...condition that affects the way a person’s body metabolizes glucose; an important source of fuel for the body. Type 2 Diabetes results when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin or is unable to use insulin properly, or insulin resistance. This is the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 90%-95% of all diabetic cases, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC). It usually occurs in people who are over forty, overweight, and have a family history of the disease. Research from the CDC indicated that Type 2 Diabetes is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Numerous...
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...Insulin Resistance Insulin is a hormone that helps to control blood sugar (glucose) levels in the body. It is made in the pancreas. Insulin allows glucose to enter into the cells of the body. Insulin sensitivity refers to how the body responds to insulin. Insulin resistance occurs when cells in the body do not respond properly to insulin made by the pancreas and are not able to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. Insulin resistance results in high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and can lead to problems, including: • Prediabetes. • Type 2 diabetes (type 2 diabetes mellitus). • Heart disease. • High blood pressure (hypertension). • Stroke. • Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. CAUSES...
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...carbohydrates are then metabolized into a type of sugar called glucose. The body needs glucose because glucose is a source of energy for the cells. After being metabolized, glucose moves into the bloodstream and the body detects that the blood glucose level is rising. In response to this, the pancreas, which is a little gland that sits underneath the stomach, starts releasing a hormone called Insulin. And it’s insulin that helps our bodies get the energy from the food we eat. The bloodstream then takes the glucose and the insulin to every cell in our bodies that needs it. The body functions best when the blood glucose is at an optimum level. It doesn’t respond well to high levels of blood glucose. Normally, there’s a cycle within the body that balances out the glucose and insulin levels. In this case, the food we consume or the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream and the pancreases releases the insulin that carries the glucose to the cells. However, diabetes occurs when this system fails to function properly in the bodies of many individuals today. According to the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic lifelong condition that affects our body’s ability to use the energy found in food. It is a cellular disease that involves the lack of glucose receptors on cell membranes. Although diabetes is a complex condition, its common theme involves either the lack of insulin or insulin resistance. In this paper, I will be discussing about the cellular mechanisms involved...
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...conditions in which the body is unable to produce any or enough effective insulin. This is a hormone needed for glucose to enter the cells to be converted to energy. Glucose is the fuel that your body needs. In your diet, this comes from foods such as fruit, milk, some vegetables, starchy foods and sugar. To help control your blood glucose you will need to eat healthy foods and be active. One may also need to take pills and /or insulin. What is a diabetic? Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not...
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...Joshua Warkentine Expository Writing Mrs. Erwin April 28, 2014 Resistance Training: An Evaluation Working out is for people who want to have huge biceps and sculpted abs. Working out is not required to be healthy. Only people who are already muscular should work out. Wrong, wrong, and wrong, these are all popular misconceptions associate with “working out” or resistance training that may keep people from living healthier lives. To clarify, resistance training, as defined by wikipedia, is a “physical exercise that specializes in the use of resistance to induce muscular contraction which builds the strength, anaerobic endurance, and size of skeletal muscles”. Resistance training has numerous benefits, all of which are helpful in maintaining a fit physique, lowering body fat, and reducing the chance of problematic medical diseases. The first and least vital benefit of resistance training is its impact on the body’s natural physique. The best part about this is its simplicity: resistance to muscle contraction causes the muscles to break down which then allows for them to be rebuilt even stronger. This explanation however does not cover the vast and ever changing methods which can be used to achieve this muscle break down. Furthermore, it is apparent that any method will yield positive results for the user as long as it is done in a way that demotes injury. If one were to tailor fit a certain method to match their muscle gaining goals then they should see even grater results...
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...PERSPECTIVE SERIES On diabetes: insulin resistance Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance Gerald I. Shulman Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA Address correspondence to: Gerald I. Shulman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, 254C Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. Phone: (203) 785-5447; Fax: (203) 737-4059; E-mail: gerald.shulman@yale.edu. It is estimated that by the year 2020 there will be approximately 250 million people affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide (1). Although the primary factors causing this disease are unknown, it is clear that insulin resistance plays a major role in its development. Evidence for this comes from (a) the presence of insulin resistance 10–20 years before the onset of the disease (2, 3); (b) cross-sectional studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is a consistent finding in patients with type 2 diabetes (3–6); and (c) prospective studies demonstrating that insulin resistance is the best predictor of whether or not an individual will later become diabetic (2, 3). Here, I focus on some recent advances in our understanding of human insulin resistance that have been made using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This technique takes advantage of the spin properties of the nuclei of certain isotopes...
