MacDonald then described how he had covered his slashed wife with his blue pajama
Top. Interestingly, when the body was removed, blue threads were observed under the
Body. In fact, blue threads matching the pajama top turned up throughout the house—
Nineteen in one child’s bedroom, including one beneath her fingernail, and two in the other
Child’s bedroom. Eighty-one blue fibers were recovered from the master bedroom, and two were located on a bloodstained piece of wood outside the house. When hair is properly
Collected at the crime scene and submitted to the laboratory along with enough standard/reference
Samples, it can provide strong corroborative evidence for placing an individual at a crime site. The cuticle is formed by overlapping scales that always point toward the tip end of each hair. The scales form from
Specialized cells that have hardened and flattened in progressing from the follicle.
Three basic patterns describe the appearance of the cuticle: cornal, spinous, and imbricate.
The cortex derives its major forensic importance from the fact that it is embedded with the pigment
Granules that give hair its color. The medulla is a collection of cells that looks like a central canal running
Through a hair. The presence and appearance of the medulla vary from individual to individual and even
Among the hairs of a given individual. The root and other surrounding cells within the hair follicle provide
The tools necessary to produce hair and continue its growth. The most common request when hair is used as forensic evidence is to determine whether hair recovered at the crime scene compares to hair removed from a suspect. In most cases, such a comparison relates to hair obtained from the scalp or pubic area.
Ultimately, the evidential value of the comparison depends on the degree of probability with which the
Examiner can associate the hair in question with a particular individual.

On June 12, 1994, police who arrived at the home of Nicole Simpson viewed a horrific scene.
The bodies of O. J. Simpson’s estranged wife and her friend Ron Goldman were found on the path
Leading to the front door of Nicole’s home. Blood was found in O. J. Simpson’s Bronco. There was blood
Drops on O. J.’s driveway and in the foyer of his home. A blood-soaked sock was located in O. J.
Simpson’s bedroom and a bloodstained glove rested on the ground outside his residence. The word blood
Refers to a highly complex mixture of cells, enzymes, proteins, and inorganic substances. If an
Individual has type A blood, this simply means that each red blood cell has A antigens on its
Surface; similarly, all type B individuals have B antigens, and the red blood cells of type AB
Individuals contain both A and B antigens. Type O individuals have neither A nor B antigens on
Their cells. Hence, the presence or absence of A and B antigens on the red blood cells determines
A person’s blood type in the A-B-O system.
Another important blood antigen has been named the Rh factor, or D antigen. Those people who
Have the D antigen are said to be Rh positive; those without this antigen are Rh negative. In
Routine blood banking, the presence or absence of the three antigens—A, B, and D—must be
Tested to determine the compatibility of the donor and recipient.
Serum is important because it contains proteins known as antibodies. The fundamental principle
Of blood typing is that, for every antigen, there exists a specific antibody. Each antibody symbol
Contains the prefix anti-, followed by the name of the antigen for which it is specific. Hence,
Anti-A is specific only for the A antigen, anti-B for the B antigen, and anti-D for the D antigen.
The antibody-containing serum is referred to as the antiserum, meaning a serum that reacts
Against something . An antibody reacts only with its specific antigen and no other. Thus, if serum containing anti-B is added to red blood cells carrying the B antigen, the two will combine, causing the antibody to attach itself to the
Cell. Antibodies are normally bivalent—that is, they have two reactive sites. This means that each
Antibody can simultaneously be attached to antigens located on two different red blood cells. This creates
A vast network of cross-linked cells usually seen in the form of clumping, or agglutination. Seminal constituents on a sexual assault victim are important evidence that sexual
Intercourse has taken place, but their absence does not necessarily mean that a sexual assault did not occur. Physical injuries such as bruises and bleeding tend to confirm that a violent assault
Occurred. Furthermore, the forceful physical contact between victim and assailant may result in a transfer of physical evidence such as blood, semen, hairs, and fibers. The presence of such evidence helps forge a vital link in the chain of circumstances surrounding a sexual crime.
To protect this kind of evidence, all the outer garments and undergarments from the victim should be carefully removed and packaged separately in paper (not plastic) bags. A clean bed sheet should be placed on the floor and a clean paper sheet placed over it. The victim must remove her shoes before standing on the paper. The person should disrobe while standing on the paper in order to collect any loose foreign material falling from the clothing. Each piece of clothing should be collected as it is removed and placed in a separate paper bag to avoid cross-
Contamination. The paper sheet should be folded carefully so that all foreign materials are contained inside. If appropriate, bedding or the object on which the assault took place should be submitted to the laboratory for processing. The sexual assault victim must undergo a medical examination as soon as possible after the assault. At this time, the appropriate items of physical evidence are collected by trained personnel. Evidence collectors should have an evidence- collection kit from the local crime laboratory .
A medical professional to collect items of should follow the following procedure
Physical evidence from the sexual assault victim:
• 1. Pubic combings. Place a paper towel under the buttocks and comb the pubic area for loose or foreign hairs.
•
• 2. Pubic hair standard/reference samples. Cut fifteen to twenty full-length hairs from the pubic area at the skin line. •
• 3. External genital dry-skin areas. Swab with at least one dry swab and one moistening swab.•
• 4. Vaginal swabs and smear. Using two swabs simultaneously, carefully swab the vaginal area and let the swabs air-dry before packaging. Using two additional swabs repeat the swabbing procedure and smear the swabs onto separate microscope slides, allowing them to air-dry before packaging.•
• 5. Cervix swabs. Using two swabs simultaneously, carefully swab the cervix area and let the swabs air-dry before packaging. •
• 6. Rectal swabs and smear. To be taken when warranted by case history. Using two swabs simultaneously, swab the rectal canal, smearing one of the swabs onto a microscope slide. Allow both samples to air-dry before packaging.•
• 7. Oral swabs and smear. To be taken if oral–genital contact occurred. Use two swabs simultaneously to swab the cheek area and gum line. Using both swabs, prepare one smear slide. Allow both swabs and the smear to air-dry before packaging.
• 8. Head hairs. Cut at the skin line a minimum of ten full-length hairs from each of the following scalp locations: center, front, back, left side, and right side. A total of at least fifty hairs should be cut and submitted to the laboratory.
• 9. Blood sample. Collect at least 7 milliliters in a vacuum tube containing the preservative EDTA. (The blood sample can be used for DNA typing as well as for toxicological analysis if required.)
• 10. Fingernail scrapings. Scrape the undersurface of the nails with a dull object over a piece of clean paper to collect debris. Use separate paper, one for each hand.
• 11. All clothing. Package as described earlier.
• 12. Urine specimen. Collect 30 milliliters or more of urine from the victim for analysis for Rohypnol, GHB, and other substances associated with drug-facilitated sexual assaults.

This paper was very interesting to prepare. It was full of great information and techniques to be used in the field. There is a lot of information to take in and think about. I would like to thank everyone for their information they provided.