...6. Ion exchange capacity Capacity can be used to compare different resins or to calculate the total amount of resin to be added during a batch exchange process [IAEA Vienna, 2002]. It described by the number of functional groups on it. This value is constant for a given ion exchange material and is generally given as milliequivalents per gram (meq/g), based on the dry weight of material in a given form (such as H+ or Cl–). For organic ion exchange resins it can be given as milliequivalents per millilitre (meq/mL), based on the wet fully swollen volume of a settled bed of resin. The total capacity is usually determined by titration, spectrophotometrically and radiometrically for radioactive isotopes. The capacity of the resin in meq/g...
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...technique that plays an integral role in ion exchange chromatography as well as conductivity detection. It is commonly used in the detection and analysis of molecules such as ions as well as organic acids. There are numerous factors behind its popularity and effectiveness. These factors includes its ability to decrease background conductivity of the eluent which aids in the accuracy of result, minimizing of baseline noises which enables smoother analyses, optimization of signal to noise ratio and increasing the sensitivity of the measuring system. Suppressors are important when conductivity detectors are used and the mobile phase is intensively conducting essentially leading to saturation of the detector’s response. To avoid this, the suppressor is inserted between the ion exchange separator column and the detector. The device then releases hydronium or hydroxyl ions depending on the characteristics of the mobile phase. Releasing these ions converts the mobile...
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... occurring when ventilation is inadequate to perform necessary gas exchange Bradycardia : Abnormally slow heart rate Gastric lavage : Act of washing out the stomach with sterile water or a saltwater solution, to remove blood or poisons Oxygen saturation: A relative measure of the amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium. 2. How many different elements are contained in a molecule of tetrodotoxin? What are the names of these elements? 0 Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen are the four elements found in 1 tetrodotoxin 3. What types of chemical bonds are found in this molecule? Describe the structure of those bonds. The chemical bond found in tetrodotoxin is a covalent bond, which are bonds that share electrons. 4. As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Describe the structure of a sodium ion. The sodium ion has eleven protons and ten electrons, indicating that the first orbital shell has two electrons and the second shell has eight electrons (1s2 2s2 2p6) 5. the channel is a protein embedded in the plasma membrane of the neuron or muscle cell. as the membrane potential moves down the cell, this causes the channel to open and be selectively open for Na+ to pass through. when polarized, the channel is open and Na+ pass through causing depolarization of the channel, shutting it to further Na+ influx\ 6. Ion channels are primarily protein complexes specialized to fit a specific...
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...Ullah ID-153-34-467 Department of NFE (Evening) Submitted Date 11.04.2016 Electrodialysis (ED) Definition - What does Electrodialysis (ED) mean? Electrodialysis (ED) is a membrane technique, during which ions are transported through a semipermeable membrane, under the influence of an electric potential. It is a very versatile technology for the separation of difficult mixtures. ED is very useful for water treatment, aiding in the removal of mineral salts, sulfate, nitrate, etc. from brackish water and seawater. ED is also useful for wastewater reduction or recovery. Some other applications of electrodialysis include: * Water reuse * Pre-demineralization * Food processing * Glycerin purification Corrosionpedia explains Electrodialysis (ED) Electrodialysis is a type of dialysis in which undesired ions are removed from solution by means of a direct current passing between two electrodes, one on each side of the membrane. It is used to desalinate or concentrate a liquid process stream containing salts. ED is a highly efficient method for separating and concentrating salts. It is also very useful in reducing salt content of process streams with high amounts of salts. Electrodialysis uses electrical potential to drive the positive and negative ions of dissolved salts through separate semipermeable synthetic membrane filters. This process leaves fresh water between the filters. Electrodialysis differs from pressure-driven membrane processes by utilizing electrical...
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...Analysis of Municipal Water Lab Report Introduction: The recent problem that the townspeople have brought to my attention is the declining quality of the tap water. Many were unpleased with their water, so I decided to conduct my own test instead of using an outside company. Based on the complaints that the residents brought to recent town meetings, I discovered what ions could be causing the problem and began to test them. I used a Hach spectrophotometer and its instructional manual to determine the ions concentrations in the town’s water supply. The ions tested for were total chlorine, copper, fluoride, total iron, manganese, nitrogen (nitrate), phosphate, sulfate, sulfide, and zinc. Following the manual each ion’s concentration was tested for, each ion required a different powder pillow to be mixed with the water sample. Every ion that was tested also needs a blank, a separate test tube that’s concentration would be considered 0.00 mg/L. If the meter went off scale or read over range during any of the test then it would be diluted down and retested until it was in range. Next we tested the pH of the water sample by using pH paper. The pH record value of the water sample was 5. Then we tested the hardness of the water sample. I accurately measured 50-mL of the water sample with a graduated cylinder and poured it into a 125-mL flask. I then added 1-mL of pH 10 buffer and a few drops of the Eriochrome Black T indication solution. At this point the solution was a medium...
