...Environment 502 (2015) 578–584 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Science of the Total Environment journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv Effects of meteorology and secondary particle formation on visibility during heavy haze events in Beijing, China Qiang Zhang a, Jiannong Quan a, Xuexi Tie b,c,⁎, Xia Li a, Quan Liu a, Yang Gao a, Delong Zhao a a b c Beijing Weather Modification Office, Beijing, China SKLLQG and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian China National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA H I G H L I G H T S • • • • The cases of haze formation in Beijing, China were analyzed. The effects of RH on PM2.5 concentration and visibility were studied. Gas-phase to particle-phase conversion under different visibility was analyzed. With high RH, the conversion SO2 to SO4= accounted for 20%. a r t i c l e i n f o Article history: Received 25 July 2014 Received in revised form 5 September 2014 Accepted 24 September 2014 Available online 7 October 2014 Editor: P. Kassomenos Keywords: Beijing Hazes Visibility PM2.5 PBL Secondary particle formation a b s t r a c t The causes of haze formation in Beijing, China were analyzed based on a comprehensive measurement, including PBL (planetary boundary layer), aerosol composition and concentrations, and several important meteorological parameters such as visibility, RH (relative...
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...ea REGIONAL HAZE ACTION PLAN Introduction Smoke haze had affected Southeast Asian countries during the dry seasons in 1991, 1994 and 1997. From July to October 1997, ASEAN countries in particular Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, were badly affected by smoke haze caused by land and forest fires. The Philippines and Thailand were affected to a lesser degree. The severity and extent of the smoke haze pollution was unprecedented, affecting millions of people across the region. 2. The economic loss suffered by countries during this environmental disaster was enormous and has yet to be fully determined. Several economic sectors, including air, water and land transport, shipping, construction, tourism, forestry and agriculture, have been severely affected. The haze pollution has also resulted in considerable health impact on the people of the countries affected and the long-term health effects have yet to be determined. 3. ASEAN Environment Ministers had in June 1995 agreed on an ASEAN Co-operation Plan on Transboundary Pollution. The Co-operation Plan contains broad policies and strategies to deal with transboundary pollution. In light of the latest haze experience, the ASEAN Environment Ministers have agreed on this Regional Haze Action Plan, which sets out co- operative measures needed amongst ASEAN member countries to address the problem of smoke haze in the region arising from land and forest fires. Objectives 4. The primary objectives of this Plan...
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...Philippines and Thailand, in an acrid haze, resulting to one of the most severe regional shutdown in years. According to the scientists, the 2015 pollution could surpass the one in 1997 - when it had created an environmental tragedy that cost about US$9 billion in damage. The economic cost The total economic cost will take months to assess, and will have to cover all aspects of daily life – lost productivity, lost workdays through respiratory illness and lost tourism. Early estimates of Indonesia’s total economic costs of the fires in 2015...
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...than 24 hours. “China's Haze: Under the Doom”, a 143 minute presentation by former CCTV reporter Chai Jing lays the blame on a lack of government oversight as a major reason behind the country’s deteriorating air quality problem. Chai Jing said that “There are some things we know that the effects for improving air pollution is very little if we say it. But just because of the person who say it and do a little things, he can make things become more better and our heart can be relaxed. So looking back the war between the human and the smog, the history just create like that thousands and thousands of ordinary people in this world one day will say “No, I am not satisfied. I do not want to wait, I will no longer to abdicate, I will stand up and do a bit of things! What I would do is just at this moment, right now , right here, is just this body.” Thousands of children are being nurtured; the rivers, the sky, the earth should belong to them. We have responsibility to prove to them an energy to illuminate the world, and the world can be clean and beautiful. In the haze serious, we have at least one thing you can do is to protect yourself and your love. The future that I really prefer to see in China will like this: There is no longer PM2.5 in the air, which we breathe every day. The quality of the air will get the standard all over the China in 365 days. Chinese people will never get worried about air pollution and haze, we will no longer check the haze index every morning. Of...
