...HPV Vaccine Information For Young Women - Fact Sheet [pic] Two vaccines are available to prevent the human papillomavirus (HPV) types that cause most cervical cancers. These vaccines are bivalent vaccine (Cervarix) and quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil). One of the HPV vaccines, Gardasil, also prevents HPV types that cause most genital warts. Gardasil also has been shown to prevent some cancers of the anus, vulva (area around the opening of the vagina), and vagina. Both vaccines are given in 3 shots over 6 months. Why is the HPV vaccine important? Genital HPV is a common virus that is passed from one person to another through direct skin-to-skin contact during sexual activity. Most sexually active people will get HPV at some time in their lives, though most will never even know it. HPV infection is most common in people in their late teens and early 20s. There are about 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital areas of men and women. Most HPV types cause no symptoms and go away on their own. But some types can cause cervical cancer in women and other less common cancers— like cancers of the anus, penis, vagina, and vulva and oropharynx (back of throat including base of tongue and tonsils). Other types of HPV can cause warts in the genital areas of men and women, called genital warts. Genital warts are not life-threatening. But they can cause emotional stress and their treatment can be very uncomfortable. Every year, about 12,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer...
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...“HPV vaccine cuts abnormal pap smears in 4 years” Skin & Allergy news 39.4(Apr 2008) P43 Abnormal Pap tests and cervical procedures have already declined markedly among young women who were vaccinated against the human papillomavirus in three pivotal clinical trials, according to data presented in Tampa at the annual meeting of the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists.****rewrite in your own words. Comparison of 4,696 vaccinated women with 4,759 women in placebo groups showed reductions of 19% in colposcopy, 22% in cervical biopsy, and 42% in excisional therapy at an average follow-up of 3.3 years after the first dose of the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardisil/Silgard) against human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, and 18. (Macneil, 2008) The end-of-study data reported came from three large efficacy trials sponsored by Merck & Co., maker of the vaccine. All told, the studies randomized 18,150 women aged 16-26 years to the vaccine or a placebo. Participants had cervicovaginal sampling and Pap smears on their first day in the studies and were followed with Pap smears every 6-12 months for up to 48 months. Median follow-up was 4 years from day 1.****what the study is The most dramatic reduction was 43% in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs) seen on Pap smears. Although the drop was substantial, the numbers were small with only 41 cases in the placebo group and 24 among vaccinated women. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) declined by 14%...
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...Epidemiology: Global and Public Health NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed October 24, 2015 Epidemiology Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted viral infection found in young women that is one of the primary causes of cervical cancer. Sexually active young women, with many different partners, are some of the highest contributors and recipients in the newly infected population. Use of physical barriers, like condoms, during sex, can lessen this transmission. HPV is divided into two groups, low risk, nononcogenic types and high-risk types that can cause cervical dysplasia and in rare cases, cancer. Vaccines provide some protection against developing diseases caused by the virus. Epidemiological studies continue to evolve moving treatment forward for better patient outcome. Education is still the most effective way to deter this behavior that contributes to the HPV infection. Epidemiology is defined as “the study of the occurrence and distribution of health-related states or events in specified populations, including the study of the determinants influencing such states, and the application of this knowledge to control the health problems.” (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). With HPV, public health officials and scientists are constantly following the occurrences of viral spreading and patterns of occurrence. Development of vaccines is based on this data and sample collection. Public health nurses collect clinical data and collect tissue samples to...
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...Wheldon et al. (2016) conducted a study among 575 young MSM to quantify their behavioral intentions to initiate human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and to test an integrative model of HPV vaccine decision making. The integrative behavioral model (IBM) was used to inform this study. The IBM posits that a set of population-specific salient beliefs underlies the formation of attitudes toward HPV vaccination, perceived norms in favor or against vaccination, and perceived control over one’s ability to get vaccinated if desired. The effects of attitudes, norms, and perceived control on HPV vaccination are mediated by the individual’s behavioral intention (Ajzen, 1991). The IBM model, as applied to this particular issue, specifies that beliefs...