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...(acetylacetonato)copper (II) complex Background of study : Metal acetylacetonates, formed by a metal and multiple acetylacetonate anions, are prime examples of coordination complexes. In this experiment, the metal use is copper (II) ion which is crystal blue in colour when it is copper(II)nitrate. All metal ions in solution can react well with water. The water molecules can also be weakly bonded or more strongly as a ligand to form a complex ion, and these can also present in solid ‘hydrated’ salts of crystallization. For example, copper (II) nitrate (Cu(NO3)2∙3H2O) A complex ion has a metal ion at its center with a number of other molecules or ions surrounding it. These can be considered to be attached to the central ion by co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonds. The molecules or ions surrounding the central metal ion are called ligands. Simple ligands include water, ammonia and chloride ions. All ligands are lone pair donors. In other words, all ligands function as Lewis Bases. A base is an electron pair donor and an acid is an electron pair acceptor. Ligands like water, can donate a pair of non-bonding electrons(lone pair) intro a vacant orbital of a central metal ion and so dative covalent(co-ordinate) bonds hold a complex together. The central metal ion with vacant bonding orbitals can act as a Lewis acid. Ligands act as Lewis bases by electron pair donation to form the metal-ligand bond. Apparatus : filter paper , Buchner funnel, adapter, suction filtration flask, spatula, graduated...
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...visualize and draw three dimensional molecular shapes Introduction: The octet rule states that most elements will share or exchange valence electrons in order to achieve a similar electron arrangement to the nearest noble gas. This concept is extremely important because it explains why elements bond to form compounds such as water, electrolytes, DNA, proteins and other biologically important substances. In this lab we will be focusing on a small palette of biologically important elements and studying how they covalently bond. In covalent compounds, the behavior of these elements tends to be consistent and predictable. Group Electron Arrangement Number of Bonds and Lone Pairs 1A 7A 1 bond and no lone pairs H X 6A X = F, Cl, Br or I O O O 6A Version: 3/22/16 S 1 bond and 3 lone pairs in biological systems Oxygen generally has 2 bonds and 2 lone pairs, but may have one bond and 3 lone pairs in anions such as hydroxide, or 3 bonds and 1 lone pair in cations such as hydronium. Sulfur has 2 bonds and 2 lone pairs in biological systems. Page 1 of 8 Molecular Structures 5A N Nitrogen generally forms 3 bonds with 1 lone pair, but may form 4 bonds with no lone pairs in cations. N 5A 3- O O P O O 4A C Si In biological systems, phosphorus generally exists as the phosphate ion shown here where it forms 5 bonds with no lone pairs. Outside of biological systems, P sometimes behaves like N by ...
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...Nuclear Power Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials - radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are 'decaying' to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900's radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called 'vitrification'. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations...
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...an hour), vomiting for hours on end, and may also lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance which could then cause death. This is because the cholera bacterium produces a toxin, which affects chloride ion exchange. The toxin causes the chloride ion protein channels in the plasma membranes of the small intestine epithelial cells to open; the chloride ions then move into the lumen of the small intestine, this build up of chloride ions lower the water potential in the lumen. Consequently water moves out of the blood, across the epithelial cells and into the lumen by osmosis, the increase of water secretion in the lumen results in a high amount of water being lost from the body, which is what causes the symptoms. Ways to prevent cholera spreading would be; proper sewage systems, treating water, hygiene such as washing hands after using toilet and preparing food, also covering food which may come into contact the bacterium. The quickest way to replace fluids in the body would be through a drip however not everywhere has access to drips, so cholera can be treated by methods such as oral rehydration therapy. Which involves a solution drink containing large amounts of salts (sodium and chloride ions) and sugars (glucose and sucrose) and water. This replaces the sodium ions lost from the epithelium of the intestine and...
