...Literature Review According to Wenzel et al. (1998), historically, infection control practices, in one form or another, have existed since surgeons such as Lister recognized the significance of bacteria in producing postoperative wound infection. In the early 1970s, the first infection control nurse was appointed in the U. K. This created the start of an era, the acknowledgment of infection control as a specialty in its own merit. In some countries, medical insurance companies pressured health services to decrease infection rates, and that led to an increase in infection control systems and programs. Countries with developed health care systems have taken action to the need to control hospital infections, reflected in escalating charges of hospitalization and increased length of stay in patients with illnesses, by establishing infection control procedures that span the gamut of hospital practice and clinical...
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...PR ACTICE STAndARd Infection Prevention and Control Table of Contents Introduction Standard Statements Application of evidence-based measures Application of professional judgment Risk reduction Communication Maintaining a Quality Practice Setting Case Scenarios Appendix Glossary of Clinical Terms References 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 8 9 11 12 OuR MISSIOn is to protect the public’s right to quality nursing services by providing leadership to the nursing profession in self-regulation. OuR vISIOn is excellence in nursing practice everywhere in Ontario. Infection Prevention and Control ISBN 1-897074-32-8 Pub. No. 41002 Copyright © College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009. Commercial or for-profit redistribution of this document in part or in whole is prohibited except with the written consent of CNO. This document may be reproduced in part or in whole for personal or educational use without permission, provided that: • Due diligence is exercised in ensuring the accuracy of the materials reproduced; • CNO is identified as the source; and • The reproduction is not represented as an official version of the materials reproduced, nor as having been made in affiliation with, or with the endorsement of, CNO. First published February 1996 as Infection Control Guidelines (ISBN 1-894557-33-6) Reprinted January 2000, October 2000, revised for Web June 2003, reprinted January 2004 as Infection Control (ISBN 1-894557-44-1) Revised June 2004, December 2005. Reprinted May 2008 (ISBN 1-897074-32-8)...
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...Case Study Name: Marissa D. Jose Instructor: Dr. Linda Joyce Gunn, CPHRM Course title: AFT2 Accreditation Audit Name of institution: Western Governor University Current Compliance Status for Infection Prevention and Control 1. Commission Standard: Infection Investigation/Identification Recently the hospital implements preventing spread of Infection. The hospital has a successful framework for controlling the spread of infection and/or outbreaks among patients/clients, employees, physician, volunteers, students, and visitors. Identification and managing infections at the time of a client’s admission to the hospital and throughout their stay are the critical aspects of the infection prevention and control program, in addition to subsequent renowned infection control practices while providing care. In the hospital’s admission process, there are numerous ways to investigate, control, and prevent infections in the hospital setting, decides what procedures, such as isolation, should be applied to an individual client; and maintains a record of incidents and corrective actions related to infections. This process includes taking the patient’s history of infection, previous hospitalization, current diagnosis, and presence of draining wound, among others. During the health screening process, the hospital also ensures that the patient gets help from the right staff. Immediately the patient checks into the Nightingale...
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...Prevent Infection with Safe Injection and Medication Practices? Infection transmission risks are present in all hospital settings (Siegel, Rhinehart, Jackson, Chiarello, & the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, 2007, p. 31). A recent online survey of more than 5,000 healthcare practitioners revealed an alarming lapse in basic infection control practices associated with the use of syringes, needles, multi-dose vials, single-use vials, and flush solutions (Paparella, 2011, p. 564). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) there has been at least 49 infection outbreaks occurring because of contaminated injectable medical products since 2001 particularly at the time of administration. Out of the 49 outbreaks occurring, 26 of those took place in the past five years (Jayanthi, 2014). The transmission of bloodborne viruses and other microbial pathogens to patients during routine healthcare procedures continues to occur because of the use of unsafe and improper injection, infusion, and medication vial practices by health care professionals in various clinical settings throughout the United States. Breaches in safe injection, infusion, and medication vial practices continue to result in unacceptable and devastating events for patients (Dolan et al., 2010, p. 167). With this in mind it is necessary to understand the causes of and how to effectively prevent infection and injury with safe injection and medication vial practices. ...
