...Personality Assessment and Theories Personality tests can be objective or projective. Through using a standardized format or through assessing yourself more directly the answers may change from day-to-day or month to month. People behave differently in varying situations through tracking personalities many inconsistences are found. Whether someone is given a structured interview or a personality inventory may not matter when the individual has learned and adapted. Personality inventories such as the NEO-PI-R or big 5 are based on the trait theory of personality. This theory stands for a more factored analysis that holds group traits accountable for personal behaviors. One example of trait in this theory is a person’s tendency to be aggressive. Eysenck’s theory based on traits claimed there were areas of personality; emotional stability, introversion-extroversion, and psychoticism. These tests take into account inherent predisposed behaviors and talents. Tests that gauge a person’s strengths and weaknesses this way are multiple choice formats, centered on extroversion, orderliness, emotional stability, accommodation, and inquisitiveness. Each time a big 5 assessment was taken results received differed. I think the results partially have to do with how you are feeling on a day-to-day basis and should be used as a guide. I believe these assessments to be objective and open to interpretation considering life situations. These are the kinds of surveys that a person...
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...Perspectives Of Personality There are many theories of personality, they have been grouped into four basic perspectives: psychoanalytic, humanistic, social cognitive, and traits. The psychoanalytic perspective focused on the importance of the unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. The psychoanalytic perspective suggests that there is a structure to the mind which includes the id, ego, and superego. The id is the completely unconscious, irrational component of the personality. It is not affected by logic, values, morality, danger, or the demands of the external world. The ego is the semi-conscious rational part of the personality and the superego is the semi-conscious, moralistic part of the personality. This structure is a very distinct psychological process. (Hockenbury, D.H. & S.E.,2014 pp 419-422) The humanistic perspective "represents an optimistic look at human nature" (Hockenbury, 2014). Human nature is viewed as primarily good and humanistic theorists, like Maslow, focus on methods that allow fulfillment of potential. The humanistic perspective of personality attributes human characteristics and actions to free will and the drive for self-actualization. The social cognitive perspective of personality "emphasizes learning and conscious cognitive processes, including the importance of beliefs about the self, goal setting, and self regulation"(Hockenbury, 2014). Albert Bandura was on of the major theorists of this prospective...
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...Cassee Zopp Chapter 2 Outline General Psychology I. Psychodynamic Theories of Personality A. Language about displaying, repressing, denying, and regressing can be traced to the first psychodynamic theory of personality. 1. Psychoanalysis is a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy, originally formulated by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts. 2. Psychodynamic Theories are theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of unconscious energy dynamics within the individual. B. Freud and Psychoanalysis 1. The Structure of Personality a. Personality consists of three major systems: the id, the ego, and the superego. b. id – present at birth: in psychoanalysis the part of personality containing inherited psychic energy, particularly sexual and aggressive instincts. c. Ego – the second system to emerge: in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents food sense, and rational self- control. d. Superego – the last system of personality to develop: in psychoanalysis, the part of personality that represents conscience, morality, and social standards. e. Defense Mechanisms: methods used by the ego to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering consciousness. f. Repression occurs when a threatening idea, memory, or emotion is blocked from consciousness. g. Projection occurs when a persons own unacceptable or threatening feelings are repressed and...
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...characteristics that make a person unique” (Weinberg & Gould, 1999). Both quotes highlight and personalize the individual and consequently adopt an idiographic view. So it can be said that within modern day society an idiographic view assumes that each person has a unique psychological structure and that some traits are possessed by only one person; and that there are times when it is impossible to compare one person with others. It tends to use case studies for information gathering. The nomothetic view, on the other hand, highlights comparability among individuals. This frame of reference sees traits as having the same psychological meaning in each individual. This approach tends to use self-report personality questions, factor analysis, etc. People differ in their positions along a continuum in the same set of traits. Although we have discussed and merely touched on personality we can characterize personality in to various theories which can be viewed within the modern day life. Most personality theories can be grouped into four classes: trait, psychoanalytic, social learning, and humanistic, these theoretical approaches differ markedly in the constructs they...
