...universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively adapt, but responded in diverse ways to adjust environments to meet their cultural as well as material desires. The pace of change in Indian environments increased dramatically with Euroamerican contact. Old World pathogens and epidemic diseases, domesticated plants and livestock, the disappearance of native flora and fauna, and changing resource use patterns altered the physical and cultural landscape of the New World. Nineteenth-century removal and reservation policies reduced the continental scope of Indian lands to mere islands in the stream of American settlement. Reservations themselves were largely unwanted or remote environments of little perceived economic value. Indian peoples lost even that land as the General Allotment Act of 1887 divided reservations...
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...Americans have had an immediate and reciprocal relationship with their natural environments. At contact, they lived in relatively small groups close to the earth. They defined themselves by the land and sacred places, and recognized a unity in their physical and spiritual universe. Their cosmologies connected them with all animate and inanimate beings. Indians moved in a sentient world, managing its bounty and diversity carefully lest they upset the spirit "bosses," who balanced and endowed that world. They acknowledged the power of Mother Earth and the mutual obligation between hunter and hunted as coequals. Indians celebrated the earth's annual rebirth and offered thanks for her first fruits. They ritually addressed and prepared the animals they killed, the agricultural fields they tended, and the vegetal and mineral materials they processed. They used song and ritual speech to modify their world, while physically transforming that landscape with fire and water, brawn and brain. They did not passively adapt, but responded in diverse ways to adjust environments to meet their cultural as well as material desires. The pace of change in Indian environments increased dramatically with Euroamerican contact. Old World pathogens and epidemic diseases, domesticated plants and livestock, the disappearance of native flora and fauna, and changing resource use patterns altered the physical and...
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...Water Scenario: Past, Present and Future of Pakistan By: Muhammed Zafir Zia Per capita availability of surface water in Pakistan is gradually dwindling from 5300 cubic meter in 1951 to 1000 cubic meters in 2005 and is projected to hit less than 1000 cubic meters making Pakistan a water short country Of all the major problems, water crisis is the one that lies at the heart of our survival and that of our planet. Experts project that the global water crisis will reach unprecedented levels in the years ahead in many parts of the developing world. The years ahead predict the threat of looming water wars between countries. According to figures published by the United Nations & other international organizations, 1.1bn people are without a sufficient access to water, and 2.4bn people have to live without adequate sanitation. Under current trends, the prognosis is that about 3bn people of a population of 8.5bn will suffer from water shortage by 2025. 83% of them will live in developing countries, mostly in rural areas where even today sometimes only 20% of the populations have access to a sufficient water supply. Fresh drinking water is not only a need of human beings, but equally important for the animals and agriculture throughout the world. This acute water shortage will be responsible in spreading diseases as contaminated water is the sole cause of nearly 80% infectious diseases. Hence the world has to take serious and concrete measures in order to avoid the water...
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...Analysis of Indian Developmental Projects in Afghanistan and its impact on Pakistan THEME * Pakistan and Afghanistan are generally labeled as inseparable states due to their historical, religious, cultural, linguistic, trade and ethnic linkages. However, history of bilateral relations between Kabul and Islamabad reveals turbulence. The main reasons for this rocky relationship are the issues related to the Durand Line, the idea of a greater Pakhtunistan, the 1980’s Soviet War, the rise of the Taliban, post 9/11 war, and India’s rising influence in Afghanistan. Through multi-sectoral long-term development projects, apparently carving socio-economic space through application of soft power, India ultimately aims at enhancing its regional relevance to extract politico-economic benefits, while correspondingly constricting contemporary space for Pakistan. Indian sponsored / assisted projects in Afghanistan indicate their character to be more of anti-Pakistan than pro-Afghanistan. Development of road Zaranj-Delaram off sets Afghanistan’s over dependence on Pakistan for transit trade, through offering ground link to Iranian Port Chahbhar. Similarly, Indian offer to build water reservoirs on river Kabul can be termed as extension of her water war against Pakistan. It has implications for Pakistan on its economic, defense and foreign policy fronts. Apropos, carry out a detailed analysis of Indian sponsored / assisted projects directly or indirectly influencing Pakistan and recommend...