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...recent nosocomial infections that occurred within the past year. In your report, categorize the different parameters (i.e., person, time, place, ethnicity, and gender) used in the compilation of data into the nformation summative. Currently at the Good Health Hospital, there’s a nosocomial outbreak of E. coli on Ward 10 on the second floor. Four cases have been identified so far linked to spoil food from the cafeteria, with two more cases pending. After meeting with chief administrator Joe Wellborn, one patient could possibly been symptomatic with the bacteria prior to admission. Parameters discussion below: * Person: 4 identified cases. (1. Male, age 23), (2. Female, age 21), (Male, age 15), and (Female, age 42). * Place: Good Health Hospital, Ward 10, second floor; Good Health Hospital cafeteria. Also research has indicated that other area hospitals around Tampa Bay has been contaminated with E. coli as well. * Time: Within the past week. Propose at least six (6) questions for the health care administrator at Good Health Hospital, regarding potential litigation issues with infections from the nosocomial diseases. Rationalize, in your report, the logic behind your six (6) questions. Traditionally, nosocomial infections have generally been viewed as an unavoidable risk of hospitalization. Where this risk materialized, the infections were typically benign and treatable (Kleinpell, 2011). Even where the consequences of nosocomial infections were severe, legal...
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...Running head: TURNING KNOWLEDGE INTO PRACTICE Student’s Putting Infection Control Knowledge to Practice Brandy S. Narro Grand Canyon University NRS-433V August 5, 2012 Student’s Putting Infection Control Knowledge to Practice According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 20 hospitalizations will be further complicated by hospital acquired infections (HAI’s) (2010). Examples of HAI’s are wound infections, respiratory infections, infections of the urinary tract and gastrointestinal tract. These infections result in an estimated 90,000 deaths per year (CDC, 2010) and $20 to $40 billion healthcare dollars on preventable complications (CDC, 2009). This study examines the possibilities of arming student’s with a multifaceted approach to hand hygiene and the lasting effects on the practice. After obtaining approval from the medical center’s institutional review board, 75junior-level baccalaureate nursing students consented to voluntary study participation. Although the study indicates the students “agreed” to participate, the question remains whether or not participating in the study was in any way connected to a participation grade for the research course in which the students were concurrently enrolled in at the time of the study. The additional exposure and attention paid to hand hygiene and infection control would benefit these study participants. The major variables are not specifically identified in this study...
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...Microbiology and Infection Control Adrian Loadholt 1/15/2015 Dr. Momeny The article I read was entitled ‘putting it into practice: Infection control professionals’ perspective on early career nursing graduates’ microbiology and infection control knowledge and practice. Healthcare associated infections are most common but preventable infections in hospital patients. Control and prevention of healthcare-associated infections is a major focus and challenge for healthcare institutions worldwide. The article was related to a study conducted in Australia. The study included all females, who qualified as registered nurses and had spent at least 5 years working as a registered nurse before commencing their current infection control practitioner role. Half of the nurses were aged 35–59 years and had completed their undergraduate training in the university setting, while the other half were hospital-trained nurses aged 40 years or older. All but one participant had taken training in infection control. All participants indicated that many new graduates had deficits in their infection control and associated microbiology knowledge, with some describing graduates’ level of infection control knowledge as ‘very poor’ or ‘basic’. One of the participants thought that the new graduates’ would lose knowledge after a period of time in the workplace. The participants agreed that increasing the amount of microbiology in the curriculum would improve graduates’ understanding and implementation...
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...Prevention of Central Line Infections Kaitlin Kapple Walden University NURS 4000 Section 4, Evidence-Based Nursing Practice July 13, 2015 Prevention of Central Line Infections Central line catheters are widely used in healthcare to administer medications, fluids, blood products, and parental nutrition. There are over five million central line catheters placed in the United States a year (Bashir, 2012). With the large amount of central line catheters being placed, there is an increased risk of infection. Central line infections are a serious health condition and are the fourth most common type of hospital-acquired infection (Bashir, 2012). The purpose of this paper is to explain why central line infections occur and how nurses can prevent these infections. Practice Setting Problem Over ninety thousand central line infections occur each year in the United States. While many of these are treated, it is noted that twenty-five percent of these infections end in death (Bashir, 2012). Despite the noted decrease of central line infections in the United States, the Center of Disease Control states that the current rate of infection is approximately three infections per one thousand catheter days (Bashir, 2012). Central line catheters provide an entry point for bacteria to enter the body into a person’s bloodstream. This leaves patients at risk for local and systemic infections. Bloodstream infections from catheter infections one week after the central line was placed, has...