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...self-awareness. Fraud had a different perceptive on humanistic psychology. Fraud viewed things with a pessimistic point of view. He believed people to be motivated by unconscious sexual and destructive instincts. Humanistic psychologists saw people as being naturally good. Humanistic psychologists also had a different views from psychoanalytic theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. Social Cognitive is another perspective of personality. The social cognitive perspective is different from the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives in many ways. To compare social cognitive with humanistic, trait and psychoanalytic someone could say that instead of basing their view on self-analysis or ideas obtained from psychotherapy, social cognitive personality theorists base their ideas on experimental findings. Social cognitive perspective uses conscious, self-regulated behavior instead of unconscious mental influences and basic instincts. Another component in of the perceptive of personality is trait. Traits are very different from the other perspectives. To compare them someone might say that psychoanalytic, humanistic, and social cognitive theories emphasize the common ties among people. Their ideas all focus on finding the universal processes of motivation and development that define human personality. These theories deal with someone’s differences, but only indirectly versus the trait approach to personality focuses on...
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...Personality Theory Course : Organizational Behaviour Course Code: MBA507 Section: 1 Submitted To: Dr. Nasreen Wadud Adjunct Faculty, Business Administration Department East West University Submitted By: Md. Faysal Ahmed ID: 2013-1-95-110 Mahmudul Hasan ID: 2013-1-95-031 Niaj Mahmud ID: 2013-1-95-055 Md. Samiul Islam Chowdhury ID: 2013-1-95-076 Submission Date: 24.08.2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Front Matter 2-5 Preface 2 Learning Objectives 3 Scope of the Project 3 Methodology 4 Limitations 5 I. Introduction 6-12 Introduction to Personality Theory 6 What is a Theory 7 Why Different theories 11 II. Theories of Personality 12-116 Psychoanalytic Theory 12-25 Humanistic Theory 25-43 Trait and Factor Theories- Big Five Factors 43-57 Biological and Genetic Theories 58-62 Social Cognitive Theory 62-87 Holistic-Dynamic Theory 88-116 III. Conclusion 116-117 Final Thoughts 116 Summary ...
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...this person's name and what (s)he has done. denotes an important research finding. denotes an issue that you should be able to discuss or explain. | PERSONALITY: an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (Myers, 2005, p. 429) example: a person's characteristic outgoing, extraverted personality; another person's hard-driving, competitive style 4 MAJOR PERSPECTIVES ON PERSONALITY The Psychoanalytic Perspective The Trait Perspective The Humanistic Perspective The Social-Cognitive Perspective [Myers labels two of these as "historic perspectives": psychoanalytic and humanistic, and two as "contemporary": trait and social-cognitive.] THE PSYCHOANALYTIC PERSPECTIVE EXPLORING THE UNCONSCIOUS: FREUD Sigmund Freud The "father of psychoanalysis" psychoanalysis: a method for exploring the unconscious and a treatment techniquefree association Say whatever comes into your mind ... Don't censor. Don't try to be logical. Don't try to be creative, or to give "good answers." Just say whatever comes into your mind. (Harder than it sounds.) * Free association helps to reveal the repressed fears and hidden wishes of the unconscious. unconscious not conscious, but influences behavior and experience ... according to "Dr. Fraud" (oops--a classic "Freudian slip") repression of sexual and aggressive urges the two major instincts, which provide motivation for all of personality: sex and aggression Freud's iceberg metaphor conscious preconscious ...
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...(Berger, 1995). There is a relationship between the pictorial elements and the written material. The word “iPhone” is depicted by the iPhone picture at the bottom of the advertisement, and the larger iPhone picture on the left of the advertisement. The words “happier holidays” are represented by the large, red bow that runs in the middle of the poster. The red bow implies that the advertisement is a gift to the customers on the holiday season. The “499” means that the item is for preorder. It also indicates the price of the iPhone. Finally, “iPhone is here” is depicted by a large picture of an iPhone. Showing a photo of the iPhone to the possible clients proves that the iPhone already exists, and Rogers will soon have it in their inventory. All of the mentioned...
