...situation that involved a mother and father with sex offender backgrounds and a premature infant that was in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). In this patient situation I observed social worker from the Illinois Department of Child and Family Services take away the parental and visiting rights of the mother and father due to their history. The mother of this infant was pumping to provide her baby with the breast milk needed for growth and development. As defined by Townsend (2014) an ethical dilemma requires a person to make a decision in a situation that seems to have no satisfactory solution, or the “choice is between two equally unfavorable alternatives” (p. 60). This became a difficult ethical...
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...only two choices for how to feed their infants: they could breastfeed their infants themselves, or they could seek out a “wet nurse.” In the 1920s, a third option was introduced in developed nations—infant formula, a manufactured alternative to breast milk. Depending on its audience, this alternative was seen as a lifesaving option, a modern way to feed a child or a shameful health risk. Many people who have heard about the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes have expressed interest in knowing more about it. Baby food for the infants is the most sensitive one. Doctors suggest exclusive breast feeding for the infants. But for some cases like sickness, temporary disablement or for any other reasons mothers cannot breast feed to their babies. And for that they have to choose infant formula for their infants. Like any other products, parents of infant go through a selection process to choose a baby food. The purpose of this document is to provide concepts and terms of business ethics regarding marketing infant formula or baby food in the developed and low developing countries. Some of the scenarios of Bangladeshi baby food industries have also been analyzed. What is the International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitute The Code is a set of recommendations to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes, feeding bottles and teats. The Code was formulated in response to the realization that poor infant feeding practices were negatively affecting...
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...five years old and below. Everyday, as many as 4,000 infants and young children die worldwide because they are not breastfed. According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), it is because their mothers are not empowered with adequate knowledge about breast-feeding and do not receive enough motivation and support (UNICEF, 1994). Babies, their mothers, their families, their community, their environment, even the economy of the country in which they live, all benefit from breast-feeding (ibid). Realizing the great advantages of breast-feeding and the changing patterns of breast-feeding practice worldwide, the World Health Organization, 1981, recommended that all infants should be “exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months of age”(Kaunang, 1999). Moreover, UNICEF(1994) has advocated breast-feeding as one of the strategies for “ Child Survival” and exclusive breast-feeding as a best protective way for infants against infection and malnutrition. Nowadays, promotion of breast-feeding through Family Planning and MCH Programs is increasingly considered to be a public health policy priority especially in developing societies (Tin Oo, 1995). The Department of Health (DOH) advocates exclusive breastfeeding as part of their campaign in supporting the international goals of both the WHO and UNICEF in promoting infant health improvement and decreasing mortality rates. “Six months of exclusive breastmilk – no water, infant formula, other liquid, or food for...
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...Infant Feeding in the Context of HIV FACILITATOR’S MANUAL TOSOUTH SOUTH THE SOUTH TO SOUTH PARTNERSHIP FOR COMPREHENSIVE FAMILY HIV CARE AND TREATMENT PROGRAM (S2S) South Africa has the largest HIV burden of any country in the world, with an estimated 5.7 million people living with the virus. Women and children remain at the centre of the pandemic in terms of transmission, vulnerability and potential for impact. To continue to build on the existing successes of South Africa’s antiretroviral (ARV) program, the capacity for HIV disease management must be enhanced. It is essential that HIV disease management transition from an individual case management to a family-centred and chronic-care approach targeting and prioritising pregnant women and children. Enrolling pregnant women and children into HIV care and treatment early and regularly can prevent new HIV infections and reduce morbidity and mortality, effectively sustaining the quality of life of mothers, their children, and their families. The scale up of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) and paediatric ARV care and treatment programs are crucial in the fight against HIV but are challenged by many factors including perceived complexity of treating pregnant women and children, inadequate paediatric and PMTCT knowledge and clinical skills, lack of psychosocial and adherence support, delays in integrating PMTCT services with antenatal and child health management systems, and gaps in referral...