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...The haunting behavior Flannery O’ Connor creates a fictional world in need of faith. In the book Wise Blood by Flannery O’Connor, Hazel (Haze) Motes is a young man that is driven to find Christ in the city of Taulkinham. Who I considerably believe him to be naïve person, because of his innocent, ignorant, and impulsive behavior. Flannery O’ Connor character is spiritual lean and hungry figures that reject lip services to Christianity and the insipid certainty of rationalism in the pursuit of salvation and portrays the moment of grace as an encounter with holiness and as a moment of epiphany and physical and emotional violence as an essential part of one’s transformation and growth. Hazel Motes is usually deprived economically, emotionally, or both and is dwell in a world which, in Flannery O’ Connor’s words, “the good is under construction”. Hazel is someone who dares to dream but shows no remorse towards the faith and belief that other people may have upon Jesus. Nobody seems to be impressed by the power of his words when Hazel Motes says, “Do you think I believe in Jesus?”… “Well I wouldn’t even if he existed, Even if he was on this train” (7). Hazel speaks to Mrs. Hitchcock in the train letting her know, he would never want to be redeemed; “If you’ve been redeemed, then I wouldn’t want to be” (7). His ignorant and stubbornly attitude is always against Jesus that even if he existed and had him in front of him, he still would refuse to believe. His ignorant attitude is...
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...Humbert Humbert describes his relationship with his childhood sweetheart, Annabel, who he claims provoked his love for “nymphets” or girls between the ages of 9 and 12 which he finds sexually attractive. He tried to fight his urges for the nymphets by marrying a childish Valeria, but their marrige falls apart and he moves to a small town in America to write. He was invited to stay in the McCoo's house, but upon his arrival, he finds their house burned down, so Ms. Haze invites him to stay with her. He was planning to decline, but when he saw Dolores, Ms. Haze's twelve year old daughter, he changes his mind. He describes Dolores as being similar to his childhood girlfriend, and immediately becomes head-over-heels in love with her, even...
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...ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM Environmental management system (EMS) refers to the management of an organization's environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned and documented manner. It includes the organizational structure, planning and resources for developing, implementing and maintaining policy for environmental protection. BASIC EMS An EMS helps an organization address its regulatory demands in a systematic and cost-effective manner. This proactive approach can help reduce the risk of non-compliance and improve health and safety practices for employees and the public. An EMS can also help address non-regulated issues, such as energy conservation, and can promote stronger operational control and employee stewardship. Basic Elements of an EMS include the following: * Reviewing the organization's environmental goals * Analyzing its environmental impacts and legal requirements * Setting environmental objectives and targets to reduce environmental impacts and comply with legal requirements * Establishing programs to meet these objectives and targets * Monitoring and measuring progress in achieving the objectives * Ensuring employees' environmental awareness and competence * Reviewing progress of the EMS and making improvement Therefore, the organization’s management framework should set out clear principles on how authority and accountability are delegated, including clear expectations on assessing risks, taking action to...
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...The haunting behavior Flannery O’ Connor creates a fictional world in need of faith. In the book Wise Blood by Flannery O’Connor, Hazel (Haze) Motes is a young man that is driven to find Christ in the city of Taulkinham. Who I considerably believe him to be naïve person, because of his innocent, ignorant, and impulsive behavior. Flannery O’ Connor character is spiritual lean and hungry figures that reject lip services to Christianity and the insipid certainty of rationalism in the pursuit of salvation and portrays the moment of grace as an encounter with holiness and as a moment of epiphany and physical and emotional violence as an essential part of one’s transformation and growth. Hazel Motes is usually deprived economically, emotionally, or both and is dwell in a world which, in Flannery O’ Connor’s words, “the good is under construction”. Hazel is someone who dares to dream but shows no remorse towards the faith and belief that other people may have upon Jesus. Nobody seems to be impressed by the power of his words when Hazel Motes says, “Do you think I believe in Jesus?”… “Well I wouldn’t even if he existed, Even if he was on this train” (7). Hazel speaks to Mrs. Hitchcock in the train letting her know, he would never want to be redeemed; “If you’ve been redeemed, then I wouldn’t want to be” (7). His ignorant and stubbornly attitude is always against Jesus that even if he existed and had him in front of him, he still would refuse to believe. His ignorant attitude is...
