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Job Passion and Employee Performance

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Submitted By Olubukola
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The Research Questions
This empirical deductive research by Ho et al (2011) tried to develop a concrete generalization of the term "job passion" especially in the work context. Job passion was differentiated from other job attitudes such as; motivation, job satisfaction, job involvement and identification, workaholism and organizational commitment. They wish to also corroborate with other research on its different types - "harmonious and obsessive passion" and to further examine the effect of these types of job passion on work performance. By examining this effect, the authors want to justify that it is enhanced through the interaction of some mental elements called "cognitive engagement (comprising attention and absorption)" (p. 32). Their model therefore, is to create a cause and effect relationship between job passion and employee's work performance. However, finding a relationship would have been appropriate than a cause and effect.

Theoretical Framework
The research built on various recent researches, middle range theories and assumptions to provide answers to their questions. The concept of "entrepreneurial passion" was used to develop their concept of job passion (p. 28). They conceptualized job passion as "an attitude that comprises of both cognitive and affective elements which embody the strong inclination that one has towards one's job" (p. 28). Job passion is what you wake up joyfully to do, get excited about, enthusiastic and energized for and feel refreshed and revitalized after doing it, it characterizes a deep interest in a job, an excitement that results when people engage in a job (Chang, 2001), it makes people internalize the job and sees it as their identity (Vallerand et al., 2003 cited in Forest et al., 2011). They further made more distinction by differentiating job passion from other job attitudes; motivation, job satisfaction, job involvement and identification, workaholism and organizational commitment. Job passion has been conceptualized as being of two types; "Harmonious passion and Obsessive passion" (pg. 29). Harmonious passion is the "motivational force" that prompts one to work and creates a sense of fulfillment in the activity (Vallerand et al., 2003 cited in Forest et al., 2011:28), the individual is able to balance both work and social life (Ho et al., 2011). Obsessive passion on the other hand, makes the individual feel the demands to engage in the activity whereby neglecting other areas of their life (Ho et al., 2011).
Based on "role investment theories", it is expected that work performance will be influenced by Cognitive engagement - "psychological presence and focus at work" which comprises of absorption and attention (p. 31). Absorption is the level of focus put into one's work, the "quality" of effort or concentration applied into the job, total concentration in the job without being easily distracted while attention is merely the amount of mental element put into work per time, the "quantity" of resources exerted on the job (p. 32). Absorption and attention though different in intensity of focus, they are closely related because both has the underlining "motivation to act" (Rothbard, 2001:657)
Using "theories of behavioral pattern and human information processing" the authors want to establish that the amount of cognitive ability on a job produces better performance (Ho et al., 2011:33). Four varied hypotheses were formulated to support their assumptions. (See Appendix)

Research Methodology
The research was both theoretical and empirical, in that a deductive approach was employed to establish a generalization of the term "job passion". It tested job passion, its two different forms and cognitive engagement as independent variable, work performance as a dependent variable which was obtained from employee's performance appraisal. To investigate their proposed model of a causal relationship between job passion and work performance, they carried out a quantitative cross sectional survey via questionnaires with 509 full-time employees of an insurance firm ranging from all hierarchical levels which was equally statistically analysed. The effective response rate was 71 percent. The formulated hypotheses were analysed using various confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test its adequacy and also the Chi-square to assess its best fit.
Two issues are questionable in the methods engaged; the performance appraisal obtained may not have been carried out objectively. Also, a cross-sectional survey rarely denotes a cause and effect relationship which the research sought to examine.

The Results
The research was proven successful in conceptualizing job passion as having two forms - harmonious and obsessive and that this can be exhibited in the work context and not only in other leisurely activities (like sport, games, etc.). It differentiated these two forms as it relates to their effect on work performance.
The research prove that the elements of cognitive engagement; being absorption and attention is the link that creates the relationship between job passion and work performance. While harmonious passion was proven to be extensively related to absorption and attention and overall work performance, obsessive passion was negatively related to them. This holds true some of their hypotheses. On the whole, it was seen that harmonious passion has a greater effect on work performance.
In the work context, it has enlightened employers on the attributes to look out for when recruiting and also how to develop such passion in their employees. It also illuminates on the fact that expending so much attention on work will not translate to better performance rather it will build guilt as other areas of life will be neglected. This will consequently give an individual the right mindset as regards work and invariably, the ability to balance both work and social life.

Conclusion
The research has contributed to the epistemology of job passion in a positivist way, it is very relevant and provides insights for future research to develop on. It was able to further conceptualize the term job passion as it relates to work. However, its internal and external validity were questionable because of its sample size.
There are other imminent factors that might affect engagement at work (such as family issues, other proven theories - "self determination theory", health problems). Work- family research has proven a situation whereby "when there is strife at home… (it takes) it toll on ability to concentrate (at work)" (Crouter, 1984:432 cited in Rothbard, 2001:659). Consequently, this will translate to the type of passion developed and ultimately work performance.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) Business Research Methods Oxford: Oxford University press

Burke, R.J., and Fiksenbaum, L. (2009) ‘Work Motivations, Work Outcomes and health: Passion Versus Addiction', Journal of Business Ethics, 64:257-263

Chang, R. (2001) ‘Put Passion to Work', Executive Excellence, 18 (9) p.16

Deci, E.L., Connell, J.P., and Ryan, M.R. (1989) ‘Self-determination in a Work Organisation' Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4):580 -590

Forest, J., Mageau, G.A., Sarrazin, C., and Morin, E.M. (2011) ‘"Work is My Passion": The Different Affective, Behavioural, and Cognitive Consequences of Harmonious and Obsessive Passion toward Work', Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences, 28:27-40

Ho, V.T., Wong, S-S., and Lee, C. H. (2011) ‘A tale of passion: linking job passion and cognitive engagement to employee work performance', Journal of Management Studies, 48: 26-47

Rothbard, N.P. (2001) ‘Enriching or Depleting? The Dynamics of Engagement in Work and Family Roles', Administrative Science Quarterly, 46:655-84

Tassell, N. and Flett, R. (2007) ‘Obsessive Passion as an Explanation for Burnout: An Alternative Theoretical Perspective Applied to Humanitarian Work', Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 13 (2):101 -114

APPENDIX
HYPOTHESES
1a - Harmonious passion is positively related to cognitive absorption
1b - Harmonious passion is positively related to cognitive attention
2a - Obsessive passion is negatively related to cognitive absorption
2b - Obsessive passion is negatively related to cognitive attention
3a - Cognitive absorption to positively related to work performance
3b - Cognitive attention is positively related to work performance
4a - Cognitive absorption and attention mediates the relationship between harmonious passion and work performance
4b - Cognitive absorption and attention mediates the relationship between obsessive passion and work performance

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