...HEME CLASS QUESTONS 1. Q: A 48 y/o alcoholic male presents to your primary care office c/o diarrhea that began 1 week ago. Patient admits to eating fast food 3 times day. During the exam you note yellow sclera and glossitis, lab findings show MCV>100. What are you suspecting to be the cause of his symptoms? a) folate deficiency b) B12 deficiency c) hereditary spherocytosis d) thalassemia e) lipid deficiency A 2. 67 yo homeless, white male patient was brought to ED by local EMTs. Pts stuporous, HR: 120, regular BP: 160/90 and RR: 10 non-labored. While inspecting the patient, you notice upper extremity peripheral jaundice, rosacea, finger clubbing and rhinophyma. On futher exam, JVD and LE edema is visible with palpable splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. As a part of your work up, you order a CBC with diff, which reveals normocytic, hypochromic red cells and a decreased reticulocyte count. Your CBC work up reveals the patient's likely cause of anemia. ANSWER: alcoholic with anemia of chronic disease. 3. Pregnant 28 year old female brought into the ER by her husband because she was exhibiting neuro symptoms of stupor, bloody diarrhea, and abdominal pain. On further observation patient is in renal failure, has microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and severe HTN. You ran labs on your patient and discovered she has low thrombocytes, low haptoglobin, high reticulocyte count, high LDH and creatinine, schistocytes on peripheral smear. What would you diagnose the...
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...Types of Blood Disorders Blood disorders can affect any of the three main components of blood: * Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues * White blood cells, which fight infections * Platelets, which help blood to clot Blood disorders can also affect the liquid portion of blood, called plasma. Blood Disorders Affecting Red Blood Cells Blood disorders that affect red blood cells include: Anemia: People with anemia have a low number of red blood cells. Mild anemia often causes no symptoms. More severe anemia can causefatigue, pale skin, and shortness of breath with exertion. Iron-deficiency anemia: Iron is necessary for the body to make red blood cells. Low iron intake and loss of blood due to menstruation are the most common causes of iron-deficiency anemia. Treatment includes iron pills, or rarely, blood transfusion. Anemia of chronic disease: People with chronic kidney disease or other chronic diseases tend to develop anemia. Anemia of chronic disease does not usually require treatment. Injections of a synthetic hormone (Epogen, Procrit) to stimulate the production of blood cells or blood transfusions may be necessary in some people with this form of anemia. Pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency): An autoimmune condition that prevents the body from absorbing enough B12 in the diet. Besides anemia, nerve damage (neuropathy) can eventually result. High doses of B12 prevent long-term problems. Aplastic anemia: In people with aplastic anemia, the...
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...range from acute or chronic illnesses and varies in age. Some blood disorders are inherited while others are caused by poor diets or side effects of certain medications. Lily, Devon, and Spencer are among many experiencing blood disorders. Major Components and Functions of the Blood There are three major components that make up the body's blood; plasma, red blood cells, and platelets. Plasma is the liquid component in the blood. The job of plasma is to transport blood cells throughout the body. The American Society of Hematology (2011) website states that red blood cells make up about half of the body's blood volume. Each red blood cell is made up of hemoglobin, which is responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Platelets are blood elements produced in the bone marrow. The platelets aid in the blood clotting process when there is an injury to the body by gathering at the site of injury to reduce blood loss. (American Society of Hematology, 2011). Lily's Story Lily is a four-year-old Caucasian female who has been diagnosed with Iron Deficiency Anemia. Her symptoms are fatigue, pale skin, and she is a picky...
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...system. These problems can stem from inadequate blood clotting or non-stop bleeding. If you have an injury, our body will begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are responsible for blood clotting. They are produced in our bone marrow and mobilize clotting factors which release during a disease or injury. Vitamin K is necessary for these clotting factors. In order for bleeding to stop, platelets, thrombin, prothrombin, calcium and vitamin K are needed. The first child, Lily, has iron deficiency anemia. Normally, iron is absorbed in the body through the food we eat. It is then released into our blood stream and stored in the liver. This disorder affects those who have a diet low in iron. According to "American Society Of Hematology" ((2014)), Even if the cause of the iron deficiency can be identified and treated, it is still usually necessary to take medicinal iron (more iron than a multivitamin can provide) until the deficiency is corrected and the body's iron stores are replenished. In some cases, if the cause cannot be identified or corrected, the patient may have to receive supplemental iron on...