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...Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Carmen Holder NUR/408 Epidemiology: Teens and Human Papillomavirus Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted disease found in the young, sexually active population. It is presenting itself as a growing concern among the most vulnerable population; teenagers. Usually, there are no signs or symptoms associated with HPV so most people do not realize they are infected or that they are exposing a sex partner to the virus. There are more than 40 types of HPV that can infect the genital area, but the two most common types are HPV 16 and 18. These two types are responsible for approximately 70% of all cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). This paper will define epidemiology and describe the epidemiology triangle as it relates to HPV. A specific type of epidemiology, descriptive, will be explained in addition to various levels of prevention. “The word epidemiology comes from the Greek words epi (upon), demos (people), and logos (thought), and it originally referred to the spread of diseases of infectious origin (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2012, p. 255). It was not until the twentieth century that the field of epidemiology was recognized as a discipline. The focus of epidemiology is on evidence-based practice and the outcomes are used to guide a change in practice. Due to the many manifestations of chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancer, and other circumstances related...
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...vaccinate their children against Human papillomavirus (HPV), or if the risks outweigh the benefits. It is highly suggested that people in the appropriate age groups be vaccinated. However, more and more people are becoming concerned about the safety and the efficacy of the vaccine (Tomljenovic & Shaw, 2012). The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends that all females between the ages of 9 and 26 years old receive three doses of the HPV vaccine (Cervarix or Gardasil). They also recommend that all males between the ages of 9 and 26 years old receive three doses of the HPV vaccine (Gardasil only) (WebMD, n.d.). Gardasil and Cervarix are both new to the world of medicine, only being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on June 8, 2006 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2009) and October 16, 2009 (U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2012) , respectively. Although the makers of the vaccines, Merck & Co. (Gardasil) and GlaxoSmithKline (Cervarix), claim that the medicines prevent cervical cancer and have no serious side effects, there are no long-term studies to support those claims. This lack of evidence is a good reason for parents to opt out of this vaccination. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. It is estimated that roughly, 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV, and 14 million will become newly infected each year (CDC, 2014). There are 40 strains of HPV that are sexually transmitted, but the vaccination...
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...Our class exercise was focused on the subject of Human papillomavirus (HPV). It has been defined as: ‘one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs), with the highest rates of infection observed among individuals aged 15 to 24 years’. HPV types 16 and 18 can ‘cause cervical, penile, and anal cancers’; whereas non cancer causing ‘HPV types 6 and 11 can cause genital warts. Some of the risk factors for HPV infections in men include: having multiple sexual partners, smoking and using condoms infrequently’ (Gerend & Barley, 2009, p. 58). However, according to the National Cancer Institute HPV can still be transmitted even when using condoms but ‘condom usage is associated with lower risks for cervical cancer’ (National Cancer Institute, 2010). ‘Genital warts are the most common viral sexually transmitted disease in the UK with 81,000 new diagnoses in 2005, and a 30% increase in the last ten years. HPV types 6 and 11 are also responsible for virtually all cases of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP)’ (Szarewski, 2009, p. 81). For the class research exercise my group carried out was to first find out the knowledge and understanding males had of HPV and assess their perceived risk of acquiring the disease. This question was chosen because we felt that there has been a lot of media attention given to HPV by the vaccine program aimed at only females. For example, a misleading article in the BBC was titled, ‘Gay men seek “female cancer” jab’ (Roberts, 2007)....
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...Gardasil and Cervarix prevent infections and provide immunity from Human Papillomavirus (HPV) a classification of viruses that can affect the skin and the moist membranes of different parts of the body, including the mouth, throat and genital area of teens. HPV increases their risk for developing particular types of cancers. The vaccine Gardasil and Cervarix can be administered through needle injections as a series of three shots over a period of six months, for young girls up through age 26, and young boys through age 21 (Allen, H., 2014). Generally speaking, common sexually transmitted infections like HPV6 and HPV11; the cause of most cases of genital warts; and HPV16 and HPV18, are known as developing factors of cancers of the neck of the womb, or cervical cancers and are preventable...