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...Type 2 DB is a chronic condition that obscures the normal metabolization of sugar in our body. The normal process can be hindered by either insulin resistance or inadequate production of insulin. The pathophysiology of Type 2 DB resulted from Insulin resistance is discussed here. Normally, glucose enters in high quantity into the bloodstream following food ingestion. Major players in the regulation of blood glucose are the islets of Langerhans (special cells), specifically, beta cells located in the pancreas that sense the increased level of glucose in the blood. The pancreas is a hormone that produces insulin and glucagon that regulate blood glucose. Insulin regulates blood glucose by allowing body cells to absorb and use glucose. Normally,...
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...The main topics of discussion are usually its ability as an anti-inflammatory hormone, and its link to insulin action.3 It is thought that adiponectin enhances the actions of insulin and it may play part in reversing insulin resistance.2 However, these are not the only functions of adiponectin. It also has anti-atherogenic effects, and in addition it may even take part in vascular and cardio protective actions.3 However, when adipose cells enlarge, the secretion of adiponectin decreases.2,3,4 Therefore, it is unable to complete all of its usual functions. Without its abilities as an anti-inflammatory, insulin enhancer and its anti-atherogenic effects a person is more at risk for disease.3 Specifically, heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Resistin production is increased in enlarged adipose tissue.3 Resistin is known to...
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...Hyperglycemia occurs when the body’s blood sugar is higher than the normal range. When the body is not using insulin properly, hyperglycemia occurs. Severe complication of hyperglycemia may cause ketoacidosis which is a diabetic coma. Ketoacidosis occurs when the body breaks down fats since the body cannot use glucose for energy. When the blood sugar is below the normal range hypoglycemia occurs. Confusion is a sign of hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia may cause a loss of consciousness in a person if untreated. 2. What...
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...Diabetes is a disease that deals with blood sugar level in the body. There are two types of Diabetes; the first type of diabetes is Type 1. Type 1 Diabetes is when the body produces a very low amount of insulin and the person with type 1 Diabetes needs to take insulin to regulate it. Type 2 Diabetes is when the insulin level in the body could be too low, normal, and even too high. When a person has type 2 diabetes their body is resistant to insulin. A few things can be the cause of Diabetes. For example, for type 2 diabetes the insulin resistance begins way before the blood sugar even begins to rise. This happens because the body makes too much insulin so that it can last for a while. Over time the cells that create the insulin get weak and then the body resists insulin and then the blood sugar will rise. Diabetes can affect the kidneys, heart, eyes, and even your body because you can lose limbs due to diabetes. It is very important to take care of one-self when they have diabetes. No one really knows what causes insulin resistance but it has been noted that when someone is over-weight or they are not physically active they have a higher chance of developing diabetes. Risks of diabetes would be liver failure, blindness, stroke, and as previously mentioned a loss of limbs. There are a few things that can be prevented when it comes to diabetes and there are things that one cannot control. Things one is not able to control would be genetics, and family history. However, staying...
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...time. It can be controlled by diet, exercise, medication and insulin injections. There are three main types of diabetes; Type I, which affects primarily the younger population, type II, which primarily affects the population above forty years old, and gestational diabetes, which affects women during the third trimester of their pregnancy. While scientists do not know what causes diabetes, they do know that it is caused from a variety of factors that can vary from person to person, being heredity, overweight, and problems with beta cells, which are located in the pancreas. Diabetes can result in blurred vision, retinopathy, nerve problems, dry skin, and kidney issues. Diet plays a major role in the prevention of these problems. Sugar concentration in the blood is a major factor for diabetics, so understanding the sugar content of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates is essential. The goal from a diet perspective is to control your sugar in your bloodstream in a way that the insulin in your bloodstream can manage it efficiently. In addition to diet, medication and exercise also plays a role in monitoring the disease. Currently, there is no known cure for diabetes. Diabetes is a chronic disease marked by high levels of glucose in the blood. There are several major forms of diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes is often called juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes, usually occurs with obesity and is insulin resistance. Symptoms for these two types are similar, being; abdominal...
