...The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) is often seen as the first successful exponent of political and intellectual expression (Loewe, 1968). The reason why historians are able to reach this conclusion today is because of the archaeological work that has been done the numerous large and lavish tombs from this time period. Although they have been subject to a lot of looting, and a lot have yet to be excavated, Han tombs nevertheless provide rich information on not only the lives of individual people at the time, but also the agricultural, familial, and spiritual lives of people during the Han dynasty. According to Qinghua Guo, there have so far been 10 000 excavated graves from the Han dynasty (Guo, 2004).After a summary of the basic features of...
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...ASSIGNMENT Chinese Foreign Policy ------------------------------------------------- Does Chinese Foreign Policy reflect the concerns of a status quo power or a revisionist power? INTRODUCTION Before addressing this question, it is essential to establish what is meant by a status quo or revisionist power. Hans Morgenthau described a status quo power as one that favours and aims to maintain “the distribution of power as it exists at a particular moment in history”,. Similarly, proponents of power transition theory use the concept of the “rules of the game” regarding nations’ power relations to define status quo and revisionist states, the latter desiring to “redraft the rules” out of a “general dissatisfaction” with their share in the system. Randall Schweller furthers this point by adding military force as a requisite of such ambitions to amend the status quo. For the purpose of this essay, whether a power is status quo or revisionist will be determined by whether its policies aim at acquiring a new power order in its favour. Using this yardstick, this essay will elaborate China’s current behaviour and underlying aspirations to argue that it would be inappropriate or at least premature to stamp the country ‘revisionist’. I will also incorporate Morgenthau’s viewpoint on a status quo’s ‘minor adjustments’ into my reasoning of China’s policy to argue that what could be currently perceived as evidence of Chinese aggressive ambitions are not attempts to reverse the current...
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...Chen Hanyu A0110820B Tutorial D5 Question 1: Introduction For this paper, I will be discussing two opposing ideologies, Confucianism and Legalism. Towards the later part of ancient China (e.g Han dynasty), states started to adopt a mixture of Confucianism and Legalistic ideology. Why did Legalism and Confucianism fall off? In this paper I will explore and provide my own insights on the shortcomings of both ideologies; how Legalism was more persuasive in getting people to accept their ideas and more effective as an ideology and how Confucianism lost out in both aspects. Persuasiveness of Legalism The central idea of legalism was to provide absolute power to the person in charge and the supremacy of authority. Legalists like Han Fei Zi believed that human nature was “evil” and strict rules should be in place to ensure order, similar to a shepherd and sheeps3. With this theory in mind, the idea of absolute power was very attractive to rulers of states. Rulers will exercise the “two handles” of reward and punishment accordingly to keep their subjects obedient and loyal. This ideology is even more appealing towards newly founded states that lack in the department of control over its subjects. If states can adopt the legalistic way of ruling, rulers can exercise their control over the whole state to maintain order. Therefore it is more likely for rulers to be persuaded into adopting legalism as their state ideology since it aligns with their objectives. When compared to Confucianism...
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...The Legalists and their influence on Qin administration During the Warring States period, seven dominant states were in consistent struggles to take power over the others. Even though they all put much emphasis on military and warfare, the state of Qin was the one who concluded the period with the wars of conquest, annexing other contender states through exceptionally cruel administration. On the background of the rise of Qin existed the two most eminent administrators, Lord Shang and Han Fei zi, whose philosophies are demonstrated as Legalism. The Legalists emphasized an establishment of effective institutional structures based on impersonal and objective norms and standards: “laws, administrative regulations, clearly defined rules of promotion and demotion, and the like” (Watkins). Through the strict legislation, the Legalists “sought to attain a ‘rich [and empowered] state with powerful army’” (Pines). Adopting their philosophies and practicing them through reformation, the Qin administration could conquer its competitors; we can recognize the influence of Legalism on the state administration by analyzing the laws of Qin before the empire and comparing them to the philosophies of the two prominent Legalists. During the regime of Duke Xiao, the state of Qin went through a series of reforms successfully conducted by Lord Shang, and the characteristics of the reformation are well reflected on the laws of the state. First and foremost, Lord Shang emphasized on a powerful government...
