...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on understanding...
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...Targeting Insulin Signaling in Treating Alzheimer’s Disease Name Institution Table of Contents Abstract 3 Summary 4 Introduction 5 Present Therapeutic Regimens for Alzheimer’s disease 5 Methods 7 Search Strategy 7 Exclusion/ Inclusion Criteria 8 Relevant Information 8 Results 9 Discussion of Results 12 Epidemiological information linking type 2 diabetes to AD 16 Insulin-signaling abnormalities in Alzheimer disease affected brain 17 Diabetes drugs in treatment for AD 19 Treatments regimens for type 2 diabetes Mellitus and their potential in treating AD 23 Thiazolidinediones (TZDs). 23 Metformin. 23 Amylin and Leptin analogs. 24 Findings 26 Interpretation of Results 26 Limitations 28 Future Research 29 Conclusion 31 References 32 Abstract Type 2 diabetic drugs could serve as potential in the treating Alzheimer’s disease. AD is a dementia defined by partial or total loss of memory. The risk of development of AD increases with age. Different therapeutic approaches have been employed when it comes to treatment of AD. Results of indicate that diabetic drugs are effective in treating Alzheimer ’s disease. Despite efforts directed at treatment of the condition, the results have not been satisfactory. This could be attributed to the early or late onset of AD pathogenesis while at the same time being underpinned by various mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting the effectiveness of type 2 diabetic drugs in treatment of AD. Research has focused on...
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...Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes Name Institution Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes Introduction Diabetes, often called by health experts, diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic condition which causes an increase in the level of blood sugars (Stehouwer, 2009). Patients suffering from diabetes become increasingly hungry (polyphagia) and thirsty (polydipsia) (Friesen, 2003). In addition, they experience polynuria, which is a condition characterized by frequent urination. Diabetes can be categorized into three types. The first group is Type 1 diabetes. It is also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. It often develops in early adulthood, before an individual attains 40 years. The second-type and most common is the type 2 diabetes. It accounts for close to 90% of all diabetes cases reported around the world. It occurs when the body cells fail to react to insulin in the body. In addition, type 2 diabetes can occur when the beta cells in the body are not able to produce adequate insulin (Tuomi, 2005). 3) Gestational diabetes. It affects women, especially during pregnancy periods (Feig, 2012). Hence, this paper on diabetes will provide a brief summary of the disease process. In addition, the paper will also focus on a study on diabetes in an article entitled, “Hemoglobin A1C as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes Screening and New-Onset Diabetes Prediction," by highlighting the purpose of the study, method of study, findings and its implications to...
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...Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes Name Institution Evidence-Based Practice Project—Paper on Diabetes Introduction Diabetes, often called by health experts, diabetes mellitus, is a metabolic condition which causes an increase in the level of blood sugars (Stehouwer, 2009). Patients suffering from diabetes become increasingly hungry (polyphagia) and thirsty (polydipsia) (Friesen, 2003). In addition, they experience polynuria, which is a condition characterized by frequent urination. Diabetes can be categorized into three types. The first group is Type 1 diabetes. It is also known as juvenile or insulin-dependent diabetes. It often develops in early adulthood, before an individual attains 40 years. The second-type and most common is the type 2 diabetes. It accounts for close to 90% of all diabetes cases reported around the world. It occurs when the body cells fail to react to insulin in the body. In addition, type 2 diabetes can occur when the beta cells in the body are not able to produce adequate insulin (Tuomi, 2005). 3) Gestational diabetes. It affects women, especially during pregnancy periods (Feig, 2012). Hence, this paper on diabetes will provide a brief summary of the disease process. In addition, the paper will also focus on a study on diabetes in an article entitled, “Hemoglobin A1C as a Diagnostic Tool for Diabetes Screening and New-Onset Diabetes Prediction," by highlighting the purpose of the study, method of study, findings and its implications...
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...which is a little gland that sits underneath the stomach, starts releasing a hormone called Insulin. And it’s insulin that helps our bodies get the energy from the food we eat. The bloodstream then takes the glucose and the insulin to every cell in our bodies that needs it. The body functions best when the blood glucose is at an optimum level. It doesn’t respond well to high levels of blood glucose. Normally, there’s a cycle within the body that balances out the glucose and insulin levels. In this case, the food we consume or the liver releases glucose into the bloodstream and the pancreases releases the insulin that carries the glucose to the cells. However, diabetes occurs when this system fails to function properly in the bodies of many individuals today. According to the American Diabetes Association, Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic lifelong condition that affects our body’s ability to use the energy found in food. It is a cellular disease that involves the lack of glucose receptors on cell membranes. Although diabetes is a complex condition, its common theme involves either the lack of insulin or insulin resistance. In this paper, I will be discussing about the cellular mechanisms involved in two types of Diabetes Mellitus-type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In type 1 diabetes, the body isn’t making any insulin. This is because of an autoimmune response whereby the body has destroyed the insulin producing cells in the pancreas. We don’t entirely know why that happens in some people...