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...Executive Summary The idea of establishing a Leading Comprehensive Cancer Center in the Middle East was accomplished through the foundation of King Hussein Cancer Center. This center has been very distinctive by drawing a smile on many faces and by planting hope in the hearts of those who needed it the most. To accomplish their vision they applied values and processes that went hand in hand with their goals. Their main task is to decrease mortality rates and ease the suffering of cancer patients in a respectable manner. Therefore it was recommended that we offer a brief of the major functions in the center and a thorough analysis of their Lab. The aim of this study is to investigate the satisfaction level of the laboratory patients, determine bad processes adopted by the Lab and provide potential ideas that would enhance its’ services. The team had some access to Customer Satisfaction Questionnaires and Interviews that were carefully developed to handle patients’ feedback and complaints in addition to some observations’ outcome. It is apparent that KHCC Lab enjoys a good to very good customer satisfaction in most aspects; nevertheless the major drawbacks were the delays and repetitive activities. As we went through the process and analyzed the workflow utilizing flowcharts, and control charts, we concluded that some functions are working perfectly and others need a little refinement. In conclusion, the team members identified two areas of concern; the workflow and the...
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...Quality of Red Blood Cells Isolated from Umbilical Cord Blood Stored at Room Temperature Mariia Zhurova, 1 John Akabutu, 2 and Jason Acker 3 ,* Author information ► Article notes ► Copyright and License information ► ------------------------------------------------- Abstract Red blood cells (RBCs) from cord blood contain fetal hemoglobin that is predominant in newborns and, therefore, may be more appropriate for neonatal transfusions than currently transfused adult RBCs. Post-collection, cord blood can be stored at room temperature for several days before it is processed for stem cells isolation, with little known about how these conditions affect currently discarded RBCs. The present study examined the effect of the duration cord blood spent at room temperature and other cord blood characteristics on cord RBC quality. RBCs were tested immediately after their isolation from cord blood using a broad panel of quality assays. No significant decrease in cord RBC quality was observed during the first 65 hours of storage at room temperature. The ratio of cord blood to anticoagulant was associated with RBC quality and needs to be optimized in future. This knowledge will assist in future development of cord RBC transfusion product. Go to: ------------------------------------------------- 1. Introduction Fetal and neonatal anemias are among the most serious complications of pregnancy and postnatal development. The causes of fetal anemia include immune haemolytic disease [1],...
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...An Alternative anticoagulant for Hematologic Analysis, Leaf Extract of Jatropha gossypifolia (Tuba-Tuba). A Research Proposal Presented to the Faculty of the College of Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology/Medical Laboratory Science By: Cagandahan, John Paul M. Carizon, Jay Niño P. Estillore, Michael-Andrew B. Resonable, Bryan H. Sasaki, Sen M. Veloso, Jerome A. July 26, 2013 Chapter 1 The Problem and its Background Introduction The majority of the products for medical purposes are made from chemicals that harm the environment. Many medical researchers are modifying medical products that are natural in origin and one of them is anticoagulants. In the laboratory the most widely used anticoagulant is the EDTA, ammonium-potassium oxalate (Heller and Paul double oxalate) and Heparin. Most anticoagulants can alter cell structure as well as coagulation and hereby affects the result of the laboratory analysis. There are certain plants that have anticoagulant properties and one of these plants is Jatropha gossypifolia or Tuba-Tuba, this plant is found widely in the Philippines and was shown in some previous studies its leaf extract has an anticoagulant property and has been used as an anticoagulant, because of this property this plant is a potential...