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...HALAL MARKETS IN CHINA: POTENTIALS AND CHALLENGES Isa Ma1 ABSTRACT This paper aimed to evaluate Halal markets in China including Halal market potentials and challenges in China through analysis of Chinese Muslim populations (market size), purchasing powers, geographic locations (market places), and Chinese Muslim living situations in China (challenges). This paper also combated some problems relating to Halal markets in China and provided some basic information about Chinese Muslims and on Halal markets in China for potential Halal marketers. Keywords: Chinese Muslims and Halal markets in China 1. INTRODUCTION As companies head towards a global market that deals with people from many different cultural backgrounds, it has become essential for marketers to understand culture’s influence on consumer behaviours. The recognition of the importance of culture on consumer behaviours has led to an increasing amount of research across cultures (Sojka and Tansuhaj 1995). More significantly, many studies have succeeded in establishing links between culture and consumer behaviours (McCracken 1986). As the cultural variables and differences increase, the number of communication misunderstandings also increase. Barnlund (1989) suggests that a way to approach cultural understanding is to undertake a careful description of how people relate to one another in search of the norms that regulate social acts or behaviours. The most powerful elements of cultures are those that...
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...Country Notebook The Country Notebook—A Guide for Developing a Marketing Plan The Country Notebook Outline (Click here for more information about the Country Notebook.) • I. Cultural Analysis • II. Economic Analysis • III. Market Audit and Competitive Market Analysis • IV. Preliminary Marketing Plan I. Cultural Analysis writing guide Guideline I. Introduction writing guide A significant aspect of China is its long cultural and national history. The Chinese people have shared a common culture longer than any other group on Earth. The Chinese writing system, for example, dates back almost 4,000 years. The imperial dynastic system of government, which continued for centuries, was established as early as 221 BC. Although specific dynasties were overturned, the dynastic system survived. China was even ruled at times by foreign invaders, such as the Mongols during the Yuan Dynasty, from AD 1279 to 1368, and the Manchus during the Ch'ing Dynasty, from AD 1644 to 1911, but the foreigners were largely absorbed into the culture they governed. It is as if the Roman Empire had lasted from the time of the Caesars to the 20th century, and during that time had evolved a cultural system and written language shared by all the peoples of Europe. The dynastic system was overturned in 1911, and a weak republican form of government existed until 1949. In that year, after a long civil war, the People's Republic of China, with a Communist government, was proclaimed...
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...moral ruler who will influence his people to also be moral (Ebrey Textbook, 30). In the midst of analyzing the contrasts between these two schools of thought, however, what we often fail to realize is the similarity underneath. Although the differences between Legalism and Confucianism may seem convincing, upon further analysis, we see that their emergent contradictions is transcended by their parallel, underlying views of the despicable nature of self-conceit, the admirability of humility, and the importance of a minister's allegiance to his superior. There is little question that modesty is a Confucian virtue, and the idea of not exhibiting excessive pride is also present in the Legalistic school of thought. To begin, in Selections From Han Feizi, the Legalistic author denounces society for “having it backwards” by honoring those who are not worth honoring and shaming those who are actually honorable. He condemns the world for revering boastful people as men of endowment (Ebrey Sourcebook, 35). This idea clearly mirrors principles of Confucianism. One of the Confucian qualities of a “gentleman,” a man whose sole concern is The Way, is that he does not worry if other people do not admired him (Ebrey Sourcebook, 19)....
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...Teradyne, Inc. is an American company that sells automatic test equipment, along with service contracts to cover the downtime and repair of these complex products. Founded in 1960, Teradyne was the leader in automatic test equipment until 2006. The company is structured in four divisions, each one with its own management and internal structure: Broadland Test, Assembly Test, Semiconductor Test and Vehicle Diagnostic Solutions. Although Teradyne’s headquarters are located in Boston, its divisions are headquartered in Illinois and North Reading, in U.S.A., and Manchester in UK. Over the years the importance of Asia in the electronics industry grew amazingly, especially China, which dominated the industry’s growth at greater than 20 percent of sales in the 2002-2005. While Europe and the Americas were expected to grow 3 percent per year from 2005-2008, it was expected that China would grow 12 percent per year during the same period – China’s importance in the market was expected to grow from less than a tenth in 2002 to over a third in 2008. As a result of this incredible growth, Teradyne built a facility in Shanghai. However, despite the industry’s growth in the Chinese territory, in late 2003 the Teradyne’s market share in China was only one third of what it was in Europe and North America. Jeff Hotchkiss, president of Teradyne’s Assembly Test Division, was sent to Shanghai to find and solve the problem. I. Recognizing the Problem There are several problems in Teradyne’s...