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...million new STIs cases in the United States each year” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common STI (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). “Human papillomavirus are small, double-stranded DNA viruses that infect the epithelium” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1). According to the Centers of Disease Control, there are “79 million Americans that are currently infected with HPV. About 14 million people become infected each year” (Centers of Disease Control, 2014). With the number rising so quickly in the United States, they have developed vaccines to help minimize youth and young adults from contracting the infection. CDC recommends that all teen girls and women through the age of 26 and all teen boys and men through the age of 21 get vaccinated" (Crow, 2012, pg. 3). The vaccines best protect the individuals that are not sexual active before they receive the vaccine. "About 21,000 of HPV-related cancers could be prevented by getting the HPV vaccine" (Centers of Disease Control, 2014, pg. 2). Human papillomavirus has been linked to different types of cancers. Cervical cancer is the leading cancer linked to HPV. “In the early 1980s, cervical cancer cells were demonstrated to contain HPV’s DNA. Epidemiologic studies showing a consistent association between HPV and cervical cancer were published in the 1990s” (Centers of Disease and Control, 2012, pg. 1) There are approximately 500,000 cases of cervical cancers...
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...sexually transmitted diseases. One disease in particularly, Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), affects over six million individuals every year, comprised mostly of girls between fifteen and twenty-five years of age. Because there are over a hundred strains of this disease, contributing to about 70% of all cervical cancer cases, scientists have researched and developed a vaccine to protect against several strains of HPV. This vaccine is called Gardasil. The research that led to the development of the vaccine started in the 1980s, and finally in June of 2006 a pharmaceutical company, Merck & Co., had the vaccine approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Keywords: epidemic, Human Papilloma Virus, vaccine, Gardasil, Merck & Co Ethical Issues and Principles with Gardasil After 5 years of clinical trial, Gardasil has been proven to protect against four of about 40 types of HPV, according to the CDC's informational brochure. HPV strains 6 and 11 are responsible for 90 % of genital warts diagnosed in the United States, and HPV strains 16 and 18 are responsible for 70 % of cervical cancers (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). More specifically, Gardasil is expected to reduce the incidence of HPV related genital disease, including cervical, penile, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancer, precancerous lesions, genital warts, and laryngeal papillomatosis. In order to produce the vaccine, which costs patients about $360 for 3 shots, pleasant to American consumers, Merck...
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...better known as HPV is the one of the most common sexually transmitted infection. According to Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2013), “Approximately 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV” (para. 13). However it is also one of the sexually transmitted infections (STI) that many people are not educated on. It is responsible for many forms of cancers in both men and women. Certain types of HPV show no symptoms, it is estimated that in 90% of cases the body’s immune system clears HPV within two years. Human Papillomavirus has over 100 types of strands; only about 40 types of the HPV affect the genital area in both men and women. Anyone who is currently or has been sexually active is at risk of getting HPV at some point. HPV is passed during, vaginal, anal, oral sex and genital to genital contract. These types of HPV can also affect the mouth and throat. Warts in the throat is a condition referred to recurrent respiratory papillomatosis( RRP). According to WebMD (2005-2013), “men are three times more likely than women to develop head, and neck cancers caused by HPV” (para. 2). In recent day’s actor Michael Douglas discussed in an interview that his recent battle with throat cancer was caused by oral sex. According to The Huffington Post (2013), the actor stated "Without wanting to get too specific, this particular cancer is caused by HPV, which actually comes about from cunnilingus," (para. 4). Some of the other body parts affected by HPV include the hands...
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...Research Paper NURS 318P Women’s Health Care A controversial topic that is currently being considered is the application of an early HPV vaccination in younger girls and boys. This sensitive subject has ethical implications and valid points can be argued both for and against the concept. Individuals that are for early vaccination hold that the vaccine prevents transmission of HPV, decreases chances of developing future complications, and is more cost effective in the long run. Individuals that take a stand against early vaccination will say the vaccine promotes risky sexual behavior, is not safe, takes away from parent’s autonomy, and is not cost effective in the immediate period. The following information will give insight to both sides of the argument and a personal stance on the issue. The first example in support of early vaccination is the prevention of transmission of human papilloma virus (HPV). There are symptoms that can occur as a result of having an HPV infection. Gardasil is found to be successful in preventing HPV infections from types 6, 11, 16, and 18 (Donahou, 2013). A benefit of the HPV vaccine is the provision that there is use of accepted medical technology that will prevent serious diseases when possible and minimize pain and suffering (Donahou, 2013). Vaccinating both young girls and boys is found to reduce HPV transmission (Chen, Shepherd, & Becker, 2012). White states “this vaccination may help prevent the spread of genital warts in both...
