...According to Baltes, (1996), the entire life cycle has four eras. These eras, he says, take an approximate time of 20-25 years. Levinson goes further to identify the developmental periods as childhood and adolescence, early childhood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. At this point in time, it is formal to simplify various terminologies that relation to human development. This is because they will feature constantly in the preceding sections. First and foremost is development. This is simply a change characterized by movement from one state to another. Usually, development leads to transitions. Development, as will be used in this paper, will refer to growth, and progression through certain stages, commonly termed as “maturity.” Another term of significance is stage. This refers to sections that differentiate the various phases of growth. The phases involve changes which are either physical or intellectual and their subsequent impact on life events and experiences. This paper examines the wider field of lifespan development. It begins by exploring the stages of human development. As regards, the stages, the paper focuses on seven main stages i.e. the infancy stage, early childhood, middle childhood, Adolescence, early adulthood, middle...
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...LIFE EPSY 5460 Introduction The concept of a “midlife crisis” has been a well-known way of describing a time of stress and difficulties that may occur during middle adulthood. This study discusses views of the concept of midlife crisis in the past and the present. It will also compare and contrast Carl Jung, Elliott Jaques, Erik Erikson and Robert Peck’s view of middle age development. One of the most popular contradictions in society has been whether middle age is a peak period of life or the beginning of a downward slide. Many people change careers at midlife. Is this change because of a decrease in self-esteem or because one wants to find a new outlook on life and greater satisfaction? This paper will argue that middle age is not a time of loss and crisis but of new possibilities and fulfillment. The most common view of a midlife crisis has been a male in his 40’s who leaves his wife for a younger woman and runs off in a sports car; or a woman in her 40’s or 50’s that gets a face lift, breast lift and tries to reinvent herself. These views have been promoted in magazines, television shows and movies. Our society as a whole has promoted youth and beauty as one of the most important things in life. The purpose of this study is to provide information contrary to this popular belief. This paper proposes that the knowledge and confidence that comes with age is actually more important to most middle age people than physical appearance and trying to appear youthful. ...
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...understand human development theories that I will be able to use in my work. Human development theories can help professionals examining how a person’s behavior and personality improves during the lifespan (Berk, 2010). For this assignment, I chose two key theories that address human development. I will introduce and analyze Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. I will identify similarities and differences. Finally, I will discuss how these theories relate to my goals in research. Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a Swiss theorist who conducted research studies on cognitive development. Although he observed his own children, his theory is one of the key theories of human development. Piaget published several books on childhood development, psychology, moral judgment, and intelligence (Berk, 2010). Few of his major works that I will use for this assignment are: The Moral Judgment of the Child (1948), The Early Growth of Logic in the Child (1964), Biology and Knowledge (1971). Piaget’s four stages address infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence (Mussen, 1983). Piaget believed that there is a significant connection between biological and cognitive development. Human beings physically, mentally, and emotionally adapt to their environment (Piaget, 1971). In early childhood, the child has a lack of logical thinking that will develop through everyday experiences (Inhelder & Piaget, 1964). As the child...
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...system, and become the focal point of how adult students are educated. Technological tools should be used in various educational settings so that adult students are provided the opportunity to be successful in a learning environment as well as in a career environment. Most adults who make the decision to continue their educational goals do so for career advancement and growth as well as utilizing and enhancing their professional and educational knowledge and skills. Adults should be given the opportunity to be successful in all aspects of their lives; which includes their educational endeavors. The way that this opportunity can occur is for adult students to be properly exposed to the advantages that technology can provide them. This report will discuss and demonstrate the advantages of technology and its connection to educating adult students through my explanation and delivery of an educational lesson. The content of the curriculum of focus will be that of Science Research Projects, which will be introduced as group work for the students. Each group will be given a particular topic to complete a Research Project on, and will be expected to answer various questions related to the topic that should be included in the presentation. Adult students will be given a set amount of points for the completion of the project; which includes bringing in necessary information on topic,...
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...Human Development Mindy Donaldson PSY 280 April 26, 2015 There are quite a few different theories about human growth and development, and why people do the things that they do. In this paper I will discuss and summarize three theories and how each is related to human growth and development, identifying one influential theorist for each. In addition this paper will include many views of the lifespan perspective followed by an explanation of how nature and nurture effect human development. Developmental theory can be defined as a conglomeration of ideas about achieving a good change in one’s society. Such theories draw on a variety of science disciplines and approaches that can provide a framework to understand how and why people evolve throughout their lifespan. Theorists in an attempt to make sense out of their observations try and design concepts that can outline a person’s development throughout life from one’s start as an infant all the way through adulthood (Berger, 2010). The influential theorists in this paper that I will discuss are: Sigmund Freud, John Watson, and Jean Piaget. Psychoanalytic theory is a theory of personality organization and the dynamics of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior (Berger, 2010 p. 17). (Berger, 2010) According to Freud, development occurs over three stages during the first six years of life, each stage being characterized by sexual...
