...Associate Level Material Appendix E Strategies for Gathering and Evaluating Sources |Source |What makes the source credible or what does not make it |Explain in at least two to four | | |credible? Consider the following when addressing the |sentences what information you can | | |source: |gather from this source? | | | | | | |What is the author’s affiliation to any organization | | | |related to the subject of the article? Does he or she have| | | |an ulterior motive? | | | | | | | |What is the author’s experience with the subject, | | | |including academic or professional credentials related to | | | |the subject of the source...
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...Contemporary Hate Crimes, Law Enforcement, and the Legacy of Racial Violence Ryan D. King University at Albany-SUNY Robert D. Baller University of Iowa This article investigates the association between past lynchings (1882 to 1930) and contemporary law enforcement responses to hate crimes in the United States. While prior research indicates a positive correlation between past levels of lynching and current social control practices against minority groups, we posit an inverse relationship for facets of social control that are protective of minorities. Specifically, we hypothesize that contemporary hate crime policing and prosecution will be less vigorous where lynching was more prevalent prior to 1930. Analyses show that levels of past lynching are associated with three outcome variables germane to hate crime policing and prosecution, but the effect of lynching is partly contingent on the presence of a minority group threat. That is, past lynching combined with a sizeable black population largely suppresses (1) police compliance with federal hate crime law, (2) police reports of hate crimes that target blacks, and in some analyses (3) the likelihood of prosecuting a hate crime case. Our findings have implications for research on law and intergroup conflict, historical continuity in the exercise of state social control, and theories that emphasize minority group threat. Steven F. Messner University at Albany-SUNY onflict theories of crime and criminal law posit that the...
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...Hate Crimes Hate crimes have become a major concern among lawmakers in all nations and at all levels of government. The main concern is that hate crimes are nothing new. Some examples from the past are the Roman persecution of Christians and the Nazi solution for the Jews. More recently we have experienced the ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and genocide in Rwanda. Racial and religious bias seems to be the inspiration for most hate crimes in the United States. Even as the United States was being settled in the 16th and 17th centuries, the Native Americans were the victims of intimidation and violence. During the last two hundred years, examples in the United States include lynching of African Americans, cross burnings to dive black families out of white neighborhoods, assaults on gay and lesbian people, and painting swastikas on Jewish synagogues. In the United States, over 8, 000 hate crimes were reported in 1995. Over one third were against African Americans, while the others were motivated by biases anti white, anti Jewish, anti gay, and anti Hispanic. Nearly 7 years ago a former Ku Klux Klansman, Thomas E. Blanton Jr. was convicted for blowing up a church in Birmingham and killing four young black girls in 1963. Also in 1963, Alabama Governor George C. Wallace ordered National Guard Troops to block black students from entering public schools. Birmingham safety commissioner Eugene “Bull” Conner turned German shepards and fire hoses on peaceful demonstrators...
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...AND CONFLICT, 2nd ed., (Academic Press, expected 2008). Hate Crimes Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt Northeastern University I. Legal Distinctions II. Hate Crimes and Prejudice III. Why Treat Hate Crimes Differently? IV. Problems in Collecting Hate Crime Data V. Types of Hate Crimes VI. Organized Hate Groups VII. VIII. Are Hate Crimes on the Rise? Responses to Hate crimes IX. Conclusion GLOSSARY Defensive Hate Crimes Hate offenses aimed against particular “outsiders” who are regarded as posing a challenge to a perpetrator’s neighborhood, workplace, school, or physical wellbeing. Ethno-violence Acts of hate that do not necessarily rise to the legal standard of a crime, but contain an element of prejudice. Hate Crimes (also known as Bias Crimes) Criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part by the fact or perception that a victim is different from the perpetrator. Mission Hate Crimes Hate offenses committed as an act of “war” against any and all members of a particular group of people. Modern Racism victim. Prejudice A negative attitude toward individuals based on their perceived group Subtle and institutionalized forms of bigotry based on the race of the membership. Retaliatory Hate Crimes terrorism. Thrill Hate Crimes Hate offenses typically committed by youngsters who are motivated by Hate offenses designed to get even for hate crimes or acts of the desire for excitement. HATE CRIMES are criminal offenses motivated either entirely or in part...
