...Management Control of Project Portfolio Uncertainty: A Managerial Role Perspective Tuomas Korhonen, Cost Management Center (CMC), Department of Industrial Management, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Teemu Laine, Cost Management Center (CMC), Department of Industrial Management, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland Miia Martinsuo, Department of Industrial Management, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland PAPERS ABSTRACT ■ This article presents empirical results on different managers’ viewpoints regarding the sources and management of project portfolio uncertainty. As a key result, this study demonstrates the versatility of uncertainties experienced by managers, the limited degree of perceived control over them, the use of an almost complete management control package in managing uncertainties, and the necessity of managers’ cooperation in the skilled use of the management control package when managing uncertainties. In addition, a further research agenda is proposed. KEYWORDS: project portfolio management; uncertainty; managerial roles; management control systems; product development INTRODUCTION ■ n their product development, large companies have adopted project portfolio management (PPM) as a means for prioritizing and selecting product development projects among various options as well as allocating resources with the value maximization, balance, and strategic alignment of the portfolio in mind (Cooper, Edgett, & Kleinschmidt...
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...related to your Discussion Board Forum, Duvall & Hays discussed the importance of the historical-cultural context (Chapter 5). Throughout the chapter, they identify the key aspects you should consider related to the historical-cultural context when you study Scripture. Pulling specifically from the Duvall & Hays text and synthesizing into your own words, write a 250–300-word response to the 3 prompts below. In addition, in the second part of first question you are asked, "Do you care to share any examples from your own experience?" based upon what we have learned in the reading. Answer the three prompts in 3 separate paragraphs. 1. What can happen when people approach the Bible without any concern for the historical-cultural context? Do you care to share any examples from your own experience? 2. Can you think of an example of the historical-cultural context shedding significant light on the meaning of a biblical text? 3. For people living in an “instant application” society such as ours, what can persuade them to put forth effort to study the historical-cultural context? “Historical-cultural context relates to just about anything outside the text that will help you understand the text itself.” (Duval & Hayes, pg. 51) Historical-cultural context is imperatively important when reading God’s word. When people approach the Bible without concern for the historical-cultural context it can lead to gross misunderstanding of the divine text. If someone reading biblical...
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...When reading the Bible, knowing the historical-cultural context regarding what is being read is very important. The Bible is God’s word, and it is important to understand, as best we can, His message to us. When people approach the Bible without any concern for the historical-cultural context, the message that God is relaying to us can often be misunderstood. The reader will be unable to apply the message to their lives in ways that will be relevant to us today. If readers do not understand the relevance of a particular passage to the biblical audience, they will be on the wrong track to understanding the relevance of that passage to the audience of today. There are many examples of how understanding the historical-cultural context can shed light on the meaning of a specific biblical text. One example is found in Matthew 18:20, “For where two or three are gathered in My name, I am among them.” Many people associate this verse with attending church. Although church attendance is important, Jesus is actually speaking of the process of church discipline. Jesus said that if anyone has a brother who has sinned against you, then you are to go to him and attempt to work it out. If he refuses to acknowledge his fault, you are to bring one or more witnesses to help work the matter out. Living in an “instant application” society, such as ours, can be very damaging to our understanding of God’s word. It is extremely important to take God’s word seriously and to honor how...
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...Animation Questions: Digestive System Overview (23 Questions) 1. What are the four main functions of the digestive system? Ingestion Absorption Elimination of wastes 2. Name the types of digestion. Mechanical Chemical 3. Where does digestion begin? How does this occur? Mouth. Where the teeth breaks food into smaller particles during mastication. 4. Another name for chewing is Mastication. 5. What is the function of the salivary glands? Of saliva? Located near the oral cavity secrete saliva, which begins chemical digestion and keeps the food moist. 6. What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing? Soft palate 7. What muscles push food particles into the pharynx? Multiple voluntary muscle in the face, neck and tongue. 8. Name the structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system? Epiglottis 9. Name the structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Esophagus 10. Once it has been swallowed, the food mass is called a Bolus. 11. What is the term for involuntary wavelike contractions that propel the bolus to the stomach? Peristalsis 12. What are rugae? What are their functions? Folds in the stomach. Allow for expansion as the stomach fills, and also increases surfaces area. 13. The stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and various regulatory hormones that chemically digest the bolus. 14. What effect do these secretions have on the bolus? Muscular contractions...
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...Historical Context: The first source by Zeman talks about how at the time many magazines praised the atomic bomb for its technological advancements, but did not mention its effects. The magazine “Popular Science” mentions the atomic bombs for the first time in September 1945. They also wrote about the bombs again after the September 1945 issue. The second source by Miles says that there were other alternatives to a land invasion and a bombing, but they were widely ignored by those who could make the decision. After the bombings, the American people would not know if there were other ways because they would not have this knowledge until years later. Influence of Historical Context: Since the magazines and media talked positively of the atomic bombs, that is what the public thought of them. After the bombings in Japan, American citizens thought how the atomic bombs would be a window to nuclear technology, and not just destruction. The decision to drop the bombs versus other decisions has had great effect. The use of the nuclear bombs may have prevented them from being used again because they are so deadly. The use is widely debated due to the bombings...
