...“The Cultural History of Tattoos,” tells of Chinese records that show Japanese males having tattoos since the third century. In the mid-nineteenth century, colonization broke a barrier that had been keeping Japan separate from the rest of the world (“The”). After this barrier broke, the art of tattooing was shunned and viewed as something bad. It is astounding how an art form was able to become so ingrained in a culture that it still exists hundreds of years later, even after attempts to remove it. There is some debate on whether tattoos may have been used as a form of punishment and torture in Japan (“The”). Though this may have been the case, it is not today. All cultures have history that are aren’t proud of, because they are human and people make mistakes. This doesn’t mean that change is impossible though. People can learn from mistakes and, in this case, eventually accept body modification. An example of this is woodblock printing, an art that originated in Japan. Woodblock prints weren't always viewed as art and were seen as different from the typical standards, but today they and their influence is seen in most art museums and galleries (“The”). Woodblock printing and tattooing have a deeply connected history. They serve as inspiration and competition for each other (“The”). This example shows how people and society change and over time are capable...
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...Rebecca Rashid published in the Washington Square News, an article on “Tattoo Tolerance: Older Generation Must Embrace Body Art.” Rashid’s article has brought light over the controversy of whether or not tattoos and body art are acceptable in the workplace, and how having these body modifications can affect they way that you as an individual are perceived in society. Employers are starting to see the results of how hiring tattooed employees affects their business. Even with the art of tattooing becoming more popular, the negative stigma around body modification is still heavily present amongst older generations and communities. Often times these tattoos of self-expressing art tell stories about the person who adorns the design. Ranging from...
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...Tattoos and Body Piercings Carrie Lynn Zik ENG/147 December 22, 2014 Jenny Mark Tattoos and Body Piercings What is the first impression people get whenever they see someone with a face full of piercings or tattoos all over their body? What were they thinking? Why would they do that? Are they in a gang or are they going to hurt someone? Movies and society have been stereotyping those with tattoos and body piercings for years. The truth of the art is much more than skin deep. While piercings and tattoos have become a trend, educating people about the culture, history, and risk of them can change society’s perspective on today’s definition. Tattoos and body piercings have been around for thousands of years, representing different definitions for each culture. According to The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine, (4th) “historical research has shown that Egyptians identified tattooing with fertility and nobility during 4000-2000 BC” (Piercings and tattoos”, 2014, para 1.) In other gathering societies, tattoos and body piercings represented socialization symbols in initiation rituals and ceremonies. Body piercings have been around just as long as tattoos. Whenever body piercings started, the ear was the most famous body part to pierce among people in Africa, India, Indonesia, and North and South America (“Piercings,” 2014.) However, body modification soon became popular including other body parts. For instance, the lip, tongue, eyebrows, nipples, navel, genitals...
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...Throughout history, there have been many forms of body modification. Body modification is the act of altering one’s physical appearance for self-expression, art and aesthetic, religious beliefs, or cultural traditions. Modifications can include hair cutting, ear piercings, nose piercings, body piercings, body painting, plastic surgery, circumcision, and tattooing. Tattooing is the process of creating a design by puncturing and inserting a pigment into the skin. Globally, tattooing has spread and become an integral part of many societies. Tattooing traditions, techniques, and methods vary from culture to culture. This ancient, traditional art form is rooted in Polynesian origins. The English word “tattoo” comes from the Tahitian word “tatau,” which roughly translates to “marking or striking something” and “to inflict wounds” (Arp, 2012). In Polynesian mythology, it was believed that humans learned this art from the gods. Tattooing then became a skill passed down from generation to generation. Artists, also known as “tufuga,” were highly trained males who taught their sons the responsibilities of traditional tattooing (Losch, 2003). Some...
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...Tattoos and the Role They've Played in Human History Com/172 University of Phoenix Tattoos and the Role They've Played in Human History Tattoos are a means of permanently marking the body with coloring by a way of piercing the skin. This form of art articulates the body as well as the psyche. This body modification can be found in every culture around the world, with some of its earliest findings dating back as far as 10,000 BCE (Lineberry, 2007). History shows the symbolisms behind tattoos vary from one society to the next. These markings may be for therapeutic purposes in one part of the world while showing social status in another, and in turn, a way of branding criminals in an additional region. Although tattoos have many different significances, wavering with each different culture, there is no doubt they are a significant part of human history. Professor Don Brothwell and Cate Lineberry, stated a man found in ice around the Italian-Austrian border, had tattoos that may have been for therapeutic purposes. Post examination, they concluded that the disbursement of dots and small crosses on his body in the areas of his lower back, right knee, and ankle may relate to areas of "strain-induced degeneration". Suggesting that these tattoos were applied to ease joint pain and to explain why the tattoos on this man were not in places on the body that were easily displayed (Lineberry, 2007). In ancient Egyptian culture, tattoos were prominently found on women. These...