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...Personality Paper Robbin Nehls PSY/211 September 25, 2014 Mark Ammer Four perspectives of personalities are the, psychoanalytic perspective, the humanistic perspective, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective. The psychoanalytic perspective emphasizes the most importance of unconscious processes and the influence of early childhood experience. It is theory of personality that stresses the influence of unconscious mental processes, the importance of sexual and aggressive instincts, and the enduring effects of early childhood experience on personality. The term unconscious is used to describe thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are operating below the level of conscious awareness. The humanistic perspective emphasizes free will, self-awareness, and psychological growth. A view of personality that emphasizes human potential and such a uniquely human charactistics as self-awareness and free will (Cain, 2002). Humanistic psychologists also differed from psychologists theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. The humanistic psychologists believe that people are motivated by the need to grow psychologically, they contended that he most important factor in personality is the individual’s conscious, subjective perception of his or her self ( Purkey and Stanley, 2002). Three areas of personality development can be the psychosexual stages, the social cognitive perspective, and the trait perspective...
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...01-Ellis-45685:01-Ellis-45685 7/16/2008 7:00 PM Page 1 Chapter 1 The Study of Personality Introduction Chapter Goals • Provide an overview of the controversies in the field of personality • Explain the purpose and utility of studying personality to mental health professionals • Review the various definitions of human personality • Offer insights into the history of personality theories • Introduce some of the methods used to measure or evaluate personality • Present some of the major personality theorists who have developed the concepts we will be studying S ubdisciplines of psychology such as social psychology, cognitive psychology, and indus- trial psychology endeavor to find common principles that will explain everyone’s behavior. These subfields have achieved considerable success in doing so, since we are all similar in many ways. Despite our similarities, however, there is little doubt that each human being is unique—different from every other individual on the planet. Seeking to understand human commonalities and seeking to account for individual differences are complementary, insofar as we cannot fully apprehend differences if we cannot identify our common characteristics. Personality psychology looks for answers to numerous questions. In what ways do human beings differ? In what situations and along what dimensions do they differ? Why do they differ? How much do they differ? How consistent are human differences? Can they be measured...
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...INFLUENCE OF TEST ANXIETY AND SELF EFFICACY ON MATHEMATICS PERFORMANCE OF SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KANDUYI DIVISION OF BUNGOMA DISTRICT By Simiyu, Marango G. Moses E55/5150/2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION IN THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY. OCTOBER, 2010. DECLARATION “This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University.” Signature _______________ Date Name: Simiyu, Marango G. Moses________ E55/5150/2003 Supervisors: “we confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision as university supervisors. Supervisors: Signature: 1 _______________ Date____________ Prof. Fredrick Moses Okatcha Educational Psychology Department 2 _________________ Prof. Haniel N. Gatumu Educational Psychology Department Date____________ ii DEDICATION To my dear wife Maria and our children, Maureen, Valerie, Bramuel and Gideon. Your support, love and understanding remain a strong inspiration to move on. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Am indebted to acknowledge the invaluable support accorded to me during the period of study by my supervisors Prof. F.M Okatcha and Prof.H.N Gatumu of Kenyatta University. I would also like to appreciate the assistance of Dr. Kwena, Dr.Mweru and Dr.Mugambi of Educational Psychology department for their constructive criticism of this work. I thank Dr. John Wesonga and Mrs...