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...What can happen when people approach the Bible without any concern for the historical-cultural context? When people approach the Bible without any concern for the historical-cultural context, they could interpret the text as misleading and false. People may not understand the many truths of the revelations of God, revealed by parallels of historical-culture norms. People tend to misunderstand what God is saying to us, instead people should reveal the principals and apply them to their life today. To fully understand the meaning of the text in the Bible, people must first understand the text in its own context, with careful observation of what the text says. Then people should investigate the meaning of the text, from an historical approach and what it meant to its original hearers. Besides those examples cited in this chapter, please give and explain an example of how understanding the historical-cultural context can shed significant light on the meaning of a specific biblical text. Cite the specific passage you are discussing in your post. (ex. Is. 40:27–30. In Romans 6:6, "Our old man was crucified", is an example of how understanding the historical-cultural context can shed significant light on the meaning of a specific biblical text. This verse could be misunderstood when someone does not understand the historical-cultural context, some may believe the verse is a reference to the experience of a Christian. Some people may quote "that our old man is crucified", then...
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...Faculty of Design Module Name: Programme Name Programme No. Assignment Title Project Objectives Assignment Brief 2012-2013 Culture & History 1: Product Design Masters (QF Level 4) BA (Hons) in Product Design DS 125 103 Module no Year 1 – Sem. 1 Total Hours: 42 DPD4120 No. of weeks: 14 Hours per week: 3 This project is designed to assess your ability to: - interpret the key issues of product design from different perspectives, including social, economic and technological, through rigorous explorations on selected product design masters. - critically review contemporary product design in the professional context. relate key aspects of the design masters’ design philosophies to design artefacts. Brief This assignment allows you to demonstrate your understanding of the design philosophies of the product design masters and apply critiques across theoretical and practical work. In this assignment you will be required to: research into one current or past product design master; relate key aspects of the design masters’ design philosophies to design artifact; interpret the key issues of product design from different perspectives, including social, economic and technological; critically review their contributions and effect to contemporary product design; and write an essay with a minimum of 1,500 words based on your findings. Deliverables 1,500 word essay in hard copy plus a soft copy in MS Word format uploaded into MOODLES. (MLO 2, 3, 4) 1. 2. 3. The essay...
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...Canterbury Boys’ High School English 2014/15 Advanced Course The following information gives an outline of the Year 12 Advanced English Program for the HSC tested in 2015. The syllabus states that: The aim of Senior English is to enable students to understand, use, enjoy and value the English language in its various textual forms and to become thoughtful, imaginative and effective communicators in a diverse and changing society. The study of English involves exploring, responding to and composing texts • in and for a range of personal, social, historical, cultural and workplace contexts • using a variety of language modes, forms, features and structures. Meaning is achieved through responding and composing, which are typically interdependent and ongoing processes. In Year 12 time is allocated to certain issues and texts based on the time needed to cover the Board of Studies’ requirements for the fulfilment of the English outcomes. This program is based on the premise that: • students are required to experience literature in a variety of modes (short story, novel, poetry, non-fiction, film and drama) • there should be a continuing study of non-literary material (print and non-print, multi-media) • students should be encouraged to develop reading interests outside the classroom • there will be a continuing emphasis on oral English in class discussions, small group discussions, debating, public speaking, interviewing, dramatic reconstructions ...
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...Slave Trade Slavery is the owning of slaves as a practice or institution. The condition of being a slave is bondage. A Slave is a human who is owned as property by, and is absolutely subject to the will of another and is stripped of all freedom and personal rights. Hard to believe but one of the most horrifying occurrences in World History, is the Slave Trade. It was a time in which people were sold as merchandise, where human beings were being treated as if they were not human. Beaten, being taken on a ship to an unknown land, drowned because of rations, and space. The capture and forced labor of Africans by Europeans began in the early 16th century. Africans were rounded up by other Africans as objects of trade with the Europeans. Eventually, slave ships became a regular sight in what came to be known as "the Middle Passage." These ships provided a constant flow of African slaves to Brazil and the Caribbean Islands, where the human cargo was auctioned off and brought to Europe or the New World. Many of the ships were not cleaned. The "cargo" was not fed or cleansed properly. Many captives died from the inhuman conditions on these voyages. Who had control? England gained control of the slave trade under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713, and managed the shipment of slaves to Spanish colonies. As the colonies gained independence from Spain, they outlawed slavery, and soon slaves were most in demand in North America, particularly on plantations. Few were fortunate enough to be house...
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...From the 16th well into the 19th century, respectable wealth in England was accumulated primarily through the ownership of land. The land would be leased to tenants for farming, and the landowning families would live entirely off of the income generated by these leases. The families owning the largest of these hereditary estates, which varied in size but averaged about 10,000 acres, drew incomes sufficient to construct great parks and manors, purchase fashionable goods, retain servants and livery (horses and carriages), and meet other expenses related to keeping a country home. The most prosperous landowners also kept a town home in London, the social and political center of England, and lived there during the social season, January through July. The oldest, though not necessarily the wealthiest, of these families may have had some claim to nobility with inherited titles that gave “precedence,” or a higher rank at social functions in town or country. The term “aristocracy” referred somewhat more ambiguously to any keepers of London town homes whose social and political connections bought them seats in Parliament or influence in the royal court. In Pride and Prejudice, the Bennets are, like Jane Austen herself, members of an educated upper middle class known as the “gentry” or the “landed gentry.” Considered socially eligible to mix with the landowning aristocracy, but quite a step beneath them in wealth, resources and precedence, the landed gentry included country squires, military...