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...with all the needed nutrients that a normal child must have, this is basically why the infant formula was created. The infant formula was created by companies in the pharmaceutical industry and Nestlé. Nestlé easily got a high market share in the industry. The general health problems in the aftermath cause a great impact on babies. The number of sick babies increased all the time after the Second World War, because there weren’t the needed minimum required measures of neatness for babies, like sterilized nipples, clean water, clean environments, etc. So breastfeeding wasn’t enough to keep a baby healthy over those years. The infant formula seemed to be a good solution providing the enough amounts of nutrients for a baby. The problems started after the meeting of infant-feeding practices in 1970 and 1972, Bogota and Paris, where a resolution was made: “The report concluded that breast milk was the best food for infants and, if in sufficient supply, would satisfy the need of a child up to 4-6 months. In cases where breastfeeding was insufficient or impossible, the use of nutritional substitutes was encouraged”. The debate created some years before these meetings and the years after seemed to be an ethical issue, of whether if babies must be fed with the infant formula or with the breast milk. The objective of infant formula was misunderstood as a way of replacing the breast milk, most companies including Nestlé, published some policies about is as the one showed in...
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...breast milk is the food of choice for infants and that as a general principle; exclusive breastfeeding should be protected, promoted and supported for the duration of six months as a global public health recommendation. ICN supports efforts to promote adoption of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) to ensure that all maternities become centers of breastfeeding support (www.icn.ch/pu). ICN holds the mother’s right to make an informed choice about infant feeding. This includes providing information, counseling and guidance to all HIV infected mothers about the risks and benefits of feeding options most suitable for their situation, in line with those recommended in the UNICEF/UNAIDS/WHO guidelines (www.icn.ch/pu). Furthermore, ICN supports the revised International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 183 on maternity protection. ICN concurs that it is the right of all working women, including those in the informal sector, to have paid daily breaks or a daily reduction of hours of work when breastfeeding a child, and to have hygienic facilities at or near the workplace (www.icn.ch/pu). The ICN’s position is that infants who are breastfed have fewer illnesses and are better nourished than those who are fed other drinks and foods. It is estimated that 1.5 million infant lives would be saved, and the health and development of millions of others would be greatly improved, if exclusive breastfeeding took place in the first six months of life. Using breast milk substitutes...
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...| Ethics Paper Nestlé Infant Formula Prepared by Mohammad Ul Haque Id:0147217 MG660- Strategic Marketing Prepared for Professor Jorge Zavala-Vinces 1. If you had been an executive with Nestlé, would you have changed your marketing approach after the boycotts began? Nestlé’s marketing tactics in promoting the use of infant formula in Third World countries wasn’t moral. Nestlé was not acting within the boundaries of moral standards. Every corporation must understand and realize the corporate ethics and responsibilities they should have. The problem was that Nestlé used unqualified sales girls, the distribution of free samples, marketed to people who were incapable to fulfil the minimum requirements for giving formula safely to the baby, and the association of bottle-feeding with healthy babies to promote the use of infant formula to mothers who would have been better off breast-feeding their babies. The first Nestlé boycott in 1977 led by Infant Formula Action Coalition (INFACT) had a large impact on Nestlé’s revenues. Their products were boycotted in the U.S. to end the promotion of infant formula. This was a small part of the major problem which is to improve total infant nutrition throughout the Third World that must be resolved on a global basis if the health of babies in the developing nations is to be improved. If I had been an executive with Nestlé, I would have changed the marketing approach after the boycotts began...