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...ground (calm winds) Frost Formation Radiational cooling of the Surface surfaces (grass,trees,cars) cool below frost point (below freezing). Air temp reaches frost point (air becomes saturated) (temp and dew point are equal) deposition of ice onto surfaces also known as hoarfrost or white frost exhibits “tree-like branching pattern.” FROST IS NOT FROZEN DEW! Frost forms on objects that are below freezing (vapor) Frozen dew is dew (liquid) that freezes as temperatures drop Haze…What Is It? Dust or salt particles suspended in the air Morning – Distant objects on the horizon are harder to see RH is much higher, therefore, water vapor condenses more readily and fills the air Afternoon – Distant objects on the horizon are easier to see RH is much lower, therefore, water vapor doesn’t condense as it would in the morning Hygoscopic – “Water-Seeking.” Ocean salt Hydrophobic – “water-repelling.” Oils, wax, and gas Wet haze – tiny liquid drops scatter light and appears dull grey or white Dry haze – non-water particles appear orange or yellowish Fog Fog: a cloud in contact with the ground Fog froms when condensation begins to form on less active nuclei (usually when the RH is closer to 100%) Fog droplets grow in size and eventually fall to the ground * Fog is formed in 2 ways Cooling the air to it’s saturation point (dew point) evaporation and mixing (adding more vapor content to the atmosphere) fog is maintained by:...
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...ECO 324 Grand Canyon paper Mengbo Han 26/11/2012 My idea is, we should forbid or reduce airline near or passed above Grand Canyon to protect the environment there. The truth is, Grand Canyon has suffered from severe visibility problems, due in great part to pollution in the form of smog and haze. According to the final report of The Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission, the political body charged with looking into the issue, "Research shows that visual air quality in the West experienced a significant decline due to emissions from industrial activity from the 1940s to the 1970s. Visibility-impairing emissions began to decline in the 1970s following enactment of the federal Clear Air Act. Visual air quality at national parks and wilderness areas on the Colorado Plateau has not appeared to change since reliable monitoring data became available in the 1980s." This paragraph is not focused on the aircraft, but it does shows the air pollution in Grand Canyon is a serious problem. Industry and transportation contribute the largest percentage of smog forming emissions; trans-border pollution from Mexico was also cited as potentially significant contributors. For aircraft, it will certainly decrease the air condition. Aircraft create several types of air pollution. Pollution occur both at the airport during fueling, take off and landing and while the aircraft are in flight. For example, aircraft would make more greenhouse air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide...
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...conditions created haze, creating the term hazing. However, after occurring around the world across history, this operation finally took hold within the American Greek system during the 19th century after the Civil War. Foregoing to the Civil War, fraternities were essentially a venue for discussing academic ideas and musings, a social gathering that many individuals did not find particularly engaging. However, after the Civil War, fraternities took on a whole new role as soldiers from the war returned home and told their children about the everlasting bonds they created with other men during the war. Paddling in fraternities is when you get hit with not only a paddle but many other dangerous things like frying pans, two by four planks and belts. According to Eddy “A Southern University pledge was blinded after being hit on the head with a frying pan in 1992.” In 1956 a MIT student was dropped off at one in the morning to a field 14 miles from the university and was ordered to be back at eight o'clock , he never returned.He so called mistook a reservoir covered in snow and ice for a meadow. As he walked across it,the ice broke under his weight.He fell in, and froze to death.The issue derives from the grey area that hazing presents, the unclear line that separates hazing from innocent bonding activities, and the haziness of a problem that creates proponents that swear by hazing and the positive effects that it creates. These proponents are the individuals who continue to haze and continue...