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...* What Is a Blood Disorder? Bottom of Form Blood disorders are physical conditions that prevent the normal function of blood in the body. A disorder may involve factors that interfere with the production of the individual components found in the blood, such as hemoglobin or blood proteins. The nature of a blood disorder may also include situations where the blood does not coagulate properly, or the blood cells themselves are malformed or infected. There is a wide range of blood diseases known today. Anemia is one of the more common examples of a blood disorder. Sometimes referred to as tired blood, a person who is anemic is likely to have a lack of proteins and other elements in the blood. As a result, the blood cannot carry the needed nutrients to various parts of the body and the individual is likely to feel fatigued more often. Over time, anemia can also have a negative impact on the emotions, as the blood is unable to supply proper nutrition to the brain for the production of chemicals that help to maintain an even mood. Sickle cell anemia is one of the more serious types of anemic blood disorder. In addition to fatigue, a person suffering with this disorder is also likely to experience a great deal of pain. The pain may be localized in one part of the body or migrate to different areas throughout the course of the day. Ad Hemophilia is another relatively common blood disorder. Hemophiliacs suffer with a condition in which the blood lacks the normal ability to coagulate...
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...2011 Maria Corriveau Final Paper 12/5/2011 2011 Maria Corriveau Final Paper 12/5/2011 Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: an innovate technique Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: an innovate technique Autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia: an innovate technique 1. Principle of the technique Bone marrow transplantation and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation are procedures that help to restore those stem cells that have been destroyed while going through radiation and/or chemotherapy. There are different types of transplantation: autologous, syngeneic, and allogeneic. Autologous transplantation is defined as the transplantation of owns stem cells. Syngeneic transplantation is when patients received stem cells from an identical twin. Lastly, allogeneic transplantation is when patients received stem cells from a sibling, or a parent, or other individuals not related to the patient as long compatibility is present. Autologous bone marrow transplantation is a technique that was developed for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as an alternative to allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, this technique was not very successful. Autologous bone marrow transplantation has been associated with prolonged marrow aplasia resulting in toxicity and mortality. After the failure of this technique, researchers...
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...Running Head: CASE STUDY # 1 Case Study # 1: Anemia Jyothi Malaickal Grand Canyon University Pathophysiology and Nursing Management of Client’s Health NRS 410V January 24, 2015 Case Study # 1; Anemia Anemia is a one of the most common blood condition that affects over 3 million people in the United Sates of America. Nursing case studies benefits the nursing professional in the process of diagnosis, treatment, planning and nursing interventions of patient that they care. It helps the nurses for critical thinking and also to resolve the health problems of patient’s. In the case study provided Ms. A. presents with symptoms of Iron deficiency anemia. Anemia is a medical condition where quality and quantity of hemoglobin and red blood cells (RBC) are decreased, which in turn decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to the body parts, tissues and organs. The normal level of hemoglobin in male and female are different. In men hemoglobin level less than 13.5gram/100ml and in women hemoglobin level less than 12.0gram/100ml is considered as anemia. The most common causes for anemia are RBC destruction, bone marrow dysfunction, acute, chronic blood loss, and nutritional deficit (Bryan &et al, 2012). Here the author explains and assesses Ms. A. and her...
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...CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION Many cultures throughout the world still rely on indigenous medicinal plants for their primary health care needs (Farnsworth et al., 1985). To date, 25% of modern medicines are derived from plants that have been used by traditional medical practitioners (Cragg and Newman, 2005). It is a fact that traditional systems of medicine have become a topic of global importance. African countries are at a stage where traditional medicine is considered more for its capacity to generate other medicine than for its own sake. In many cases research undertakings and the commercial use stemming from that research have always relied on information provided by the local communities and, in many instances, have hardly benefited from the research results (Rukangira, 2004) . In Africa, traditional healers and remedies made from plants play an important role in the health of millions of people. (Rukangira, 2004). Typically, studies on the medicinal plants such as Alstonia boonei have focused on the bioactivity of its chemical constituents, ethnobotany, pharmacology, and taxonomy. However, a comprehensive or systematic review on the plant is lacking. Furthermore, in much of the older literature concerning West Africa, the name Alstonia congensis has been erroneously used for Alstonia boonei. Consequently, this paper examined the effect of aqueous bark extracts of Alstonia boonei on the haematological parameters of male wistar abino...