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...have been practicing body modification for the sake of beauty. Two common forms of body modifications are corset wearing and foot binding. The corset was an important part of the female wardrobe for several centuries in the Western culture. It helped to sculpt the body, allowing for an outward intimate visualization of the female physique. Middle-class women depended heavily on the use of the corset to aide with keeping the mind and body tamed. Foot binding, was equally important to women of China for centuries. Tiny feet were once seen as a sign of female beauty by the men in China. A woman needed to bind feet so that she was able to find a good husband. Parents were obligated to make sure the process of foot binding...
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...History of tatto in the world Tattooing has been a Eurasian practice at least since Neolithic times. Ötzi the Iceman, dating from the fourth to fifth millennium BC, was found in the Ötz valley in the Alps and had some 57 carbon tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines on his lower spine, behind his left knee, and on his right ankle. These tattoos were thought to be a form of healing because of their placement which resembles acupuncture.[19] Other mummies bearing tattoos and dating from the end of the second millennium BC have been discovered, such as the Mummy of Amunet from ancient Egypt and the mummies at Pazyryk on the Ukok Plateau.[5] Pre-Christian Germanic, Celtic and other central and northern European tribes were often heavily tattooed, according to surviving accounts. The Picts were famously tattooed (or scarified) with elaborate, war-inspired black or dark blue woad (or possibly copper for the blue tone) designs. Julius Caesar described these tattoos in Book V of his Gallic Wars (54 BC). Various other cultures have had their own tattoo traditions, ranging from rubbing cuts and other wounds with ashes, to hand-pricking the skin to insert dyes. Tattooing in the Western world today has its origins in the maritime expeditions, throu the contact with amerindian tribes and Polynesia, by sixteenth - eighteenth century explorers. Especially the Polynesian practice became popular among European sailors, from them they took the Samoan word "tatau", to describe the actual...
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...Body modifications have been practiced all around the globe for over hundreds of years. One modification that was and still remains extremely popular today is scarification. Scarification comes from the Latin word “scarificare” which literally means “to scratch open” (Ojo 2008: 355). The process may involves branding, burning, freezing, or cutting into the skin to intentionally influence wounds that create designs, pictures, or words. Scarification among tribes is typically practiced in order to be accepted in the society, attain beauty, and become one with the spiritual world. One way that scarification is used is to identify each other in a certain tribe. The people of West Africa use facial scarification to identify one another from a certain...
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...African art history Every civilization throughout history has recorded their beliefs, history and ideologies through different mediums and artwork. Three core beliefs of African societies included honoring ancestors and animal deities, elevating rulers to a sacred status and consulting diviners and fortune tellers. You can see this in their artwork by the use of symbolism in the sculpture to portray how important someone was by making a rulers head oversized and the use of tame animals near the figure to show his power over all things. They also honored their ancestors by way of body decoration and modification, rituals and masks. Being firm believers in the spirit world, they made grand forms of architecture using brick and living rock to create places of worship. The early African people had a few ways of remembering and honoring their ancestors and family, like making sculptures for display in shrines or making pendants and jewelry depicting the likeness of those who perished. One example of this is the Waist pendant of a queen mother, from Benin Nigeria, ca. 1520, thought to portray the mother of Oba Esigie. The naturalistic ivory pendant symbolized the legacy of a dynasty and was made to honor the king’s mother. There are Portuguese heads on the top and bottom of the head. The Portuguese were thought of as people from the spirit world who brought wealth, power and prosperity to the king. Trade networks led to the wide spread of religion throughout early African...
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...consequences throughout the story. It can define who you are in terms of society and where you fit in, but does it have to? Supposedly, in this country we call home, if you work hard enough you can have whatever your heart desires. In the Bluest eye All Pecola Breedlove wanted was to have blue eyes or in her mind, be beautiful. She believed because of what society had taught her that those whom are beautiful have blue eyes and blonde hair. This is a social institution which has been part of America’s culture since the beginning of the U.S. We must look a certain way, have a specific occupation, or live in a particular neighborhood if we are to fit into society. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison has captured these and other stigma's we place on ourselves and raise the question of, is these things the only way to be accepted and have some level of beauty in societies eyes? We are raised in a society that tells us we are all equal, however that ideal is rarely practiced throughout our history. We only have to turn on the television or open a magazine to see who the adored people in our country are. Pecola believes that if she could have blue eyes then she would be accepted. "If she looked different, beautiful, maybe they'd say, 'why, look at pretty-eyed Pecola. We mustn't do bad things in front of those pretty eyes'" (46). Those eyes were the very definition of beauty and how if you have beauty society accepts you and treats you nicely. Pecola and her family represents those that strive...
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...Weaver Clayton Professor Mindy Duffner English 1030-11CN 3 March 2016 The Chance to Live Again Therapeutic cloning has the potential to treat several degenerative diseases, thereby defective genes could be replaced and help improve the lives of millions. However, cloning in the human sense has had a difficult start. DNA cloning has permitted the development of modern biology, in particular within the last forty years. In this time frame the world has passed from theories to actually cloning genes. Subsequently, The University of Utah Health Sciences did a study on the history of cloning: Mitalipov and colleagues were the first to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to create a human embryo. …In this experiment, researchers took a skin cell from a patient and fused it with a donated egg cell. Key to the success of the experiment was the modification to the culture liquid in which the procedure was done and to the series of electrical pulses used to stimulate the egg to begin its division. Following the cloning controversy of 2004–2005, in which South Korean scientists falsely claimed to have used somatic cell nuclear transfer to create embryonic stem cell lines, the scientific community demanded much stronger evidence that the procedure had actually been successful. (Learn. Genetics) Subsequently, many states in the US began to prohibit the use of therapeutic and reproductive cloning. Regardless, cloning should be decriminalized, with the stipulation that serious regulations...