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...be high but during the night the demand will be lower. Hydroelectric plants are more efficient at providing for peak power demands during short periods than are fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants, and one way of doing that is by using "pumped storage", which reuses the same water more than once. Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power demands by pumping water that has already flowed through the turbines back up a storage pool above the powerplant at a time when customer demand for energy is low, such as during the middle of the night. The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system. Advantages: * Once a dam is constructed, electricity can be produced at a constant rate. * If electricity is not needed, the sluice gates can be shut, stopping electricity generation. The water can be saved for use another time when electricity demand is high. The build up of water in the lake means that energy can be stored until needed, when the water is released to produce electricity....
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...Water scarcity and the West. Water is a scarce and highly prized commodity in the arid Western states. Not surprisingly, water policy creation is very much a challenge for a number of reasons. Citizens hold multiple water values such as economic development and the protection of wildlife which are often contradictory. State prior appropriation laws are not easily reconciled with federal reserve rights and the public trust doctrine. There are multiple governmental and nongovernmental actors who work to influence and implement policy in a decentralized political system. If actors lose a policy battle in one decisionmaking arena (such as a legislature), they often try to influence policy at another venue (a court, Congress or an agency). Policymaking involves water issues that are dynamic over time. Furthermore, there are several types of water policy (distributive, allocative, redistributive and cooperative) that vary according to who pays costs and receives benefits, the level of conflict, the openness of decision- making to interested parties, and the level of government which dominates. Long ago, Mark Twain was correct when he said “Whiskey’s for drinking, water’s for fighting about.” © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction In the arid Western states, water has always been an important resource. For over 100 years, federal and state governments and local water users have worked to provide water to agriculture, industry and residents. Since 1902 the...
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...Brazil – The Belo Monte Dam In 2013, approximately 201 Million people were living in Brazil, making it the biggest country in South America and the fifth biggest country in the world. Of course this population needs a vast amount of energy to handle daily life issues. This demand of energy makes Brazil the 8th largest energy user and the 10th largest energy producer in the world. Oil and other liquid fuels with 47%, followed by hydroelectricity with 35% and natural gas with 8% form the largest shares of Brazil's total energy consumption. Additionally, Brazil is consuming increasing amounts of biomass in both the residential and industrial sectors.[1] Geographically, the Brazilian landscape consists of about 50% rainforest, including a complex system of rivers like the Amazon and the Paraná. The Amazon rainforest is one of the most biodiversed tropical forests in the Americas with the highest biodiversity of plants species on earth. The other part of the countryside is diverse and is characterized by hills, mountains, plains, highlands and scrublands.[2] Due to the country’s large river system and its eight major drainage basins, Brazil wants to expand its hydroelectricity sector. The country already holds the second largest dam, after the Chinese Three Gorges Dam, the Itaipu Binacional dam. Currently the government is building the world’s third largest dam in the Amazon rainforest, the Belo Monte Dam, which is located on the Xingu River in the state of Pará. The...
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...A Thesis statement: • Tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion. • • Is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper. • • Directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel. • • Makes a claim that others might dispute. • • Is usually a single sentence somewhere in your first paragraph that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation. • • • It states the essay's subject -- the topic that you are discussing. • • It reflects the essay's purpose -- either to give your readers information or to persuade your readers to agree with you. • • It includes a focus -- your assertion that conveys your point of view. • • It uses specific language -- avoids vague words and generalizations. • • It may (but doesn't have to) state the major subdivisions of the essay's topic. WHAT TO AVOID Don't Simply State a Fact with your Thesis Statement Last year saw a decrease in the number of "bad girl" roles in Hollywood. WHAT TO DO Try and...
