a. How it affected science d. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen 2. recombinant DNA D. Government e. Supreme Court 3. Diamond v. Chakrabarty f. FDA 4. Approval of genetic engineered food 5. Field Testing b. Tobacco c. Tomatoes g. International Bio-safety Protocol E. Advancements & Achievements h. Technology i. Disease curing j. World Hunger 3. Ethical Issues F. Religious k. Are we playing God? G. Environmental l. What’re the long term environmental effects H. Bio Ethics m. What if we make something we can’t control n. Is it possible the technology may be used to create slaves? o. When does...
Words: 267 - Pages: 2
...Associate Program Material Genetics Worksheet Review the images below and answer the follow-up questions. Key: male affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected male female affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected female Generation I II III IV a a a A V Pedigree showing inheritance of cystic fibrosis A Key: male affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected male female affected with cystic fibrosis unaffected female Generation I II III IV a a a A V Pedigree showing inheritance of cystic fibrosis A Questions: 1. According to the pedigree, is cystic fibrosis inherited as a dominant or as a recessive traitKey: male with Huntington’s Disease unaffected male female with Huntington’s Disease unaffected female Generation I II III IV V Pedigree showing Inheritance of Huntington’s Disease Key: male with Huntington’s Disease unaffected male female with Huntington’s Disease unaffected female Generation I II III IV V Pedigree showing Inheritance of Huntington’s Disease ? Explain how you made your conclusion using evidence from the pedigree and the principles of genetics. According to the pedigree, the disease, cystic fibrosis is an inherited recessive trait. Each parent can be the carrier of the diseased allele and not have developed the disease themselves, but they do pass it on to the next generation. Any individual having two duplicates of this allele will develop cystic fibrosis. This means that...
Words: 647 - Pages: 3
...When Reginald Punnett was in college we study worms. Reginald read an article about genetics and thought to himself that that was interesting so he decided to become one. A genetics is a person who studies inherited characteristics of an organism. Reginald Punnett got to collaborate with genetics William Bateson. Since, Punnett got to collaborate with a genetics I think that he got a chance to discover that he liked being a genetics that's why he is known as a well known genetics. When Reginald Punnett was in his college years he studied worms. Punnett was reading an article in college about genetics and was very interested. When Punnett went to college he study as medical student. He graduated with a zoology degree and then stayed at the...
Words: 366 - Pages: 2
...In next week’s lab you will be determining your genotype for PV92, a human-specific Alu insertion on chromosome 16. PV92 only has two alleles: the presence (+) of the Alu insertion, or the absence (-). This means that you will have one of three PV92 genotypes (++,+-,or --). 1. Evolution: Genetic Evidence – Transposons. During or after you watch the video, answer the following questions: What is a transposon? What is a SINE? short interspers transposable elements that are usless to the gemome but can be used to be compares to other sequences of other individuals. What is a LINE? long interspers transposable elements that are usless to the genome... Where do you get your LINES and SINES? They are inherited from your parants. How did biologists use transposons to examine the evolutionary relationship between whales and hippos? ALU sequences were compared between whales and hippos to determine if they shared a common ancestor. 2. Read the Article: “Functions and Utility of Alu Jumping Genes”. As you read, answer the following questions (they go paragraph by paragraph and will help you understand the reading). Introductory paragraph: In your own words, define an Alu element? Alu elements are DNA sequences that are phenotypically usless bye genotypically significant. They can replicate with the help of various enzymes and incerts themselfs into new locations of the genome. What types of organisms have Alu elements? only primates Short Interspersed Elements (SINEs):...