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...Hate Crimes: Criminal Profile, Causes, Victims, and Minimization Abstract Discrimination and hate crimes are nothing new. The Civil Rights Act of 1968 enacted the Federally Protected Activities Law in 1969, allowing the federal prosecution of any person or persons, who because another's race, color, religion or national origin, while participating in a federally protected activity, such as voting or going to school, willfully injures or attempts to injure, intimidates or attempts to intimidate or interfere with them(18 USC § 245, n.d.). In 1994 the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act was passed where in Section 280003(a) a hate crime is defined where a person intentionally selects a victim, or a property crime, to commit a crime because of race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, sexual orientation, or homeless status of the victim (28 USC § 994, 1994). The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, was signed by President Obama on October 28, 2009 as a rider to the National Defense Authorization Act for 2010 (H.R. 2647) as a result to the murders of Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr., expanding the 1969 United States federal hate-crime law to include crimes motivated by a victim's race, sexual orientation, gender identity, actual or perceived gender, or disability (Weiner, 2010). As we can see, hate crimes are felonies but they are still committed every day, and sociologists continue to study what drives...
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...and resort to violence to enforce their way of thinking hate crimes happen. Hate crimes have been around for centuries and come in many different forms such as Racial, Religious, and Sexual orientation. Congress defines hate crimes as a “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin, or sexual orientation”(FBI.gov). The Hate Crime Statistics act was passed by congress in 1990 and required the Attorney General to collect data “about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, sexual orientation, or ethnicity.” In 2012 the Federal Bureau of Investigations reported 5,796 hate crime incidents in the United States involving 6,718 offenses. Throughout time the punishments for hate crimes have varied and have become harsher. The punishment for hate crimes is harsher then for crimes that are not motivated by any type of bias. Most crimes are directed at an individual for no other reason then personal gain, hate crimes are directed at an entire population segment. When a crime is proven to be motivated by hate, the punishment automatically increases in severity. In order for a hate crime to receive additional punishment, the state in which the crime was committed must have rules against that specific crime. 18 U.S. Code § 249 – Hate Crime Acts, which sets forth the minimum punishments for specified hate crimes was enacted in January of 2012. The most common form...
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...HATE CRIMES SHEMEKA COLLINS HATE CRIMES Hate crimes are not a new concept for society, because hate crimes have always been around. While the study of hate crimes and the laws that have been passed because of hate crimes is relatively new, hate crimes have always been around. Hate crimes were committed as far back as the 1800's and even back to The Civil War. Hate crimes are prevalent in society today just like they were in the past; because whether the crimes are aimed towards Muslims, the gay community, or any other minority group; they are fueled by something that every person has come into contact with- prejudice. Prejudice is defined as a preconceived thought or opinion about someone. While prejudice can be positive, in the concept of hate crimes they are negative feelings, thoughts, or opinions that are aimed towards a certain religious, ethnic, race, or even sexual orientation group. The typical definition of hate crime is that a crime has been committed by a majority member against a minority member simply because the victim was a minority. However, as of recent the definition has been expanded to allow for any crime committed by bias towards the victim's social group such as anti-gay or anti-lesbian. Hate crimes are an extreme, potential effect due to prejudice and discrimination towards someone based on ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation....
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...Hate Groups in America Abstract This essay will be exploring hate groups that exist in America, and some of the victims that have been a target from these groups. Hate groups commit violent crimes against people because of their demographics or the organizations that they represent. A hate crime is a violent criminal act that is not justified; it is committed to inflict pain and suffering. While hate groups exist in America, the crimes that are committed are not acceptable, and could be solved with communication. “We hate some persons because we do not know them, and we will not know them because we hate them”-Charles Caleb Colston Hate Groups in America Hate Groups have been increasing in America, and they are surged by a feeling of hate toward another group because of their race, national religion, sexual orientation, status and anything that one will find to hate another. “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances” http://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/first_amendment. Americans have freedoms to form groups that they want to and if it violates the law it will be looked into, and although the crimes that these groups commit against others is wrong, the hate groups that have formed are not illegal, and are growing in numbers...