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...Professor Beth Bennett Introduction The Indus River was a key factor in the development of the Asian civilization. It originates in the Tibetan plateau and flows through four different countries: Tibet, Afghanistan, India and Pakistan to end in the Arabian Sea. The Indus River catchment area is as follows: sixty percent of the area belongs to Pakistan, about twenty percent belongs to India, five percent belongs to Afghanistan and fifteen per cent belongs to Tibet (Aljazeera, 2011). There are a total of six main tributaries: Sutlej, Ravi and Beas flow through Punjab and the other three rivers of the Indus basin - Indus, Jhelum and Chenab run through the territory of Jammu and Kashmir (Harvard, 2011). Since the partition of the British Indian empire in 1947, Pakistan and India have fought over the province of Punjab and the state of Kashmir, which resulted in a partition of the area between the two countries. The water dispute is also closely related to partition of the Kashmir region, too. The six rivers run through India which controls Jammu and Kashmir, before reaching Pakistan and the part of Jammu and Kashmir governed by Pakistan (Harvard, 2011). The geological allocation described above brought out significant disadvantages to Pakistan in early the1950s as a consequence of the political conflicts between the two countries. The help of the World Bank together with other third parities made possible the signing of the Indus Water Treaty (IWT) between India and Pakistan in...
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...Fly Ash For Cement Concrete Resource For High Strength and Durability of Structures at Lower Cost Ash Utilization Division NTPC Limited A-11, NFL Premises Sector–24, Noida–201301 OUR VISION A world class integrated power major, powering India's growth, with increasing global presence OUR CORE VALUES Business Ethics Customer Focus Organizational & Professional Pride Mutual respect and Trust Innovation & Speed Total Quality for Excellence ,uVhihlh fyfeVsM ¼Hkkjr ljdkj dk m|e½ NTPC Limited Vh- ’kadjfyaxe v/;{k ,ao izcU/k funs’kd T. SANKARALINGAM Chairman & Managing Director (A Govt. of India Enterprise) (Formerly National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd.) dsUnzh; dk;kZy;@ Corporate Centre MESSAGE I am happy to know that Ash Utilization Division is publishing a book named “Fly Ash for Cement Concrete”. Among several informative and useful insights contained in the book is the fact that mixing of ash gives higher strength and durability to concrete. NTPC has been imparting thrust to ash utilization strategies, preparedness and implementation. The Company has developed necessary infrastructure facilities in all its coal based stations to make good quality ash available to users. Technology demonstration and awareness programmes are also being carried out. There is greater awareness of ash usage among the industrial users as well as the end users. I am glad that ash utilization by NTPC during the year 2006-07 was 53% against MoU target of 42%. Off...
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...Great Midwest Flood of 1993. The flood started in May of 1993 and devastated America for four months of flooding and in most places the floods lasted well into November. North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Illinois were all held captive to the great flood. Hernando De Soto and a group of around 100 men brought quite a few ships from overseas and first arrived in Florida, on a search for gold. Hernando De Soto and his men discovered the Mississippi river on May 8th 1541. During the voyage along the Mississippi River, De Soto and his men came across a population not quite know yet, Indians. The Indians were kidnaped from their regulation and attacked by the assembly. The Indians also attacked back and hindered the voyage travel. De Soto and his men were unable to complete their journey due to the Indian attacks. After De Soto failed to make it down the Mississippi, a few other good men played their hand to become the first to complete the voyage down the Mississippi River. The first man to complete the 2-month voyage was Rene-Robert Cavelier sleur de LaSalle, and was a European. After becoming the first to complete the Mississippi River, Rene-Robert traveled back to France to meet with the king and request resources to take over the Mississippi river. These resources included ammunition, soldiers, and funds. LaSalle was granted resources from the king and became the leader over the Mississippi River area, but the men prescribed...