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...two weeks provides credence to the relevancy of the subject matter. This article would be an excellent reference for an assignment on the topic of Social Development of Adults. The study referenced in the article uses subjects found from the alumni of the University of Rochester in school from the 1960s through the 1980s whose contact information was obtained and solicited in a number of ways. The study spans a time of at least 35 years as well as a range of ages. The study focused on growth within “[t]he eight Eriksonian psychosocial issues” which it define as “…trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame and doubt, initiative versus guilt, industry versus inferiority, identity achievement versus identity diffusion, intimacy versus isolation, generativity versus stagnation, and ego integrity versus despair.” (Whitbourne, S., Sneed, J. R., & Sayer, A., (2009). The article provides psychological background on its subject material and its purpose of studying the growth of social development of subjects from college age to midlife (43 and 54). The article also provides information on how the participants were obtained, their range of participation, and their demographics. The study classifies the participants with several variables and provides explanation of how these classifications affect the study results. Some...
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...Early and Middle Adulthood Paper Kimberly Smith PSY/280 August 17, 2015 Mrs. Barch Early and Middle Adulthood Paper Early to middle adulthood is more of a challenging ever-changing process. People in their early and middle adulthood go through transitions such as deciding to go to college, starting a family, getting married and establishing social and health-affecting habits. As a man and woman grow, these different changes will help him or her to form a wide variety of views on life. How social and intimate relationship has changed over time and identification of various roles changes during early and middle age. Lastly the direct and future influence the healthy and unhealthy behaviors experienced during early and middle adulthood. Social and Intimate relationship change In early adulthood, it’s a time of independence, identity seeking, and lifestyle forming. During this time, kids are graduating leaving their parents home starting new relationships and developing a life of their own. Erikson believed that people need constant contact with others throughout their lives, from birth to death, whether that contact is romantic intimacy or a relationship with friends and family. The time has changed where young adults were getting married fresh out of high school. Now middle adults are waiting until mid thirty’s are longer to have children and get married. Parents who waited longer to have children and who had highly educated degrees have a greater loss in happiness following...
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...As humans, we develop constantly throughout our entire lives. The four stages of development are prenatal and newborn, infancy and childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Each individual may develop in a way unique to how they function as a person, but overall there are many strategies humans can follow or enforce in order to develop in what psychologists consider a healthy way. These strategies can include acts such as breastfeeding, exposing children to enriched environments and the “just right” parental style, participation in volunteer work or service learning, and last but not least, maintaining a healthy diet along with exercise. This paper will highlight these strategies. Breastfeeding has many known benefits to the development of children in their prenatal/newborn stage. When compared to formula-feeding, breastfeeding has been found to prevent infection, chronic disease and allergies in the child, enhance their...
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...Bodies and minds change from early to late adulthood Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted BODIES AND MINDS CHANGE FROM EARLY TO LATE ADULTHOOD Introduction After human beings are born, they experience many changes both their mind and physical bodies. The changes in the human mind and the physical body are the main reason for the development that humans undergo in their lives. People should be conversant with the changes that take place in their bodies hence be able to cope up other types of changes such as emotional, physical and psychological changes in their development stages. The human development in mind starts right after fertilization and continues up until the person dies. This paper is a study on the development of human mind and the physical growth. A human mind identifies as the cognitive faculties that help people in perception, thinking and effective judgment. Additionally, the human mind is also attributed to the consciousness and memory ability. However, it is true that both the physical and mind development differs between boys and girls where their developments depend more on the gender that one holds. During the development stages, children's bodies tend to develop making them look less like an adult. In the womb, male babies are born with as much as testosterone as a 25-year-old man (Black, 2003). Alter after birth. The testosterone plummets until the boy reaches the age of puberty. The testosterone is responsible...
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...adolescence transitioning within young adulthood is a harmonious and reprehensive period, however it brings physical and psychological challenges. This preliminary maturity stage adapts adolescence within a position of being responsible and conquering the world, so it’s extremely imperative for young adults to understand to think responsibly and make mature decisions. Physical development changes within young adulthood bring acne, voice change, hair growth within the pelvic area, enlargement of the internal and external reproductive organs, and breast enlargement. Social development within young adulthood brings personality development which allocates a strong desire for the adolescence to be socially independent by obtaining the following employment, car, housing etc. The principal’s values, morals and respect are needed for young adults to effectively and responsibly evaluate circumstances to determine a plausible decision of what’s right and wrong. Respect is a principal that should have been taught during childhood, however it’s critically that one adult have been instilled with this element because if fosters with how to be considerate and thoughtful towards themselves, others and situations. Discipline is also a critical factor as well this concept aids young adults how to appropriately conduct themselves within hostile circumstances and within society. There are also various theories within the changes of adulthood to name as few psychologists Erikson,...