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...What causes PCOS? PCOS is caused by an imbalance in the hormones (chemical messengers) in your brain and your ovaries. PCOS usually happens when a hormone called LH (from the pituitary gland) or levels of insulin (from the pancreas) are too high, which then causes the ovaries to make extra amounts of testosterone Resistance to insulin Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control the amount of sugar in the blood. It helps to move glucose from blood into cells, where it's broken down to produce energy. Insulin resistance means the body's tissues are resistant to the effects of insulin. The body therefore has to produce extra insulin to compensate. High levels of insulin cause the ovaries to produce too much testosterone, which interferes...
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...by frequent urination. Diabetes can be categorized into three types. The first group is Type 1 diabetes. It is also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. It often develops in early adulthood, before an individual attains 40 years. The second-type and most common is the type 2 diabetes. It accounts for close to 90% of all diabetes cases reported around the world. It occurs when the body cells fail to react to insulin in the body. In addition, type 2 diabetes can occur when the beta cells in the body are not able to produce adequate insulin (Tuomi, 2005). 3) Gestational diabetes. It affects women, especially during pregnancy periods (Feig, 2012). Hence, this paper on diabetes will provide a brief summary of the disease process. In addition, the paper will also focus on a study on diabetes in an article entitled, “Hemoglobin A1C as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes Screening and New-Onset Diabetes Prediction," by highlighting the purpose of the study, method of study, findings and its implications to nursing practice. Brief Summary of Diabetes Process Diabetes is a disease which is caused by relative lack of insulin produced in the body. The beta cells which are located inside the islets of Langerhans which are found in the pancreas fail to produce insulin due to dysfunction (Himsworth, 2011). Occasionally, insulin resistance in the body also constitutes to development of diabetes. The...
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...by frequent urination. Diabetes can be categorized into three types. The first group is Type 1 diabetes. It is also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. It often develops in early adulthood, before an individual attains 40 years. The second-type and most common is the type 2 diabetes. It accounts for close to 90% of all diabetes cases reported around the world. It occurs when the body cells fail to react to insulin in the body. In addition, type 2 diabetes can occur when the beta cells in the body are not able to produce adequate insulin (Tuomi, 2005). 3) Gestational diabetes. It affects women, especially during pregnancy periods (Feig, 2012). Hence, this paper on diabetes will provide a brief summary of the disease process. In addition, the paper will also focus on a study on diabetes in an article entitled, “Hemoglobin A1C as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes Screening and New-Onset Diabetes Prediction," by highlighting the purpose of the study, method of study, findings and its implications to nursing practice. Brief Summary of Diabetes Process Diabetes is a disease which is caused by relative lack of insulin produced in the body. The beta cells which are located inside the islets of Langerhans which are found in the pancreas fail to produce insulin due to dysfunction (Himsworth, 2011). Occasionally, insulin resistance in the body also constitutes to development of diabetes....
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...losing weight these diets were found to have additional health benefits for women. Research suggests that high protein diets have positive results for obese women because they reduces the risk for diabetes type 2, decrease the incidence of cardiovascular disease, and helps women retain muscle mass. One of the major health benefits from a high protein diet is that it can prevent a woman from developing Diabetes type II or if a woman has type II diabetes it can be controlled with the diet. Type II Diabetes is a chronic disease in which there are high levels of glucose in the blood. The body will still make insulin but as time goes by the pancreas will make less and less insulin which makes it harder to keep blood glucose (sugar) under control. This can be acquired by a diet high in carbohydrates and being overweight. Kerksick et al. 2010 stated that “studies which incorporated insulin resistant, metabolic syndrome or those diagnosed with type II diabetes reported that diets with a higher protein intake stimulated greater weight loss and improvements in glucose homeostasis.” Metabolic syndrome is present if a woman has three or more of five signs such as: * Blood pressure higher than 130/85 * Fasting blood glucose over 100 * Waist circumference...
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