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...Dehydration Keyva Strickland February 18, 2012 Arnetra Gilliam Dehydration can happen for various reasons. Dehydration happens when there is a loss of a significant amount of water in your body. To prevent dehydration, you should make sure you have a significant amount of water in your body. Feeling nausea, dizzy or light headed after or during exercise on a hot and summer day is a sign of dehydration. If someone feels they are dehydrated he or she needs to make sure they are drinking plenty of water, Gatorade, Pedialyte (for children), or popsicles. An important fact to remember is that over half of your body weight is water, so water consumption is very important to avoid dehydration and other illnesses. People can live for years without shelter, months without food, but without water they can only live for days. That shows how important water is to your body and life. Water, next to oxygen is the most important component to sustaining a healthy life. Water is needed by our body’s cells, tissues, muscles and system organs; without water, there will be no life. Water is not a nutrient but is considered an important nutrient and is highly needed to maintain life. The most important role of water is that it is a major component in our blood, and it is important in maintaining body temperature along with the elimination of body waste. Water is required in digestion and metabolism and its function is in the regulation of your body temperature. Besides water serving...
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...Electrochemical Cells Objective: The purpose of this lab is to construct various electrochemical cells and to measure to voltage generated. Observations: Part 1 | Voltage | Anode | Cathode | Zn vs. Ag | 1.370 | Zn | Ag | Zn vs. Cu | .983 | Zn | Cu | Zn vs. Fe | .525 | Zn | Fe | Zn vs. Mg | .617 | Mg | Zn | Zn vs. Pb | .470 | Zn | Pb | Anode | Cathode | Equation | Predicted V (E0) | Measured V (E0 Zn) | E0Zn - E0 | Fe | Ag | Fe + 2Ag+ ↔ Fe2+ + 2Ag | 2.04 | 1.7 | 0.34 | Fe | Pb | Fe + Pb2+ ↔ Fe2+ + Pb | .31 | .41 | 0.10 | Mg | Ag | Mg + 2Ag+ ↔ Mg2+ + 2Ag | 3.97 | 3.35 | 0.62 | Mg | Zn | Mg + Zn2+ ↔ Mg2+ + Zn | 1.61 | 1.68 | 0.07 | Mg | Pb | Mg + Pb2+ ↔ Mg2+ + Pb | 2.24 | 2.4 | 0.16 | Mg | Cu | Mg + Cu2+ ↔ Mg2+ + Cu | 2.71 | 2.95 | 0.24 | Part 2 | Voltage | Anode | Cathode | Zn (s)|Zn2+ (1.0 M) || Cu2+ (0.0010 M)|Cu(s) | 0.909 | Zn | Cu | Equation for Cell Reaction | Predicted V | Measured V | Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) ↔ Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) | 1.19 | 0.909 | E = 1.1 V – (0.0592 V) / (2 mol) log (1.0 * 0.001) E = 1.1 + .0888 E = 1.19 V Part 3 | Voltage | Anode | Cathode | Zn (s)|Zn2+ (1.0 M) || Ag+ (unknown M)|Ag(s) | 1.743 | Zn | Ag | Equation for Cell Reaction | Calc [Ag+] | Calc Ksp AgCl | Ksp AgCl | Zn(s) + 2Ag+(aq) ↔ 2Ag(s) + Zn2+(aq) | 8.11 x 10-4 | 6.57 x 10-7 | 1.6 X 10-10 | E = E0 – (0.0592)/n log (Q) 1.743 V = 1.56 V – (0.0592 V) / (2 mol) log ([Zn][Ag+]2) (0.0592 V) / (2 mol) log ([Zn ][Ag+]2) = 1.56 V - 1.743...
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...Organic Chemistry Laboratory – CH 200L (2012 – 2013) 2A-BC Group 4 Experiment 1 Title of the Experiment Juan C. dela Cruz*, Pedro R. Reyes and Pablo S. Santos Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy University of Santo Tomas, Espana Street, Manila 1008 Date Submitted: ------------------------------------------------- Abstract The atoms in a compound are held together by a chemical bond. There are two types of chemical bond: ionic and covalent bond. An ionic or electrovalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction between metal and non-metal atoms by the transfer of electrons. _____________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction The atoms in a compound are held together by a chemical bond. There are two types of chemical bond: ionic and covalent bond. An ionic or electrovalent bond results from the electrostatic attraction between metal and non-metal atoms by the transfer of electrons. One example is the formation of bond between a sodium metal atom and a chlorine non-metal atom [1]. In contrast, covalent bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between non-metal atoms. A covalent bond becomes polar when there is unequal sharing of bonding electrons. This happens when the elements involved in the bond has a significant difference in their electronegativity, such as in hydrochloric acid, HCl. Equal distribution of bonding electrons leads to the formation of a non-polar covalent bond. ...
