...OVERVIEW OF KIDNEYS KIDNEY * (2) Fist-size * Around the belly button * Receive blood from the heart * Filter blood and release urine - collection of waste products that the body gets rid of WHAT KIDNEYS DO * Gets oxygenated blood vessel/artery * Artery – hold on to all the things in your blood 1. Nutrients – electrolytes, proteins, amino acid, glucose etc. 2. Oxygen 3. Waste products – through cellular respiration (urea, toxic compounds, extra electrolytes (Ex. sodium) * Too much nutrients -> waste products (helps make sure you don’t build too much good “stuff”) * Vein – takes the blood away from it take it back to the heart * Kidneys – nutrients are collected an maintained when collected in the vein * Oxygen - Some will get out, some will be used by the kidneys (maintain the tissue) - Less oxygen in the vein than in artery * Kidneys take waste products and hold on to it so it does not end up in venus outflow (produce urine) Kidney has 2 capillary beds – connects the artery and the vein (oxygen flow out, nutrients flow in) - Work together to deliver oxygen to the kidney’s tissue - Recollect nutrients so that the vein can take these nutrients elsewhere in the body 1. Vasa recta –give oxygen to kidneys 2. Peritubular capillaries – responsible for collecting nutrients that kidneys filter ------------------------------------------------- HOW DO OUR KIDNEYS FILTER WASTE OUT OF BLOOD * Kidneys can hold...
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...Esteban Salazar Professor Lucker HSCS-3302 April 11, 2016 Kidney stones Kidney stones have plagued men throughout recorded history; the problem has even been “diagnosed” in Egyptian mummies that date back some 7,000 years1. At present, kidney stones have sent most three million Americans to the doctor each year, including 500,000 trips to emergency rooms1. Men are more likely to form stones than women at the ages of 20-50, with a peak of 30, but the ones that are in higher risk are those who already suffered from a stone and have a 50 % chance of forming more stones later in life1. Caucasian males are affected more commonly than African-American males, although African-American males have a higher incidence of associated infection with kidney stones whereas females of all races have been noted to have a higher incidence of hydronephrosis2. There are causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic procedures and treatments, and preventions strategies for kidney stones. Causes of Kidney stones Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are commonly composed of calcium (75%), struvite (15%), uric acid (6%) and cysteine (2%)2. Kidney stones are prevalent in hot climates, and it effects about 10% of people over their lifetime3. Kidney stones arise in the kidney when urine becomes supersaturated with a salt that is capable of forming solid crystals2. Although the urine may look like a simple fluid, it’s actually a complex liquid that contains hundreds of chemicals and minerals1...
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...Kidney is a bean-shaped organ and measures 10-12cm. Each kidney is covered by a dense irregular connective tissue capsule. Excretory systems regulate solute movement between internal fluids and the external environment. The kidney, the excretory organs of vertebrates is the mammal’s principal organ of excretion and osmoregulation. Osmoregulation regulates solute concentrations and balances the gain and loss of water. Thus, regulation of the osmotic concentrations of blood plasma by the kidneys ensures the osmotic regulation of all other body fluids. Excretion gets rid of many toxic metabolic waste products, particularly the nitrogenous compound urea. The mammalian excretory system centers on paired kidneys, which are also the principal site of water balance and salt regulation. Nephron is the functional unit of the vertebrate kidney approximately one million of nephrons can found in human kidney. Nephrons perform the function osmoregulation and excretion by filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Pressure-filtering of body fluids involve only filtration of most small molecules from blood plasma to form an ultrafiltrate of plasma. Selectively reabsorption by reclaiming valuable solutes like most of the water and other molecules from the ultrafiltrate and leaving behind waste material will be excreted. Secretion of hydrogen ion into the urine helps to maintain the acid-base balance. Excretion is to remove the metabolic waste products and unwanted chemicals or substances...
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...Living with One Kidney People can live a normal and unrestricted life with only one kidney. There are some things that have to be different depending on what their doctors say, there are also different reasons that people may only have one kidney. Some people are born with only one kidney which is called solitary kidney, some are born with both which is called kidney dysplasia, and some either lose a kidney due to donating it or for reasons such as cancer etc. Being born with a solitary kidney isn’t as bad as it seems. It means you only have one kidney instead of both. People are able to live with only one. It just means that you cannot participate in some contact sports such as, Football, Rugby, Wrestling, Boxing, Hockey, and others along those lines. Although there can be risks with other sports they aren’t as often as with some as listed above. Diet with a solitary kidney is mostly the same unless the doctor has said otherwise. Healthier diets are usually recommended to help lower the risk of infections or kidney failure. More often than not the doctor will suggest a diet that is low in protein and salt because those things can be bad with only one kidney. Too much protein or salt could cause the one kidney to back up and not be able to filter it all which in turn would lead to an infection or worse. Usually there is something called compensatory growth or regenerative growth that happens when you are born with only one kidney, it is when the single kidney grows faster...