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...Executive Summary - Infection Control and Prevention Current Compliance Status for Joint Commission Accreditation Nightingale Community Hospital is committed to providing healthcare excellence, a healing environment and to be the choice for patient care. In order to continue to provide quality healthcare services in accordance with our values of safety, community, teamwork, and accountability Joint Commission Accreditation provides guidelines and standards for the Priority Focus Areas (PFA) for the welfare and quality of patient care. Infection control and prevention extends beyond treating the patient. It encompasses all who work and visit the facility including medical staff, administrative staff, volunteers, vendors, and visitors. Implementing activities and programs to control, treat, prevent and identify sources of infection will help ensure the overall satisfaction and quality of patient care. Based on previous fiscal year data Joint Commission has identified Infection Control as one of the PFAs. In order to be in compliance with the standards and guidelines of Joint Commission Accreditation five areas of Infection Control and Prevention have been identified: 1. The hospital implements its infection prevention and control activities, including surveillance, to minimize, reduce, or eliminate the risk of infection. 2. Comply with either the current Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) hand hygiene guidelines or the current World Health Organization...
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...Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infection Surveillance Variability Kochurani Thomas Grand Canyon University NRS-433V May 1, 2011 Bloodstream infections are the most common hospital-associated infection (HAI) in intensive care units (ICU) and a significant source of in-hospital deaths, increased length of stay and added medical costs. Both adult and pediatric patients who have catheters inserted into their blood vessels face increased risk of an infection developing along the invasive plastic devices which can become life-threatening as they spread into the bloodstream. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), an estimated 248,000 blood stream infections are reported per year (CDC, June 2010), and mortality rate of 12%-25 %( CDC, 2011) .This dangerous lethal medical complication can be prevented by proper management of the catheter insertion and strict aseptic technique during care. Even though CDC has recommended standard catheter associated blood stream infections (CA-BSI) prevention strategies, the study shows areas of variability in the surveillance. A central line is an intravascular catheter that terminates at or close to the heart or in one of the great vessels which is used for infusion, withdrawal of blood, or hemodynamic monitoring. The Aorta, pulmonary artery, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, brachiocephalic veins, internal jugular veins, subclavian veins, external iliac veins, common iliac veins, common femoral veins...
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...hygiene: Employers should have regular handwashing with soap and water or using hand sanitiser. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Compulsory use of gloves, masks, gowns, and eye protection. Isolation Procedures: Employee and Employer should separate infected individuals to prevent the spread. Vaccinations: Employees should ensure staff and residents are up to date with relevant vaccinations. Training and Education: Regular training on infection prevention and control practices should be provided. 1.4 Explain How to Identify Individuals Who Have, or Are at Risk of Infection Monitoring Symptoms: Regularly checking for signs of infection physical and nonphysical like fever, cough, rash. Medical History: Reviewing individuals' medical records for previous infections or chronic conditions. Screening: Conduct regular screenings for common infections, especially in high-risk individuals. Risk Assessments: Identifying factors that increase risk, such as weakened immune systems or recent surgeries. 1.5 Describe actions to take to minimize the risks of infection to individuals and others. Isolation: All infected individuals should be isolated to prevent transmission from one person to...