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...Popular American Culture Paper By. Jackie Thompson Soc. 105 June 7, 2012 Professor Susan Kessler American Pop Culture Culture is something that is learned from birth, it affects the way a person looks at themselves, and their surroundings. Someone’s culture influences their preference in music, food, clothing, hair styles, parenting skills, social skills, and the way someone reacts to their environment. Pop culture is everywhere we look from television, radio, magazines, billboards, newspapers, family, friends, co-workers, professors, and classmates all of these things influences our lives in one way or another. It influences the way we behave in public, what we say, and the way we react to our giving surroundings in a specific time period, which is forever changing depending on what society finds acceptable at that point in time. Three trends in today’s American culture, starting with the biggest is reality TV, such as “Keeping up with the Kardashians”, “Jersey Shore”, “The Bachelor”, and “Teen Mom”. These reality shows have became a huge hit here in America, being able to watch these peoples personal issues play out right before your eyes is fascinating to some and boring to other. The second major trend would be the body modification, such as tattoos and or piercings. I believe that people are enjoying decorating their bodies not only to make themselves even more unique, but to express their own personality. Thirdly there is the large variety of music in today’s...
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...‘The body has become part of a project to be worked at, a project increasingly linked to a person’s identity of self.’ (Entwistle, ‘The Influence of Foucault,’ 19) Discuss. Pictures of the self- reinforced through language, imagery, embodied practices and mental habits- hold us captive in ways we are not even aware of. The challenge of thinking ourselves differently as embodied individuals demands that we make visible these pictures so that we can come to understand, if you will, that the door might open inwards. (Heyes, 2007: 20) The physical body we live in-‘we’ being our innate selves, our souls- denies society the view beneath the skin. The only indication of our identity, as Heyes implies, is through the visual self. This is supported by Thesander’s (1997) assertion that “the most characteristic aspect of fashion is its ability to transform objects into symbols. Clothes are transformed into fashion garments and the body becomes the fashion body.” (67) In this essay, I will discuss, using various readings, about how women’s bodies are moulded by society and how it shifts with the current ideals of beauty. I will also elaborate on how the body is used as a shell to depict what the inside holds, in other words, the identity of the being residing in it. I will use Michel Foucault’s theories to explain how the body is affected by the subjection of discipline and examination. Then, I will use the concept of cosmetic surgery to show how the body is an ongoing project to be worked...
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...behavior (Boone). The history of consumer behavior in marketing seems `to be highly intertwined with the history of marketing thought. In the early fifties soon after WWII many managerial schools of marketing thought emerged. During this period unprecedented economic boom partly fueled up new product introductions. It generated such concepts as the four P’s of marketing, marketing mix, product differentiation and market segmentation.. It appear that each marketing era lids motivated specific types of consumer behavior research and there by shape its history with respect to the substantive body of knowledge research methodology as well as theory development. The purpose of consumer behavior is to understand and control the mind of the consumer. There are many elements of marketing behavior. For example, culture, consumer market, social class, personality, motive (drive), belief, attitudes and need recognition are just a few. As market become global it’s imperative for marketing professional to understand and cope with cross cultural or international consumer behavior. I expect global consumer behavior research and theory to become an emerging area of consumer behavior. As markets become more mature, understanding competitive behavior is important. Comparative consumer behavior must pinpoint relative perceptions and behaviors of their market rather than absolute perceptions and behaviors. Today companies are likely to utilize more behavior modification strategies and less persuasion...
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...A tattoo is a marking made by inserting indelible ink into the layers of skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons. Tattoos on humans are a type of decorative body modification, while tattoos on animals are most commonly used for identification or branding. (wikipedia) The oldest mummy every found - dated back to the Bronze Age of Europe - is also the oldest example of tattooing. The mummy had 59 tattoos, including stripes, lines and cruciform marks on various parts of his body, and thus began the history of tattoos. No one is sure of the meaning of the tattoos. Some may have been marking from his tribe, others may have been from rituals or even from medical procedures. Speculation abounds, but true reasons will be difficult to determine unless new evidence is found. (tattooslovetoknow) Women (and only women) were tattooed in Egypt in 1550 BC. While tattooing seems to have been around in Egypt before this time, this is when the simple dot and dash designs began to morph into recognizable forms, although most were still largely stick figures. In 316 A.D., the first known written ban on tattooing is found. Constantine, recently converted to Christianity, prohibited tattooing on the face as it was disfiguring that "which had been fashioned in the likeness of divine beauty." (tattooslovetoknow) Much of the tattooing done during this time period was often to identify tribes or families, mark criminals and spies, ward off illness or injury...
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