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...9 CHAPTER PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 348 CHAPTER OUTLINE module 29 Psychodynamic Approaches to Personality Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Mapping the Unconscious Mind The Neo-Freudian Psychoanalysts: Building on Freud Try It! The Life Orientation Test Projective Methods Behavioral Assessment Becoming an Informed Consumer of Psychology: Assessing Personality Assessments module 30 Trait, Learning, Biological and Evolutionary, and Humanistic Approaches to Personality Trait Approaches: Placing Labels on Personality Learning Approaches: We Are What We’ve Learned Biological and Evolutionary Approaches: Are We Born with Personality? Humanistic Approaches: The Uniqueness of You Try It! Assessing Your Real and Ideal Self-Concept Comparing Approaches to Personality module 32 Intelligence Theories of Intelligence: Are There Different Kinds of Intelligence? Practical Intelligence and Emotional Intelligence: Toward a More Intelligent View of Intelligence Assessing Intelligence Variations in Intellectual Ability Exploring Diversity: The Relative Influence of Genetics and Environment: Nature, Nurture, and IQ Psychology on the Web The Case of . . . Mike and Marty Scanlon, the Unlikely Twins Profiles of Success: Raymond J. Matlock Full Circle: Personality and Individual Differences module 31 Assessing Personality: Determining What Makes Us Distinctive Self-Report Measures of Personality Who was the Real Bernie Madoff? To some, Bernard L. Madoff was an affable, charismatic...
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...An initiative to find whether the congruence of individual personality and brand personality influence the buying behaviour favorably Abstract This study is conducted on students of xxxxx University to test the hypothesis (does the congruence of individual personality and brand personality influence the buying behaviour favourably?). The results would describe if an individual’s personality similar to that of the brand will result in preference for that brand in purchasing decisions. The study is conducted in two phases using Aaker’s- 5 brand personality description/model. In the first phase, factor analysis has been used in grouping the attributes given by the sample population for the cell phone brands, under one of the five personality types. In the second phase a structured questionnaire is employed to understand the sample population’s personality and their choice of cell phone brand if all the three brands offer a model with same features and at the same cost. Keywords Brand personality, individual personality, sources of brand personality Introduction Over forty years of research in marketing (Levy 1959; Martineau 1958) has shown that the perceptions and associations consumers have about brands go beyond their functional attributes and benefits, and include non-functional, symbolic qualities, often referred to as “brand image.” Among these aspects of brand image are perceptions and associations about the brand's “personality,” the “set of human-like characteristics...
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...of people at their workplace or in their decision making to a great extent. Consequences of very high or very low Machiavellianism and narcissism can be grave and therefore effects of both these conditions are evaluated. Also methodologies to determine the level of Narcissism and Machiavellianism in an individual are discussed through this paper. Hopefully this research will provide insights to the positive and negative effects of Narcissism and Machiavellianism and assist the reader in avoiding or minimising the negative effects of these. Narcissism The term was coined by Freud after Narcissus who in Greek myth was a pathologically self-absorbed young man who fell in love with his own reflection in a pool. It refers to the personality trait of egoism, conceit, or simple selfishness. Applied to a social group, it is sometimes used to denote elitism or an indifference to the plight of others. Freud saw narcissism as an essential part of every individual right from their birth. In his paper “On narcissism: An...
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...May’s Existentialism and the Epistemic Inventory 2 Introduction Rollo May was one of the leading existentialist psychologists in the twentieth century. His writings have shaped contemporary discussions of man’s struggle with “being in the world,” and the difficulty inherent in such a task. A brief review of May’s biography is useful in understanding the philosophical path which he chose. May was born in Ada, Ohio, the first of six children born to parents who had great difficulty in their marriage. His mother and sister both suffered from mental illness, and their instability caused May to spend much of his internal life in an introspective solitude produced by psychic pain. After briefly attending Michigan State University and Oberlin College, May traveled across Europe where he taught English. He was intensely lonely, and it was at this point that he had one of two epiphanies which would shape his belief in existentialism. May began thinking of his own and other’s inner beauty, and he enrolled in Union Theological Seminary in order to study his newfound optimism. It was during this time that he studied psychoanalysis with Alfred Adler and philosophy with Paul Tillich. He practiced psychotherapy privately in the 1940’s and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University at the age of 1940. During this period, May experienced a second life-changing event: he spent three years in a sanitarium after contacting tuberculosis. This period of solitude allowed him time...
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