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...BLOOD STREAM INFECTIONS Research Critique Tom Jones Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi School of Nursing Nursing Research 5314 Fall 2005 Research Critique Introduction Blood stream infections associated with central venous catheters account for approximately 250,000 infections in the United States annually. The vast majority of these infections are preventable through education on best practice (Coopersmith et al., 2004). Best practice principles include hand washing, maximum sterile precautions, and labeled catheter dressings. Central venous catheters are routinely used in the critical care setting; therefore, posing an increased risk of infection. Furthermore, increases in morbidity, mortality, and cost are a result of blood stream infections from central lines (Warren et al., 2004). Research Problem Blood stream infections increase morbidity, mortality, cost, length of stay; furthermore, the literature shows that many of these infections are preventable. A staff education has proven to be cost effective and proficient in decreasing blood stream infections (Coopersmith, et al., 2004). Warren et al. (2004) states, “The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends the utilization of health-care worker education is an important element in programs aimed at the prevention of hospital-acquired infections” (p.1613). A review of the literature explain nurse bedside behavior after education on hand washing and best practice with central venous...
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...EVIDENCE-BASED NURSING PRACTICE Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Karen Medley Walden University NURS 4000 Section 05, Research and Scholarship for Evidence-Based Practice) July 22, 2012 Abstract For patients that have indwelling catheters, with the evidence-based practice and standards of care, UTI’s does still continue to be an ongoing problem today. In one of the large hospitals in my area had recently developed a poster and video approach with special focus on alternatives to urinary catheterization, removing catheters early, and the reinforcement of sterile technique prior insertion and foley catheter care were used to educate nursing staff and improve outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to educate nursing on how to be proactive with this issue and to inform the providers when there is no further need for the catheters to reduce infections in patients. Practice setting problem Urinary tract infections (UTIs) account for approximately 35% of nosocomial infections but are the lowest in mortality and cost (Burke, 2003). Patients with UTIs as a secondary diagnosis have an average length of stay of 9.1 days versus those without a urinary catheter of 4.7 days. As individuals live longer, the probability of them being hospitalized and requiring specialized care services is increased (Hobbs, 2001). Hospitalization of any aged person increases the risk for them to have a urinary indwelling catheter, which predisposes them to a nosocomial urinary tract infection (Saint, 2003)...
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...Nursing Research Utilization Project Proposal Abstract The issue of controlling and preventing hospital-acquired infections is a major problem in the Healthcare system. Most patients admitted to hospitals are at some risk of contracting a hospital-acquired infection (Paterson, 2012). Some patients are more vulnerable than others; these include the elderly, patients with defective immune systems, and premature babies. Hospital-acquired infections remain a major concern, and they can occur in any care setting, including acute care within hospitals, outpatient surgery centers, clinics, and long-term care facilities (such as nursing homes or rehab centers). Four categories account for 75% of all acquired infections in the acute care hospital setting. These are surgical site infections, central line-associated bloodstream infections, ventilator-associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infections (Nassof, 2009). Urinary tract infections comprise the highest percentage (Paterson, 2012). These infections usually are spread by the contaminated hands of healthcare providers or the patient’s family members. They are also caused by contaminated surfaces or hospital equipment that has not been properly cleaned (Nassof, 2009). The rate of exposure to infectious materials could be reduced if healthcare providers adhered to certain standard precautions such as hand hygiene. The proposal for this nursing research utilization project is to educate nurses on the importance...
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...Hospital Acquired Infections in Relation to Poor Hand Hygiene Hospital acquired infections is an all too real and current issue. It is also highly preventable through the simple action of hand hygiene. Hand hygiene is a vital part of the hospital system to ensure the continuum of health. The number of professional health care staff who is not abiding by the governing policies on hand hygiene is alarming. It is an issue that is particularly relevant to nurses as they are in constant contact with patients, more so than any other health care professional. This paper shall address the topic of hospital acquired infections in relation to the lack of hand washing and poor hand hygiene. It shall hence be explored the reason behind the issues existence. Background Modern infection control is grounded in the work of Ignaz Semelweis who, in the late 1840’s demonstrated the importance of hand hygiene for controlling transmission of infection (Pittet, Allegrazi, & Boyce, 2009) and reduced mortality rate related to hospital acquired infections (Mortell, 2012). Hand hygiene has become an integral part of our culture. Hand washing is taught at every level of school, advocated in the workplace, and emphasized during nursing, medical, and paramedic training programs. The primary objective of hand hygiene recommendations has always been to reduce pathogen transmission and hospital acquired infections which, in turn, should reduce patient morbidity and mortality (Mortell, 2012). Hand Hygiene...
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