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...Human papillomavirus (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). This virus is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States of America (Genital HPV Infection, 2015). Most types of HPV show no symptoms, but some cause genital warts. HPV is also associated with many cancers such as cervical, vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal. About 40%-60% of all penile, vulvar, and vaginal cancers are caused by HPV. This virus also causes about 80% of all anal cancers and about 100% of all cervical cancers (Pandhi & Sonthalia, 2011). The 2015 estimates of cervical cancer are that 13,000 women will be diagnosed and about a third of that will die (Statistics about Cervical Cancer, 2015). Specifically, the HPV genotypes 16 and 18 are associated with 64% of these cancers (Petrosky et al., 2015). The HPV vaccines, Cervarix and Gardasil, protect against these oncogenic genotypes (Godi, Bissett, Miller, & Beddows, 2015). Even though there are risks with taking this vaccine, the HPV vaccine is safe and saves thousands of women from getting cervical cancer and other types of cancers because there have been studies done to examine the safety of the vaccine around the world and there is a less chance of being diagnosed with some autoimmune diseases the influenza vaccine. The vaccines themselves are noninfectious and actually have proteins that “self-assemble to form virus like particles that induce a protective immunity” (Pandhi & Sonthalia, 2011). The vaccine is used all across the world...
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...11, 16, and 18) Vaccine, Recombinant] Suspension for intramuscular injection Initial U.S. Approval: 2006 --------------------------- RECENT MAJOR CHANGES --------------------------Indications and Usage (1) Girls and Women (1.1) 12/2010 Boys and Men (1.2) 12/2010 Limitations of GARDASIL Use and Effectiveness (1.3) 04/2011 ----------------------------INDICATIONS AND USAGE ---------------------------GARDASIL is a vaccine indicated in girls and women 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types included in the vaccine: • Cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer caused by HPV types 16 and 18 • Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) caused by HPV types 6 and 11 And the following precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16, and 18: • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 and Cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 1 • Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VaIN) grade 2 and grade 3 • Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) grades 1, 2, and 3 GARDASIL is indicated in boys and men 9 through 26 years of age for the prevention of the following diseases caused by HPV types included in the vaccine: • Anal cancer caused by HPV types 16 and 18 • Genital warts (condyloma acuminata) caused by HPV types 6 and 11 And the following precancerous or dysplastic lesions caused by HPV types 6, 11, 16,...
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...HPV- Will We Let It Kill Our Families? In recent months, three letters have been gaining an increasing amount of recognition throughout millions of American homes, colleges, hospitals and courtrooms - HPV. The letters do not just spell out the commonly used acronym for the sexually transmitted human papilloma virus, with the aid of a new vaccine coupled with a Texas law, HPV has recently managed to spell out a mixture of controversy and celebration as well. HPV is the second most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Some estimates put it at a rate of one million new cases a year, and forty to fifty percent of sexually active women will contract it by the time that they die. HPV is a family of viruses that cause genital warts in men and women, it is also known to cause cellular changes that can lead to cancer of the cervix in women and anal cancers especially in homosexual men. Cervical cancer kills about five thousand women per year. Scientists have discovered over sixty types of the human papilloma virus. Visible genital warts occur in only about one percent of sexually active adults infected with the HPV virus while other types of HPV are sub clinical infections. The types of HPVs that cause genital warts are not associated with increased cancer risks and are caused by HPV types 6 and 11. HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35 have been linked to cervical cancer. These high-risk HPVs have also been linked to increased risk of cancers of the vulva, anus...
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