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...翻译资格考试常考高频词汇 One Country, Two Systems 一国两制 One China, One Taiwan 一中一台 Two Chinas 两个中国 Three Direct Links (Mail, Air and Shipping Services and Trade) （两岸）直接三通 23 Million Taiwan Compatriots 两千三百万台湾同胞 Two Conferences (NPC and CPPCC) 两会（人大，政协） Three Represents 三个代表 the Important Thought of Three Represents 三个代表重要思想 Woman Pace-Setter 三八红旗手 the Three Major Historical Tasks三大历史任务 the Seven-Year Program to Help 80 Million People Out of Poverty "八七"扶贫攻坚计划 the Eleventh Five-Year Plan (2006-2010) "十一五"计划 the 15th central committee of the communist party of China (CPC) 第十五届中央委员会 17th Party Congress 十七大 the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee 十一届三中全会 South-South Cooperation 南南合作 North-South Dialog 南北对话 Taiwan Independence 台独 "Bring In" and "Going Out" "引进来"和"走出去"政策 patriotic democratic personages爱国民主人士 patriotic united front 爱国统一战线 patriotism 爱国主义精神 live and work in peace and contentment 安居乐业 an enterprising spirit 昂扬向上的精神状态 our compatriots in the Macao SAR (Special Administrative Region) 澳门特别行政区同胞 hegemonism 霸权主义 a hundred flowers blossom 百花齐放 a hundred schools of thought contend 百家争鸣 the stability in border areas 边疆稳定 remote areas 边远地区 a magnificent upsurge 波澜壮阔 extensive and profound 博大精深 never degenerating 不变质 constantly better people's lives 不断提高人民生活水平 unfair and irrational 不公正不合理 shackles of the outdated notions 不合时宜的观念的束缚 an inexhaustible motive force 不竭动力 invincible 不可战胜 an irresistible trend of history 不可阻挡的历史潮流 not lose...
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...China Internship Reflection Scott Smith 8/29/2012 International Business The Other End of the Spectrum The Chinese Experience My trip to China was a wonderful experience. There were so many good times accompanied with a lot of learning. Some would think it’s tough for an American to survive in China without knowing the language. In all actuality, it’s not too difficult; Chinese people are very friendly as well as welcoming. Beyond the cityscapes, China has beautiful colorful landscapes much different in wildlife and appearance than those found in the United States. I made a lot of new friends and some great connections. Overall, it was an incredible journey in which each day was a new adventure. Most of the time I spent in China was occupied with hard work and learning the ropes. I saw how every component played a role in the operation of the company, Hartford Technologies. In my downtime, I went to the skatepark to skateboard and make friends. I met people from all over the world; people from France, India, England, Ukraine and Russia. It was quite the humbling experience. Chinese Culture Chinese Culture is much different from our American culture. To an extent, Chinese culture is very misrepresented in America. For instance, most Americans believe the Chinese diet consists of pork fried rice, egg rolls, orange chicken, General Tsao chicken and fortune cookies...
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...Michael Miranda 12-20-10 The Han and Romans were very large empires that existed from 200 B.C.E through 200 C.E. Technology was key to both empires but they both had different views on technology. Both empires used water to their advantage but the way they used it was different, for example the Han used water to benefit the everyday man while the Romans built the aqueducts, which only benefitted people that had homes. The way they treated the people was different because the Han followed Confucius’ teachings while the Romans were selfish towards the people. The Romans and Han had a huge thing in common which was that they felt superior to the rest of the world. These two empires had many similarities but the way they viewed things was different. A thing that was very vital to both empires was water because without it they probably would have not been the empires that they were. The Romans had aqueducts, which benefitted any landowners, and they were very proud of according to Frontinus who said “The abundance of water is sufficient not only for public and private uses and applications but truly even for pleasure”. According to Huan Tan the Han used the water to make inventions because he said, “Water power was also applied (pestle and mortar)”. Although they both used water to build inventions the Romans built their inventions on a large scale while the Han built theirs on a small scale. The Han treated the lower class with respect while the Romans...