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...Ironically the name Haze means “a state of mental obscurity or confusion” which perfectly reflects the state of mind Haze is in throughout the novel. He is unclear of whether he wants to allow religion and faith into his life because he associates sin with Christ. O’Connor uses the character of Hazel Motes to send the message that wherever there is something good (Christ), then there is something bad (sin) to go hand in hand with it. It is not till he actually blinds himself that he finds clarity and can truly see that he is meant to be a man of God. In an efforts to deny Christ, Hazel associates sex and sin in order to prove god isn’t real and he demonstrates that a couple of times in the novel by visiting the home of your friendly neighborhood prostitute, Leora Watts and letting himself be seduced by Lily Sabbath. Not only does Hazel have sexual relations with women he knows he shouldn’t be fraternizing with, but he almost commits murder by running over an impersonator with his car. One of the cruelest things a person can do is end a life and that is exactly what Haze did; he committed one of the ultimate sins and he didn’t exactly feel any remorse. He felt more remorse about losing his car than he did running over Solace; he simply wipes the blood off of his car and drives away as if nothing happened. His car was the only sign of faith that Haze had shown so when the car was destroyed he was forced to come to the sudden realization of his true destiny. Haze couldn’t handle the...
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...To Protest Against The Set Up of The Factory. Dear Neighbour, Join me to protest against the setup of the factory.As we known, an international company is planning to set up a factory near residential areas. Although the factory will be built, will contribute to economic development, proposed plant, believed to be harmful to the environment and thus affect the health of population. So, we must protest thesetup of factory because the main problem of the construction of this factory is pollution. Beside that many problems result from the construction of this plant such as health and environment noise disturbing the neighbourhood life. The most serious problem form it is environmental pollution. Among the environmental pollution caused by the construction of the plant including waste from this plant contain a variety of chemicals. This waste will pollute water, air and land in surrounding areas. In addition it will impact negatively on the ecosystem by removing the contaminated material such as heavy metals, organic toxins, petrol, nutrients and so forth. The organic waste is causing lower oxygen demand and endangers the whole ecosystem. This causes the water of life such as fish and other species cannot grow well, eventually die. Beside that. air quality will be tarnished when a fire burning factories and mills when the smoke or surplus materials physics, chemistry or biology in the atmosphere as sulphur dioxide gas, nitrojen dioxide, carbon monoxide and dust...
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...Climate change is one of the most critical global challenges of our times. Recent events have emphatically demonstrated our growing vulnerability to climate change. Climate change impacts will range from affecting agriculture - further endangering food security - to sea-level rise and the accelerated erosion of coastal zones, increasing intensity of natural disasters, species extinction, and the spread of vector-borne diseases. [1] This issue is of immense importance for every global citizen. That is why it requires an initiative against it globally. Fortunately, a few of the global initiatives to prevent climate change are started by various sectors. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) stimulates worldwide awareness of the environment and enhances political attention and action through World Environment Day, commemorated each year on 5th June. The World Environment Day slogan for 2008 is " Kick the Habit! Towards a Low Carbon Economy". Recognizing that climate change is becoming the defining issue of our era, UNEP is asking countries, companies, and communities to focus on greenhouse gas emissions and how to reduce them. The World Environment Day will highlight resources and initiatives that promote low carbon economies and lifestyles, such as improved energy efficiency, alternative energy sources, forest conservation, and eco-friendly consumption. [2] In 2007, The World Environment Day slogan selected was " Melting Ice - a...
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...Artist Profile: Jimi Hendrix Jimi Hendrix is a legendary guitarist who played the psychedelic rock style of music, recognized as the greatest musician ever in rock. Hendrix recorded and performed his music during the 1960’s, mainly the late 60’s. Jimi is known for his songs purple haze, voodoo child, and little wing. Jimi Hendrix played music in a time where drugs came on the scene in the U.S in full force and his music was performed during the counterculture movement, rebel and hippie time. Hendrix became famous after his performances at Woodstock and Monterey. Jimi Hendrix is famous because he basically reinvented guitar playing and had a style playing style that was way ahead of his time and still is not matched today and that was 40 years ago. He had a guitar style that included great sound effects such as distortion, feedback, the whammy bar, and wah-wah pedal. I like Jimi Hendrix because I like electric guitars and I never heard anything like it before when I listen to his music, in class when I heard purple haze I instantly became a fan and looked up more of his songs, the way he played it made it feel like the guitar was singing to you. Jimi Hendrix died at the young age of 27; it is crazy his died at the beginning of his pride. There is huge controversy about the death of Jimi Hendrix; some believe the government killed him because he was the voice of the new and different generation. There are other beliefs that his manager killed him also it was found in the autopsy...
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