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...demonstrate the advantages of breast milk feeding in early stages of human life and in years that follow. Discussion of non-scientific, i.e. social, economic, etc., aspects of breastfeeding will be limited, with primary focus given to human health outcomes for infants and mothers. The structure of this paper is decisively unconventional: where the author has chosen to discuss the body of common knowledge about breastfeeding before delving into the scientific research review. The intention is to draw the readers’ attention to the vast body of proven and observed advantages of breastfeeding for infant and mothers. Breastfeeding advantages – more than just food Breastfeeding is a natural process. Throughout human history breastfeeding was, and in many places around the world still is, a means to a healthy start to a human life. With the development of baby formula, and its availability, and relatively low cost, breastfeeding is now commonly thought to be a choice in the developed world. No longer a means to survival, no longer a requirement. To some, the advent of the baby formula is a direct form of feminine liberation. To others, baby formula is a necessity for medical or circumstantial reasons that are not driven by the freedom of choice. Those that choose the formula under pretenses other than necessity (e.g. absence of mother’s milk), are making a wrong choice. The advantages of breast milk are numerous. The most important one is that breast milk contains the perfect proportion...
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...superior safety image over imported milk powder. According to the report, the China’s import of milk powder will increase significantly in 2011 and responsible for most of the growth for Chinese milk powder consumption. The import of whole milk powder in 2011 is estimated to top 400,000 metric tons and the import of nonfat milk powder is estimated to 100,000 metric tons. After the melamine crisis, Chinese consumers are threat of contaminated milk powder and there is a strong preference of imported milk powder. Due to the threat of Chinese consumers to buy Chinese made milk powder, there is a strong demand of import milk powder in China. Thus, US made milk powder is a good product to be exported to China. FAS Site http://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Dairy%20and%20Products%20Annual_Beijing_China%20-%20Peoples%20Republic%20of_10-22-2010.pdf China - Peoples Republic of Dairy and Products Annual 2010 Prepared By: Michael Woolsey, Jianping Zhang, Susan Zhang Date of report: 10/22/2010 Accessed: 4/7/2012 6a. Parent's Choice - Gentle Milk-Based Powder Infant Formula 6b. Name of the producer: PBM Products, LLC Address: 204 N. Main St. Gordonsville, VA 22942 Phone: (540) 832-3282 6c. Item Description Parent's Choice Gentle Milk-Based Infant Formula with Iron features one fourth of the lactose of a standard milk-based formula for infants with fussiness or gas. Parent's Choice - Gentle Milk-Based Powder Infant Formula, 23.2oz: * For baby age...
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...unethical marketing of artificial baby milk. The unethical practices of promoting infant formula to new mothers in developing countries was first presented in 1966 in a pamphlet by Dr. Derrick B. Jelliffe titled Child Nutrition in Developing Countries. Dr. Jelliffe, an expert in child nutrition and Director of the Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute, published the pamphlet in an effort to call attention to the dangers of bottle feeding in traditional and semi-sophisticated populations. From 1966 to 1972, Dr. Jelliffe advocated for restraint on the part of infant formula companies and suggested that government, industry and physicians work together for the health of infants (Newton). It was in 1973 though that the infant formula controversy became public when an article titled “Babies Mean Business” was published in the New Internationalist magazine. The article outlined several unethical marketing practices that manufacturers were engaged in in an effort to promote breast milk substitute to new mothers, doctors and hospitals. One of these practices involved uniformed milk nurses, who were paid a commission by the manufacturer, to distribute free samples of the breast milk substitute to poor, new mothers in developing Third World Countries. Unfortunately, for these mothers and their newborns, the free samples didn’t last forever. Coincidentally, the free samples of the breast milk substitute only lasted long enough for the new mother’s milk to dry up. In addition, the demographic...