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...Brad Hammor Psyc 381-50; Final Paper April 26, 2015 The Socially Engineered Western Male Identity I believe much of the discussion and opinion shared in our culture today regarding the western male could quite possibly be in error and the result of a fairly simple but subtle agenda of a materialistic capitalistic society. I’m not suggesting a conspiracy, rather a consideration for the realities of living in America. This reality is money, getting it and spending it is the underlying motivation of every American. We are trained from childhood the concepts of commerce, throughout our early school years we are told we have to get good grades to get a good job or to prepare for college so we can get a better job. Once we obtain the job we’re told we have to do it well so we can either keep it or get promoted so we can make more money. We do this so we can have a more comfortable lifestyle and to be able to afford retirement. Historically the corner stone of the foundation of this financial enterprise has been the western male. Ironically this resource has been exploited in the media and has become easy prey for both liberal and conservative power brokers. Keeping him productive and under control, even at the expense of confusing the issues, is key to maintaining the status quo of a system on the verge of imploding. Richard Setter’s study: "Fathers' Accounts Of Struggle And Growth In Early Adulthood”, found: “Securing attachment to the labor force is central to both the...
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...Child and Adolescence Development Allen, Craig Sept14th-2009 Thesis In my paper, on child development I will discuss three different points of view on cognitive, physical and emotional development. I will write about the three differences and similarities. I will discuss how they have an impact on the way they help in the development of children. I will explain how important child development is in regards to assisting in a child’s potential. I will show the relationship between the developmental domain and the developmental theory. I will focus on all three domains and how they influence each other. Child development is an ongoing process that goes through many complex changes. Children are in a constant state of change from the moment they are born all the way to being a young adult. They develop many characteristics and personalities such as, quantitative changes, and qualitative changes. They area key component in any childs development. There have been many scientific studies on early child development. Many theorists such as, Charles Darwin have studied and devoted a lot of time to the evolution of human development. Scientists, throughout many years have developed three separate domains. In our text, on page nine, they are listed as follows, physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Physical development is the growth of the body itself. Such as the brain, sensory capacity, and a childs motor skills. Cognitive...
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...Abstract The quest for an answer to what determines human behavior has been going on for many years now, is it nature or nurture? The broad scope of human behavior has compelled researchers across various fields to systematically analyze what compels individuals to act the way they do. Is human behavior encoded in genetics or does it evolve by way of individual experience and environment. Through the review of recent empirical data across these various fields it is clear that both nature and nurture plan an important role in the development of human behavior. Subsequently multidirectional models have emerged with a mounting emphasis on how nature and nurture act independently in addition to collectively each forever shaping the other. Together Nature and Nurture Shape Human Behavior. The discussion concerning the appropriate significance of genetics and environment in human behavior has been around for quite a long while. This topic has generated massive attention, throughout the years, gaining numerous supporters on both sides of the debate. This attention essentially, has lead to some of the most remarkable psychological discoveries in recent years. The terms nature and nurture can be traced back to13th century France, expressed by Francis Galton in 1874 (Nature versus nurture, 2011). The term nurture in refers to the manner in which behavior is shaped by culture and environment. It builds its foundation on John B. Watson's theory of behaviorism...
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...ADULTHOOD AND AGING: Social Processes and Development Week 6 I chose this particular article for two reasons; 1). I am what you would call an older student having actually experienced many of these social changes described in this particular article. 2). Most of the described theories come from research as far back as the 60’s, 70’s, and 80’s which was during extremely changing times. Having watched, and experienced many of these changes, I found very different theories that I could relate too on a personal level. Having experienced these changes first hand I could actually understand how the social and developmental process occurs during the specific stages of personal growth from puberty, to senior citizen giving me an advantage over younger students who are strictly relaying on other peoples research. If I had to write a research paper this article would definitely be included in my bibliography because I feel that the research that was conducted during the 60’s, through the 80’s was extremely more exacting in its progression due to a slower way of life, and much less physical, and emotional stresses, in other words, fewer distractions from our goals. Just because people are living longer does not necessarily mean that the social structure has changed attitudes towards the elderly although individual families may change with the times. I personally do not feel that family values have drastically been altered even though there are case studies that state differently...
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... Abstract The purpose of this paper is to inform our society of the significant challenges single mom face. Raising children in this era is a very difficult task for couples and it brings greater challenges when is done by a single parent. This paper explores the emotional, psychological and financial aspect of raising children as a single mom as well as the main reasons why. It will review the causes and consequences in which it affects children, parents and entire families. There is data that has been collected where it indicates the reasons why there has been an increase and the impact that it has on children and adolescents. There are ways single moms overcome challenges. II. Introduction to Challenges Single Mom Face According to DeBell( 2008), about half of American children will spend part of their childhood in a single- parent family. DeBell stated that the absence of a father in a child’s home, the most consequential trend of our time, leads to social disaster(Pg. 427). Goldenberg (2008), states that a dysfunctional family, by definition, has failed to fulfill its purpose of nurturing the growth of its members. Single-parent families are more common in today’s society and are usually referred to as a broken home or dysfunctional families. Single-parent families have doubled since...
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