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...development was the main focus of the Indian government. The decided on many projects on a long term basis like dams to be constructed on the rivers in the Northern Gujarat. The project would bring about many positive changes like increased in irrigation and productivity but one issue persisted. This issue was of great importance as it was concerned with the famous Bhavnath temple falling in the middle of the reservoir. After a lot of discussion and negotiation, assurance was given to safeguard the interests of the people. The government later proposed an increase in the dimension of dam because of higher promised returns, but this would lead to submerging the temple. This caused resistance and hence the negotiations failed. Situation Analysis In 1947 after independence the government directed all their plans towards all – round economic development of the country. The country was economically very weak at the time of independence. The Bombay province understood the importance of agriculture and thus decided to build earthen dams across the rivers of Lokmata and Sadmata to increase the economic conditions of the country. In order to go ahead with the project the government had to rehabilitate the people getting affected and also the temple would be lost and so the only solution was to relocate the temple and its deities. This was opposed by the natives and locals even after negotiations about relocating and preserving the temple. The dam was to be built in the order to provide...
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...India has a second population in the world and has various cultures. Also economy of India has become prosperous recently, famous for IT industry. However, on the other hand, there is a tremendous gap between the rich and the poor. And India has a great problem. It is water problem. “Now, about 700 million people in the world live on the situation of water shortage. Since people can get only insanitary water, 4900 children (about 1,800,000 people per year) pass away every day according to The U.N. water-resources report, a Human Development Report in 2006.” (Network Earth Village, Environment and Pease NGO, 2012)India is also one of the countries with water shortage And India have some water problems: as stated above, water shortage, water pollution and lagging behind in sanitation. First, in India, water shortage is big problem. People are forced some difficulty by water shortage. First, during the dry season, many corner of India lack water. India has three seasons, which are monsoon, dry season and, heat season. Season of monsoon from June through September, it rains heavily. However, during the season from November through March, many corners of India get dry and lack water. Besides, the rainfall for the past ten years decreased about twenty percent, and also the dry season became long because of climate change by the global warming. In addition, people are forced to walk long distances to find water...
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...treaties and the removal of Native American Indians. Progressive Transportation systems: roads, canals, the railroads and the belief in the Manifest Destiny of the United States of America made an increase in settlement. The notion of the "Manifest Destiny" of the United States was a divine right of the American people. Manifest Destiny was based on the belief of cultural and racial superiority over other nations and the obligation to bring enlightenment and civilization to other races like the Native American Indians. Cowboys adopted a distinctive, colorful style of dress that reflected the requirements of the job, the local work environment, and included many elements of the Mexican Vaqueros' personal taste. Most wore wide-brimmed hats to protect their head from sun and weather, tall-topped boots with slanted high heels to help secure their feet in the saddle stirrups, and spurs, embellished with silver. In brush-infested regions they also donned leather leggings, called chaps. Anyone who ropes broncos with a lariat and pens them in a corral should be aware of their debt to the Spanish language (Cook, n/a). In the arid region of their Northern frontier, known now as California, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas, cattle grazing was the sole economic prospect until dams and irrigation techniques were developed. Spanish cattle leather often returned as fine leatherworks, clothing, and furniture. Cattle industry supplanted it; the Indian labor force was replaced by vaqueros. The...
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...Rachel Fernandez October 5, 2014 Mr. McWilliams CLN4U Laura Secord An idol is a woman of memorable heroism or power, respected for her bravery and honorable qualities; Laura Secord clearly qualifies and exceeds this description. Her initiative, intelligence and physical strength have been inspiring people since her story became widely known and the affects her actions had on the war of 1812. Laura Ingersoll Secord deserves a place of honor in Canadian history because of her remarkable courage, fearlessness and gallant act which made an important impact on the outcome of the battle at Beaver Dams. Laura Ingersoll was born on September 13th 1775 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Laura never recognized the true meaning of a lighthearted childhood. At the age of eight her biological mother, Elizabeth Dewey, passed away leaving her to look after her three younger sisters. This was difficult seeing as her father, Thomas Ingersoll, was an American Officer and constantly beckoned for duty. Her father married twice and had numerous children for which Laura helped care for. In 1795 her father grew to dislike the American government and decided to move the entire family to Upper Canada. When Laura was eighteen the family moved to Bustling Port which was near the Niagara River. After Laura relocated she met a young man named James Secord who she eventually married in 1797 under the Church of England. They were a very wealthy family. By 1812, the Secord’s had five children and...
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