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...Dehydration Paper SCI/241 October 27, 2012 Water consumption is important to the body in order to maintain optimum health and function properly. The content of this paper will look at a few of the functions of water in the body and what can happen if enough water is not taken in, resulting in dehydration. Following the functions of water, I will discuss dehydration and its stages and symptoms. I will also cover the essential electrolytes in the body, sodium, potassium, and chloride their location, functions, intake recommendations, and the dangers of taking in too much of each. Alcohol and caffeine can have a negative effect on how the body uses water, so I will discuss and explain how both of these substances affect water in the body. Lastly, this paper will discuss ways to avoid becoming dehydrated. Water makes up over half of our body weight. In men, it is approximately 60 percent of their body weight and for women it is approximately 50 percent (Grosvenor & Smolin, 2006). Some of the main functions of water in the body are to help lubricate joints, regulates body temperature, and helps remove waste from the body and aids in the digestion process. When a person experiences joint pain, it is a sign of lack of water. Cartilage within the joints is about 80 percent water and provides a smooth surface for the joints to move on, but that is only the case if enough water is consumed. Lack of water means less lubrication for the joints causing friction...
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...CHEMESTRY LAB SUBJECT: CHEMESTRY TEACHER: MISS MUGANAMBUGA STUDENT: Levi Blaides TITLE: Investigating the properties of ionic and covalent substances INTRODUCTION: Certain characteristics such as solubility polar and non-polar solvents, melting point and conduction of electricity can be used to distinguish between ionic and covalent substances. AIM: To determine whether a substances is ionic or covalent in nature by observing its melting point, solubility and conductivity. APPARATUS/MATERIALS SODIUM CHLORIDE, SUCROSE, NAPTHALENE, COPPER (II) OXIDE, CALCIUM AND COPPER (II) SULPHATE ,6 TEST TUBES ,6 SPATULAS ,TEST TUBE HOLDER ,BUNSEN BURNER ,2 (100CM3) BEAKERS ,LOW VOLTAGE BATTERY ,CONNECTING WIRES ,ELECTRODES ,CURRENT DETECTING DEVICES METHOD: Two spatulas of naphthalene were placed in two test tubes heated for about one minute , gently at first then strongly until no further change occurred. Procedure was repeated and characteristics were record and it was stated whether the substances were: A) DOES NOT MELT AT THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BURNER. B) MELTS WITHOUT DECOMPOSITION WHEN GREATLY HEATED C) MELTS WITHOUT DECOMPOSITION WHEN STRONGLY HEATED D) DECOMPOSES WHEN HEATED. SOLUBILITY: Two beakers were filled, one with 50ml of ethanol and the other with 50 ml of distilled water. Two cups of distilled water were added and two spatulas of naphthalene and stir. Observations were recorded by stating if the substance was: * IS-INSOLUBLE ...
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...water and because of that all the essential functions of every single cell in our body are carried out in the presence of the universal solvent. A person can call it metabolism, flushing out of, toxic wastes, delivery of nutrients to the cells and also heat to transfer. When you feel hot, you grab a glass of water and you feel better. When you have some food, you take water (or some other liquid) with it, when you sweat during exercise or a steam bath, you feel good because along sweat is essentially water with waste being flushed out of your body. The enzymatic reactions in the cells are also dependent on water. Water is essential to maintain body's homeostasis. If normal water levels aren't maintained, it will affect the osmotic pressure, ion homeostasis and plasma/blood volume as well. Also it is required to excrete waste products from our body (E.g.; urine) and for the regulation of metabolic activities such as enzyme activation. Therefore, water is essential to maintain the body in its normal state. “Water serves many curative functions even in our day-to-day life. In fact, water is very essential for maintaining the proper functioning of our body and sustaining us. It makes up more than half of our body weight and caters to the requirements of various bodily needs. Deficiency of water in the body can affect various functions and in severe conditions might also lead to death. Effects of Water Deficiency * Low blood pressure * Clotting of blood * Kidney malfunction ...
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