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...Diabetes: the most common disease that runs in my family A Research Paper Presented In partial Fulfillment of the Course PE 211 04 Health Principles To Professor Earl Henry December 4, 2013 Health Principles December 4, 2013 Abstract Diabetes is a disease that runs on my mother’s side of the family. This paper will pull out the different types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Each type has different symptoms that will show the requirements of receiving diabetes. Diabetes can be treated but it can’t be necessarily be curable. It is important that to motivate people to start taking care of their body’s. Young children around the world, especially in America start getting treatments for being diabetic. It is devastating to see young children suffer at young ages because of the foods they eat and not getting plenty of exercises. Having a good health is very important and for young children there should not be any excuses. The reason why I picked this topic is because my mother’s side of my family are diabetics and it is very common to them. My grandmother has to take medications everyday for her diabetes. My family has the decency to take care of their body’s, but it’s a disease that runs in our family. There is a great chance for me in the future to catch this disease if I do not pay attention to my own health. Everett Grant Professor Henry Health Principles December 4, 2013 Diabetes There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, it goes through family history...
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...Diabetes DIABETES More than 3% of the world population has diabetes; diabetes is caused by lack of a hormone called Insulin, which is produced by the organ pancreas to control blood sugar (Miller, 2010). Diabetes has been regarded as one of the biggest killers in the world. There exists three types of diabetes, type one, type two and type three. The most common is diabetes mellitus (Derek LeRoith, 2004). Therefore, Diabetes can be caused by little insulin, resistance to the protein insulin or even both. This paper aims to see to research on what causes diabetes, types of diabetes, the incidence and the risk factors associated with the disease. Problems Diabetes is a condition when there is a sharp rise of sugar levels in the blood. The body finds it difficult to deal with the high concentration of the sugar in the blood. Foods, which contain starch or carbohydrates such as, rice, bread etc and foods that taste sweet are digested in the body into glucose. The pancreas produces a hormone called insulin, which allows glucose to move into cells to be used by our bodies for energy. When glucose levels increase above normal levels it leads to the complications of diabetes. Men and women are equally likely to suffer from diabetes, also being Asian or Afro-Caribbean, overweight, aged between 40 and 75 or having diabetes in the family can increase your risk of type 2 diabetes. To understand...
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...Diabetes Health Care Consumer: Trends and Marketing /HCS-490 Mark Miller, MPH Diabetes According to "Medical News Today" (2012), “Diabetes, often referred to by doctors as diabetes mellitus, describes a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose (blood sugar), either because insulin production is inadequate, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both. Patients with high blood sugar will typically experience polyuria (frequent urination); they will become increasingly thirsty (polydipsia) and hungry (polyphagia).” There are three types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. This paper will discuss the effects of changes in the population of people with type 2 diabetes on their specific needs and services. Data on Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin for proper functioning, or the cells in the body do not react to insulin insulin--which is known as insulin resistance. According to “The American diabetes Diabetes association Association diabetes research perspective” (2012), “Nearly 26 million Americans have the disease, including over 10% of the total adult population and over 25% of the population aged 65 years and older. While most of those individuals have type 2 diabetes, nearly 1 million Americans have type 1 diabetes. An additional 79 million American adults have pre-diabetes, which, when added to those with diabetes, suggests that...
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...10:119 doi:10.1186/1479-5868-10-119 Mandy Ho (mandy.ho@sydney.edu.au) Megan Gow (megan.gow@health.nsw.gov.au) Jocelyn Halim (Jocelyn.halim@health.nsw.gov.au) Kerryn Chisholm (Kerryn.chisholm@health.nsw.gov.au) Louise A Baur (louise.baur@health.nsw.gov.au) Manny Noakes (Manny.Noakes@csiro.au) Katherine Steinbeck (kate.steinbeck#@health.nsw.gov.au) Michael R Kohn (michael.kohn@health.nsw.gov.au) Chris T Cowell (chris.cowell@health.nsw.gov.au) Sarah P Garnett (sarah.garnett@health.nsw.edu.au) ISSN Article type 1479-5868 Research Submission date 1 July 2013 Acceptance date 17 October 2013 Publication date 24 October 2013 Article URL http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/10/1/119 This peer-reviewed article can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in IJBNPA are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in IJBNPA or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.ijbnpa.org/authors/instructions/ For information about other BioMed Central publications go to © 2013 Ho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and...