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...HATE CRIME A hate crime is defined as any wrongdoing committed against a specific group of people. A type of prejudice, hate crimes are directed at a group of individuals because of their religion, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation, or any other significant characteristic. Here are some basic facts on hate crimes: * Hate crimes have been occurring since ancient civilization, like the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire. * 6,222 hate crime incidents involving 7,254 offenses were reported in 2011 alone. * Every hour in the United States, a hate crime is committed against another individual or group. * Half of all the hate crimes in the nation are committed by people between the ages of 15 and 24. * At least eight African Americans, three white people, three gay people, three Jewish people, and one Latino person are victim to hate crimes every day. Hate crimes have been occurring in the US since it was founded, festering in groups like the Klu Klux Klan. The term ‘hate crime’ did not enter the nation’s vocabulary until the early 1980’s—around the time when groups like the Skinheads launched a wave of bias-related crime. The FBI began investigating these hate crimes as early as World War I, when the Klu Klux Klan was at its height, marching in Washington DC and murdering both white and black people with impunity. However, hate crime legislation was not introduced in the House or Senate until the 1980s. In 1990, the Hate Crimes Statistics...
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...Declaration of Independence states that “all men are created equal.” The term “Hate Crime” defined by Public Law #103-322A, a 1994 federal law, defines a hate crime as: “a crime in which the defendant intentionally selects a victim, or in the case of a property crime, the property that is the object of the crime, because of actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, disability, or sexual orientation of any person.” Although this is the federal definition, each state has their own legal hate crime statues, which states what constitutes and is punishable as a hate crime in that state. Some states do not recognize hate crimes at all, yet, as it clearly states in the countries founding documents the people of this country are “one nation” and “all men are created equal.” The number of hate crimes being committed is growing in numbers. What is considered a “hate crime” today is no longer restricted to the issue of black and white, but the national standard for these crimes remains unclear. Some individuals feel that hate crime legislation or Hate Crime Laws are not only unconstitutional, but redundant and unnecessary. The writer of “Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary” argues that “hate crime laws, whether at the state or federal level, are not necessary” ("Hate Crime Laws Are Unnecessary"). The writer further argues that passing such laws will not prevent crimes motivated by...
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...Hate Crimes in American Society in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries Sample Student Research Paper Project of Sociology Table of Contents I. Thesis Statement…………………………………………….………….....Page 4 II. Introduction and Summary………………………………….………….....Page 4 III. Literature Review………………………………………………………....Page 6 IV. Methods………………………………………………………….......….. Page 16 V. Socio-Historical Analysis………………………………………………. .Page 18 A. 20th Century 1. Lynching 2. Ku Klux Klan 3. Rodney King and the Los Angeles Riots 4. Matthew Shepard B. 21st Century 1. Post 9/11 2. Jena Six VI. Cause and Effect Analysis…………………………………………… ....Page 24 A. Causes 1. Prejudice a. Stereotypes b. Scapegoats c. Presence of Hate in American Culture d. Need for Status and Power 2. Reasons for Crime a. Sending a Message b. Thrill Seeking c. Defensive B. Effects 1. Psychological Trauma 2. Undo Social Progress 3. Community Unrest 4. Threat of Retaliation VII. Descriptive Analysis……………………………………………….........Page 30 A. Description of Victims 1. Bias against a Particular Race 2. Bias against a Particular Religion 3. Bias against a Particular Sexual Orientation 4. Bias against a Particular Ethnicity/National Origin 5. Bias against a Disability B. Description of Offenses and Offenders This must be your new section? VIII. Comparative Analysis…………………………………………………. Page 36 A. United States Justice Department Definition of Hate Crime B. International Justice...