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...creativity is at the heart of the school’s standards which appear to be continually improving the holistic needs of the children, in turn impacting performance. I will look closely at three national initiatives and assess their effectiveness: The Creative Partnership Scheme, Investors in pupils and SEAL: social, emotional, aspects of learning. I will then look at how the school incorporates aspects of faith within the context of children’s daily learning. The school incorporates other initiatives; however, I believe the aforementioned three to be the most relevant to the school’s aims and pivotal to their continued improvement. I will incorporate other sources of information which will include educational literature, publications, government documents, reports, theories and concepts. I have gathered evidence through independent observation and discussion with the class teacher in order to understand more about the impact of holistic needs on children. During my time at school A, I have utilised observation of children to understand how impacts take effect in different contexts. To conclude, I will identify implications that potentially could impact my future development as a...
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...A critical component of validity is reliability. Validity embodies not only what positive outcomes a selection approach may predict, but also how consistently(i.e., reliably) it does so. In this chapter we will (1) review ways of improving the consistency or reliability of the selection process; (2) discuss two methods for measuring validity; and (3) present two cases that illustrate these methods. First, however, let’s consider a legal issue that is closely connected to validity: employment discrimination. Avoiding Discrimination Charges Avoiding content errors Reducing rater inconsistency VALIDITY OF SELECTION METHODS Validity refers to the quality of a measure that exists when the measure assesses a construct. In the selection context, validity refers to the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of the inferences made about applicants during the selection process. It is concerned with the issue of whether applicants will actually perform the job as well as expected based on the inferences made during the selection process. The closer the applicants' actual job performances match their expected performances, the greater the validity of the selection...
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...Although we haven’t had too many readings in our class I truly enjoyed this chapter on The Historical Context. The previous chapter was interesting but Thomas O’Toole tastefully presented history of Africa in a general view. He is able to briefly touch on early homo sapiens through Africa’s struggle through state independence. I was able to develop a new insight on previous readings from other courses such as World Civilization. For some reason I knew about fishing and the most common ground for a thriving civilization (in my opinion) is water. However major fishing communities as commercial networks had never came to mind. Within the chapter on page 29, O’Toole discusses the simplicity of just having fishing established that it has enable...
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...Values, Beliefs, Clinical Gestalt with Individuals, and Systems University of Phoenix I am learning as much as I can about myself through the journal entries, exercises, and team discussion questions to better myself as a future therapist or clinician. To be productive and effective I must recognize, and accept my strengths and weaknesses with an attitude of striving for excellence. I have learned a great deal about myself and the areas where I can improve in the clinical setting. I realize that with improvement there will be challenges. I will overcome these challenges by utilizing the knowledge I am obtaining in these series of classes. My Values and Beliefs All the choices and decisions I have made in my life are based on my values and belief system. My parents strived to teach me the best values and to instill wholesome values. I was raised to always know a person can not be judged on what is seen, but by what you learn of them. In a clinical atmosphere I believe I can put these lessons to use. I know not to judge a person based on their situation as each person has a story that has led to where they are today in life. There are certain issues that I have an opinion about that I know I will have to set aside in order for my client to benefit. A few of these issues are abortion, molestation, rape, and murder. Realize every situation has a story behind it and I need to be able to hear the story so that I can help my client in need. My Clinical...
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...The Six Day and Yom Kippur Wars in Historical Context HARRY BOOTY, MAR 27 2012 THIS CONTENT WAS WRITTEN BY A STUDENT AND ASSESSED AS PART OF A UNIVERSITY DEGREE. E-IR PUBLISHES STUDENT ESSAYS & DISSERTATIONS TO ALLOW OUR READERS TO BROADEN THEIR UNDERSTANDING OF WHAT IS POSSIBLE WHEN ANSWERING SIMILAR QUESTIONS IN THEIR OWN STUDIES. The confrontation between the Jewish state and its Arab neighbours is one of the most enduring and iconic conflicts that still persist today. Many scholars have argued that ‘for the best part of a century the Arab-Israeli conflict has been a complex problem with important ramifications for the international community’[1] – and this is in many ways the truth. Created out of the ashes of the Second World War under the awful spectre of the Nazi Holocaust, Israel as a nation has survived and prospered both politically and economically, in no small part due to Western – primarily French and American – assistance. The Arab states have correspondingly been opposed to America and the West based on this implied support for Israel and has therefore turned to different stratagems in an attempt to combat this alliance – such as balancing with the USSR during the Cold War and increasingly using its market power (derived from the various oil reserves in the region) to further its political aims in the two decades since the Iron Curtain fell. Into this context there were two major (albeit rather short) wars – the Six Day War of 5-10 June 1967 and the Yom...
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