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...When autoimmune diseases emerge, the human body’s immune response produces autoantibodies that attack its own cells, tissues or organs due to an immune system malfunction. A category of autoimmune diseases, auto-immune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) is a disorder where the immune system malfunctions by producing auto-antibodies to self’s red blood cells (RBC) as well as other cells (Gurpreet et al., 2004). This unregulated increased destruction primarily affects premature RBC reducing their lifespan of 120 days coupled with the bone marrow unable to compensate to this destruction rate (Gurpreet et al., 2004). Clinical findings that result from this inapt immune response are usually directly related to an abnormally reduced RBC quantity and function. These include a lower haemaglobin count, a high indirect bilirubin count, a reduction in plasma levels, a low haptoglobin, a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAT) and reduced gas exchange rates among the lungs and tissues. As these clinical effects occur after a few hours or a few days before detection, not all clinically related typical features may be present complicating the AIHA diagnosis. Based on the characteristics and pathogenesis of these auto antibodies present, AIHA is classed as warm antibody haemolytic anaemia (WAIHA), cold antibody haemolytic anemia (CAIHA), drug indcuced haemolytic anemia or the rare paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria (Lechner & Jager, 2012). Analyzing AIHA classification and pathogenesis is important...
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...Essentials Ruth E. McCall, BS, MT (ASCP) Retired Program Director and Instructor Central New Mexico Community College Albuquerque, New Mexico President, NuHealth Educators, LLC Faculty, Emeritus Phoenix College Phoenix, Arizona Fifth Edition Cathee M. Tankersley, BS, MT (ASCP) Acquisitions Editor: Peter Sabatini Product Manager: Meredith L. Brittain Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley Designer: Holly McLaughlin Production Services: Aptara, Inc. Fifth Edition Copyright © 2012, 2008 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Two Commerce Square 2001 Market Street Philadelphia, PA 19103 351 West Camden Street Baltimore, MD 21201 Printed in China All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at permissions@lww.com, or via website at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress...
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...|AGGLUTINATION | Agglutination: • Is the clumping of antibody–antigen complex to form insoluble and visible aggregates. The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare, meaning "to glue to." Antigen: Antigen is any molecule that binds specifically to an antibody. Antibody: Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are proteins secreted by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects (antigens), such as bacteria and viruses. |Factors affecting the agglutination reaction in vitro: | 1) Antigen to antibody ratio: • The ratio between antigen and antibody influences the detection of antigen-antibody complexes. • Antigen or antibody excess make invisible reaction. Prozone phenomenon (antibody excess): • There are too many antibodies. • Antibodies saturating all antigen sites • No antibodies forming cross-linkages between cells or particles so, no agglutination appears (false-negative reactions). [pic] Zone of equivalence: • Antibodies and antigens are present in an optimum ratio. • This leads to cross-linkages between acells or particles, so agglutination appers (positive reaction). [pic] Post-zone phenomenon (Antigen excess): • There are too many antigens • Any agglutination is hidden by masses of unagglutinated antigens that gives false-negative reactions. [pic] | ...
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...Blood Disorders 1 Blood Disorders Khalila Lawrence 8/19/2012 HCA 240 Pukar Ratti Blood Disorders 2 Thrombocytopenia is a blood disorder of the platelets, or low blood platelets within the body. Platelets also known as thrombocytes are colorless blood cells that play an important role in the blood clotting. Platelets stop the blood by clumping and forming plugs in the blood vessel holes. For example, if you have a cut or an open wound that is not to deep platelets are the ones responsible to for making sure that you don’t bleed out. If there is a need for a blood transfusion, the patient will receive blood with red blood cells. Red blood cells are very important within the body because it delivers oxygen to the organs and tissues throughout the body. Plasma also plays a major role within the body. Plasma is responsible for receiving the necessary materials from organs like the liver and the small intestines. Without plasma it will be very hard for the body to survive. Nutrients such as antibodies, antitoxins, fibrin and clotting agent that works with platelets to heal the wounds. Thrombocytopenia usually occurs when as a result of another disorder within the body. Disorders such as leukemia...
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