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...formula feed your infant is one of the primary choices expectant parents will make. This choice is predominantly constituted based upon the mother’s comfort level, her lifestyle, and whether she may face any medical condition(s) that may hinder her ability to nurse; however, there are also an extensive amount of mothers who derive their preference based upon what medical literature, healthcare providers, and public health campaigns claim is most beneficial for their child. By tradition, medical literature, healthcare providers, and public health campaigns such as the American Association of Pediatrics (AAP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the World Health Organization (WHO), have represented the “benefits of breastfeeding,” comparing the health outcomes amongst babies who imbibe their mother’s breast milk against babies who imbibe formula milk. Breastfeeding supplies infants with ideal nourishment. Hormann proves this in her article when she states that, “Human milk is not only the ‘best’ but the only species- specific nutrition for human infants” (p. 352). Breast milk is often considered to be the “perfect food” for their digestive system. The lactose, protein (whey and casein), and fat in the milk are digested by a baby’s immature system without any difficulty. Breastfed infants struggle less with digestion than do formula-fed infants, causing the breast-fed infants to have a smaller amount of occurrences of diarrhea or constipation. Breast milk is also known...
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...There are a variety amount of reasons why a mother would not choose breastfeed their infant. Most women in the United States know that breastfeeding is best for their infant but are unaware of the specific health benefits and risks associated with it. According to Moore, Anderson, and Bergman (2007) “research has shown that obstetricians rarely provide information about breastfeeding and formula feeding during prenatal visits”. Mother’s often rely on education about breastfeeding on pamphlets, leaflets, and other written materials as their source of information but are highly ineffective. Breastfeeding is perceived as a natural act but women are often surprised at the difficulty of performing it. The skills to breastfeed are not provided to...
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...Case 1 Nestle: The Infant Formula Controversy Background Nestle, among other companies that market infant formulas, has been the focus of attack from different groups. The source of this controversy sprang from the number of deaths of babies from Third World countries that are alleged to have been the result of aggressive advertising of the Nestle infant formula. Nestle stands by its position that it has been responsible in its product marketing stressing, among other things, that (1) it has never advocated bottle feeding instead of breast feeding and (2) that the infant formula has a vital role in proper infant nutrition as a supplement. Nevertheless, Nestle adopted measures to address the concerns of different groups, like WHO, by discontinuing its mass media advertising of infant formula, carrying out comprehensive health education programs, and supported the WHO code. By late 1990s, Nestle was again accused of continuously violating the WHO code and concerned groups have called for the boycott of Nestle products. By 2001, the HIV crisis in certain parts of the world, like South Africa, has caused a shift in preference from breast feeding to infant formula. Consequently, Nestle faces the challenge of addressing such high demand. Finally, Nestle, as an MNC, carries new responsibilities that comes along with marketing its products like participating in the fight against HIV and AIDS especially in developing countries. Problem Statement Taking into account the social...
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...asking themselves the same question: should I breast feed or bottle-feed my child? Opinions on the matter vary all around the world depending on things like one’s culture, values, and location. Mothers can be judged for choosing to do either. On one side, if a mother is seen breastfeeding in public, people might become very uncomfortable. However, if the infant is bottle-fed, they will be criticized for not feeding their baby “nature’s perfect food” (WebMD). There are several well-known pros and cons to both feeding methods but a large debate that people focus on involves the direct effects of the baby’s health. While some people remain skeptical, there is evidence that supports that...
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...breastfeed. One of the biggest myths is a baby can be allergic to moms milk. This is a false statement. Breastmilk is specifically tailored to a baby’s needs. LLLI states, “Human milk is the most natural and physiologic substance that baby can ingest. If a baby shows sensitivities related to feeding, it is usually a foreign protein that has piggybacked into mother's milk, and not the milk itself. This is easily handled by removing the offending food from mother's diet for a time.” Another myth is saying breast that are too big or too small cannot breastfeed. This is a false statement. The size of the breast does not matter, rather the nipple and areola are what is looked at if there is an issue. Another myth is claiming breastfeeding is easier than bottle feeding. This is a false statement. The Newman Breastfeeding Clinic at the International Breastfeeding Center states, “Breastfeeding is made difficult because women often do not receive the help they should to get started properly. A poor start can indeed make breastfeeding difficult. But a poor start can also be overcome. Breastfeeding is often more difficult at...
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