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...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...Darrell Davis Rasmussen College Author Note This paper is being submitted on September 8, 2013, for LeeAnn Wisnowski’s NU205 Section 04 Human Nutrition – 2013 Summer Quarter Course. Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 is a disorder characterized as Insulin deficiency which means there is not enough insulin being made by the pancreas. Diabetes Type 1 is the most common endocrine disorder. Sixteen million Americans have Diabetes Type 1, yet many are not aware of it. African – Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans have a higher rate of developing diabetes during their lifetime. Diabetes Type 1 has potential long term complications that can affect the kidneys, eyes, heart, blood vessels, and nerves. This paper will describe briefly the role nutrition plays on Diabetes Type 1, the etiology, the progression, the treatment, nursing interventions and patient education related to patients with Diabetes Type 1. The epidemic of diabetes must be battled with great urgency both because of its medical implications and economic strain that it exerts on the world. Science has yet to provide a way to prevent type 1 diabetes. However, there are no high – quality data on the efficacy of dietary intervention for the prevention of the disease. You should eat a healthy diet. This diet is the same that is recommended for everyone. The idea that you need special food if you have diabetes is a myth. Diabetic foods still raise your blood glucose levels, contain just as much fat and calories...
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...seconds across the globe, and it is expected to rise 55 percent in the next 20 years” (p. 6). The article goes on to state that according to the American Diabetes Association (ADA), “about 26 million individuals in the U.S. or 83 percent of the population have had a diabetes diagnosis (p. 6). Unfortunately this number will only begin to keep climbing and affect future generations to come. Professor Nam Han Cho wrote in a report on diabetes that “if current demographic patterns continue, more than 592 million people (worldwide) will be affected with diabetes within a generation” (Brass, 2014, p.7). Diabetes can be divided up into four categories including the following: Type 1 DM, Type 2 DM, gestational diabetes, and pre-diabetes. This paper will discuss the aspects of Type 1 diabetes. Information from the article Primary and secondary prevention of Type 1 diabetes was obtained from the Wiley Online Library database using the search terms diabetes type 1, and prevention. The Wiley Online Library database was also used to obtain information from the article titled Prevalence of depression among young people with Type 1 diabetes: a systematic review using the search terms type 1 diabetes, and prevention. The database Medline Plus was used to obtained signs and symptoms of type 1 diabetes using the search term type 1 diabetes signs and symptoms. The CINAHL database was used to obtain the article What Everyone needs to know about Diabetes using the...
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...factors which include age, gender, race, obesity, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol. You should lose weight and eat healthy if you are at risk for either of these two diseases. For your diet, incorporating fruits and vegetables is a step in the right direction. So far, there is no real cure for diabetes, but with regular medical care and taking care of yourself, you can manage your diabetes; reducing considerably, the risk of serious complications such as heart disease and stroke. Treatment for diabetes varies depending on what type of diabetes you have. Managing all forms of diabetes include regular monitoring of blood sugar levels; eating a well-balanced, healthy diet, and following a regular exercise program. Insulin is the most common diabetes drug. It can be injected or taken orally. Beyond medications and exercise, there are some other ["some" is redundant--"other" indicates an alternative, so "some," meaning unspecific, is not needed] things you can do to control diabetes which include, counting carbohydrates, make sure you keep hydrated, and keep your cholesterol and triglyceride levels under control. When these levels get too high it can cause cardiac arrest. If treatment is not...
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...manifested in low glucosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in diabetic people. The study aims to prove that the decrease in HbA1c is a result of greater aerobic fitness and strength in patients that are performing aerobic or anaerobic exercise. Secondly, it is related to the changes in strength and aerobic fitness that are performing cardiovascular exercise and resistance training. Review of Literature The purpose of the article is to assess the correlation of reduced HbA1c to physical activity. It is hypothesized that this reduction is related to the changes and increase in aerobic fitness and strength in diabetic people who are engaged in aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The result from the study showed that the link between the changes in glucose control during exercise training is not that high nevertheless; physical activity offers health benefits to diabetic patients. Methodology The study used experimental method by randomized controlled trial. Random sampling of 251 patients between 39-70 years old with type 2 diabetes mellitus that were previously sedentary was allocated aerobic, resistance, or aerobic plus resistance, or to a control group that was sedentary. The participants were evaluated prior to...
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...has been rising every decade. In fact, it is predicted that type 2 diabetes will reach to 552 million people by 2030 (Murea, Ma, & Freedman, 2012). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90% of all diabetic cases. People with diabetes have a 25-75% high risk of death associated with cancer, infection, liver disease, lung disease, and falls (Murea, Ma, & Freedman, 2012). Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar, impairment in insulin secretion, and insulin resistance (McCulloch & Roberston, 2017). According to McCulloch and Robertson (2017), our ability to prevent this type of diabetes in the...
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