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...Losing Count of Police Brutality Summary This article “King: So much police brutality that it’s hard to monitor” by Shaun King states that almost 2,000 people have passed away by the police. King also states that every day, at least 3 people are killed before they even go to jail and 8 people die in jail. He is saying that the amount of people killed by the police in America is impossible for civilians to keep up. He also mentions that he is ashamed that other loved ones are surviving but struggling because other families have lost a loved one due to police brutality. And he says, it is hard to imagine going through that. Can Police Brutality be Justified Summary This article “Justifying Police Brutality.” By Adam Serwer states that many people...
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...Profiling has its benefits and problem just like any other perceptional judgment. Society tends to be inclined to profiling due to cognitive learning, but "profiling was originally intended to help drug couriers attempting to enter the country." (Schmalleger, 2004) U.S Customs Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration developed personal indicators that perceived an increased likelihood of a violation of law. Then in the late 1900's racial profiling received national recognition. Racial profiling referred to "Driving While Black." (Schmalleger, 2004) Literature review Advantages and Disadvantages Psychological "We understand today that it is a cruel and ignorance practice to torture men and women whose mental disturbance expresses itself in the form of religious or other eccentricities, but we are still too deep in the darkness to realize that the same true of those whose quirks show themselves in criminality." (Howe, 2012) One form of profiling is the psychological process of criminals. Usually, if investigators think like criminals he or she will caught a law violator. Psychologically profiling suspected criminals is an effective benefit for criminologist; unfortunately, using psychological profiling can't provide solid evidence. During the 1950's psychological profiling was distinctly used as a method in America. Investigator discovered similarities and intriguing patterns in serial killers is behavior; also, investigators perpetuated that abuse leads to behavior...
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...cultural norms. Norms help guide us thought life activity. Crime is an act of violation of society formally enacted criminal law. Criminal deviance is divided into a wide range of offenses, from minor traffic violation to sexual assault to murder. In general that we would normally view nonconformity as breaking the rules, or regulation, like driving while under the influence of alcohol, stealing which is viewed as someone is negative or an bad person. On the other side we view someone that is good as a nerd that doesn’t do anything but think about computer software and programs, and someone that does a lot of volunteer work. Deviance doesn’t have to involve our actions or even choose. Some deviances action can be detached on how we all think about others and if we don’t like a certain people because of the person’s disability race, and other difference. This means that racial hate groups are performing a deviance act against other unlike racial groups. Social control is subjected to everyone in a society. Social control is an attempt to control people’s thoughts and behavior to standards of the society. Unfortunately social control has been able to control all of those murders and other people that constantly break the rules and regulation. In cases of serious deviance, however may bring action by the criminal justice system, which is a formal response by police, courts, and prison official to alleged violation of the law. Now lets take a look at structural-functional approach...
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...equality. It is set in Los Angeles, it is about social and cultural stereotypes, race, and the conflict that often ensues as a result. The movie is presented in the conflict perspective which according to Richard T. Schaefer (2009) "assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power including housing, money, access to services and political representation". Crash uses tension to the story line of each character forcing them into positions of conflict as well as dependence, and emphasizes the status of equality in America. In order to progress to a more equal society it is essential like Americans presented in the movie Crash, especially those most often seen in modern society such as stereotyping, hate crimes, etc… Schaefer defines stereotypes as "unreliable generalizations about all members of a group shows a car crash involving two police detectives and an Asian woman. You can see from the beginning of the movie that the stereotyping begins immediately when the Asian woman tells the police officer that is writing the traffic report that "Mexicans don’t know how to drive. She brakes too fast!" (Haggis, 2005) A verbal struggle ensues between the Latina police detective, who is driving and the Asian woman. RIA mocks the lady about her incorrect pronunciation of the word brake. The Asian woman demonstrates that in her mind the stereotypical Latina is a Mexican who cannot drive. In another example of stereotyping, the District Attorney's White...
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