Words: 832 - Pages: 4
...• Curly x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “Cy” the curly (mutant gene) 1. Given that Curly is a dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected to express the mutation (have curly wings)? B. 50% of the offspring are expected to have the curly wing mutation. 2. What percentage will have the normal (wildtype) wings? C. 50% of the offspring will have normal wildtype wings. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. Is it possible for a fly to be a carrier of the Curly gene? B. No • Ebony x Wildtype “+” the wildtype (normal gene) and “e” the ebony (mutant gene) 1. Given that ebony is a recessive trait, what percentage of these offspring should express the mutation (have ebony colored bodies)? B. 0% of the offspring will express the ebony mutation. 2. What percentage will have normal colored (wildtype) bodies? C. 100% will have normal wildtype colored body. 3. Organisms are called carriers of a gene if they do not express it themselves but they can pass it on to their offspring. If the progeny of this original cross were to mate, what percentage of their offspring would have ebony bodies? (HINT: Draw out a e/+ x e/+ punnett square) D. 25% of the offspring will have ebony mutant body tone. • Curly x Curly “+” wildtype (normal gene) and “Cy” the curly (mutant gene) 1. Given that Curly is a dominant trait, what percentage of these offspring should be expected...
Words: 955 - Pages: 4
...Fast Plants and Mendel’s Theories of Inheritance Abstract The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was hypothesized that the presence of purple pigment (anthocyanin) is inherited as a dominant trait and follows Mendelian laws. The experiments were performed in quads, with the different quads being amongst different sections; those with data were then gathered. The complete data was used to prove or disagree with Mendel’s theories. The data was to represent which of he two colors were a dominating phenotype. At the end of the experiment, realization of errors came to show by the Chi Square, results were considered questionable. Materials The following materials are present to correctly repeat this experiment. These materials are: seeds of specific phenotypes, seed-collecting pan, small envelopes, several wicks, opaque tape, Styrofoam quads, fluorescent...
Words: 1324 - Pages: 6
...Mendel’s plant breeding of Pea Plants Gregor Mendel, a German scientists [Pictured Right], has suddenly rose to fame after founding modern science of genetics. Mendel worked with seven characteristics of pea plants: plant height, pod shape and color, seed shape and color, and flower position and color. With seed color, he was able to demonstrate that that when a yellow pea and a green pea were bred together, in concluded in their offspring plant always being yellow. However, in the next generation of plants, the green peas reappeared at a ratio of 1:3. To explain his strange discovery, Mendel coined the terms “recessive” and “dominant” in reference to certain traits (Yellow peas are clearly dominant according to his recent studies, and green peas are recessive) He published his work in 1866, demonstrating the actions of invisible “factors”—now called genes—in providing for visible traits in predictable ways. Who is he? Mendel was born into an ethnic German family in Heinzendorf bei Odrau, Moravian-Silesian border, Austrian Empire (now known as Hynčice, Czech Republic). He was the son of Rosine and Anton Mendel, and had one younger sister called Theresia and one older called Veronika. They worked and lived on a farm which had been owned by the Mendel family for about 130 years. During his childhood, Mendel worked as a gardener and studied beekeeping. Later, as a young man, he attended gymnasium in Opava. He had to take four months off during his gymnasium studies due to medical...
Words: 294 - Pages: 2
...Wild Fruit Flies Bred With Scarlet Fruit Flies Introduction: Drosophila melanogaster is the scientific name for fruit flies. The flies are widely used today for genetics, physiology, and life history evolution. Since it is easy to care for, has 4 pairs of chromosomes, breeds quickly, and lays many eggs, the fruity fly is used for numerous studies. In this lab, fruit flies are to be examined to study heredity. With each new generation, probability, protein synthesis, and the principles of DNA, are all able to be seen within this experiment. For this lab, wild fruit flies will be bred with scarlet fruit flies. The trait to be examined in this lab is the eye color. Wild fruit fly's’ eye color (red) is a dominant trait. The scarlet fruit flies have scarlet eyes, and it is a recessive trait. Fruit flies are very small, but their eyes are complex. They have compound eyes. One eye contains hundreds of light-sensing units called ommatidia. Each ommatidia has a lens and a set of light-receptor cells. Pigment cells, that also give color, separate each unit. The brain then gathers all the images from each ommatidia, and combines them to make a single image. To be able to study heredity, vials of fruit flies will be made. First, the P generation, in which the flies will be bred with the same breed. When the P generation is made, the flies from those vial will be combined to make the F1 generation vial. In one vial, there will be 4 scarlet females, and 4 wild males. Once they create...
Words: 686 - Pages: 3