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...Food culture between china and america Do you know how chicken feet taste? Can you image that there is a country can make andything delicious? Different country has different culture, which also lead to different food culture. With the develop of globalization, we have more chances to attempt the food from different country. All these foods are used almost the same food material from earth, such as crops, meet, vegetables and fruit. However, there are many differences between these two kinds of food culture that as a results of the differences in their different ways of thinking and living style: Chinese people pay attention to the exquisite, while americans focus on people oriented; Chinese uses food to express feeling and emotion access the food cooking, while americans are more like the free style. I wil illustrate these differences from three aspects: cooking standard, diet and the way of having dinner. Firstly, the cooking standard is different. Americans emphasize science and nutrition. This is why their whole procedure of cooking is in strict accordance, and the use of recipes is an good example. In American recipes, measurement is calculated by grams and the recipe seems to be scientific and accurate. They are always totally accroding to recipes to buy food material and make dishes, and there always an electronic scale in kitchen to accurate measurement according to the recipe. However, Chinese is always cooking at will. They cooking with what they have, and almost...
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...components of Chinese culture includes art,cuisine, festival and etc. People in the culture Identity Throughout history, many recognized ethnic groups have been assimilated into neighboring ethnicities or disappeared without a trace. At the same time, many within the Han identity have maintained distinct linguistic and regional cultural traditions. The term Zhonghua Minzu has been used to describe the notion of Chinese nationalism in general. Much of the traditional identity within the community has to do with distinguishing the family name. Values Most social values are derived from Confucianism and Taoism. The subject of which school was the most influential is always debated as many concepts such as Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism and many others. Reincarnation and other rebirth concept is a reminder of the connection between real-life and the after-life. In Chinese business culture, the concept of guanxi, indicating the primacy of relations over rules, has been well documented. Chinese Language The Chinese language (汉语/漢語 Hànyǔ; 华语/華語 Huáyǔ; 中文 Zhōngwén) is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees.[4] Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages. About one-fifth of the world's population, or over one billion people, speaks some variety of Chinese as their native language. Internal divisions of Chinese are usually perceived...
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...Socialisation &Feral Children Summary In this lecture we learned about socialisation and Wild or Feral children. The class started off with a question asking what we believed feral children were and what we thought socialisation consisted of. It seemed apparent that about half of the class were aware of what feral children were with the majority having an idea of what socialisation is. To explain to the class fully we were more than told what the meaning was but also shown videos to show the extent of the meaning. We learned that feral children we raised with no or minimal human interaction which resulted in them growing up basically alienated from human culture or lacking in socialisation skills. The video clips we watched showed harrowing examples of stories about feral children. For instance Oxana a girl from the Ukraine who lived for years with a pack of wild dog, the video clip showed her on all fours acting like a dog. We also learned of girl called Genie who was held captive alone in a dark room from the age of 1 to 13 by her father. She rarely saw other human beings and was spoon fed soft food which she could barely survive on. When she was discovered she could not walk, talk or stand up and was not toilet trained. We then discussed how once she was rescued how she struggled to adapt to socialisation and now lives in sheltered accommodation. There were numerous other examples given with the authenticity of some open to debate but all came back to the same point...
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...Case study on US and Chinese culture in business life and negotiations. Sales and negotiations class 2011 Guanxi in Jeopardy – Case Study Intercultural Research In order to find out in what way the American culture of Electrowide as opposed to the Chinese culture of Motosuzhou will influence negotiation attitudes and positions, some intercultural research needs to be done beforehand. In assessing these cultures at an informal level as well as a business or formal perspective, I need to become aware that not all actions or behaviours can be directly explained by cultural differences alone. Sometimes it is a party’s incapability of correctly identifying its position or leverage points within the negotiation which causes rudeness or misunderstandings. Given that in this case (Electrowide VS. Motosuzhou) a linguistic barrier has to be overcome as well, makes finding the right conclusions even harder. Therefore I first need to have studied both cultures intensively in order to come up with a revised preparation for a new negotiation. China To start with I will talk about The People’s Republic of China. With its 1,300 million inhabitants, ancient history and innumerable traditions and customs it is perhaps the most difficult culture to study and to understand as a Westerner. Nevertheless it is a country that has intrigues us all over the course of history. Giving us many great inventions in the past and probably also in the future, as it is manifesting itself in becoming...
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