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...The Importance of the Nephron in Kidneys All living organisms require a source of energy, usually in the form of food, to satisfy the cellular demands of the body and ultimately to sustain life. Thus, the nutrients that are consumed by organisms are broken down by various processes within organs, tissues, and cells, in order for important molecules, like minerals, vitamins, proteins, and carbohydrates, to be taken up and distributed around the body. The molecules not needed by the body or ends up as excess in the blood, is discarded as waste products; the system that is responsible for filtering our body, or rather our blood from these waste products, is known as the urinary system. The urinary system consists of organs in the body specific to filtering out excessive fluid and other substances from the bloodstream. This system works together with other organs like the lungs, skin, and intestines, all of which help with the process of eliminating wastes, and regulate the amount of chemicals and water floating in a person’s body (Campbell, “Excretory System”). In addition, these accessory systems to the urinary system ultimately help the body maintain pressure, volume, and composition of the blood (Campbell, “Excretory”). Along with electrolytes, uric acid, and glucose, the urinary system also removes a protein essential for breaking down proteins in the body which is called urea. Urea, together with water and other waste products, forms the liquid that is excreted from organisms...
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...Chronic Kidney Disease Abstract Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease that destroys the function of the human kidneys. This purpose of this research paper is to present an introductory profile of the disease. The profile includes a description of the disease, leading causes, how it is diagnosed, and its stages. Current statistics of the individuals impacted by the disease and mortality are provided. This paper will also explain the progressive nature of the disease and how the kidneys are damaged. Finally, the treatment goals and actions for the different stages of the disease are laid forth. Chronic Kidney Disease Kidneys are vital organs that regulate the body’s fluid level, filter toxins, control blood pressure, and more. A human cannot live without at least one functioning kidney. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that destroys the operating capacity of the kidneys. CKD impacts millions of Americans and is often undiagnosed until it is in an advanced stage. The human body attempts to compensate for the disease and, in doing so, worsens the condition. CKD is usually caused by another underlying cardiovascular condition. Treatment for CKD seeks to slow the progression of the disease by relieving the underlying condition. Once CKD has reached its final stage, kidney function is insufficient and renal replacement therapy is required. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) was formerly known as chronic renal failure (Haynes & Winearls...
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...Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptoms? Ms. Jones’s kidneys are shutting down which means they can no longer remove waste from the blood, which means they are building up and becoming toxic. The symptom of reduced urine output could be a blockage in the urinary tract. What other symptoms or signs might occur? Severe dehydration, which may cause extreme thirst, lightheadedness or faintness, and a weak, rapid pulse. What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? Ms. Jones’s just underwent a major surgery which reduced the blood flow to her kidneys and sent her body into surgical shock. What are possible treatment options and prognosis? Restore blood volume and treat her for any type of infection she may have. The treatment mostly depends on the reason for the kidney disease. Why is the condition of Mr. Hodges’s kidneys affecting the rest of his body? The kidneys shift out waste products and extra water which becomes urine. If your kidneys can not do this than the toxins build up and will cause you to become ill. This will cause to much potassium in your blood which will eventually lead to heart problems. As his chronic renal failure worsens what other symptoms and signs might occur in his respiratory, digestive, nervous, and urinary systems? His hands and feet may swell, he may feel tired and weak, suffer from nausea, vomiting, problems with vision, cause confusion, fluid in the lungs, seizures or even a coma. What is causing Mr. Hodges’s kidney disease...
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...The kidneys The purpose of the kidneys is to rid the body of waste. Kidneys work as a filter to insure that waste and end products of metabolism stay out of the blood flow. A problem occurs when kidneys become ill and can no longer do their job properly. Kidney disease is a slow process in which the kidneys can shut down and waste can be released into the blood flow for several different reasons. Some of these reasons include diabetes, Anemia, and Amyloidosis. Out of all the cases of diabetes in the United States one hundred thousand of these have Kidney failure due to diabetes. 0nce stricken with kidney disease the patient undergoes dialysis a process which replaces and builds upon remaining filtering functions of the kidneys. This is needed due to the fact that kidneys are shutting down and not getting rid of waste the way they should. African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanic Americans develop diabetes and kidney Disease at a higher rate. Scientists are unable to explain this or the factors that lead to kidney Disease. There are two types of Diabetes; Type one is diabetes mellitus, and Type Two is Adult onset Diabetes. Type one tends to occur with children and young adults and is known for being insulin dependent. Type one is more likely to lead to Kidney Disease and Failure. About Forty Percent of people suffering from Type one diabetes develop severe kidney trouble by the age of fifty. About ninety five Percent of people who have diabetes suffer from type two diabetes...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Kalkita Dodson February 2, 2012 * Scenario A: Acute renal failure. Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output. * * What is happening to Ms. Jones’s kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom? * Oliguria – is a sudden drop in urine volume, or complete cessation of urine production. * What other symptoms and signs might occur? * Other symptoms that may occur is headache, gastrointestinal distress, and the odor of ammonia on the breath. * What is causing Ms. Jones’s kidney disease? * Her disease can be caused from the blood flow to the kidneys resulting from the surgical shock from her open heart surgery. * What are possible treatment options and prognosis? * Since Mrs. Jones has had open heart surgery it is very important to make sure that they monitor her hyperkalemia to make sure the levels of potassium stay where they need to so it does not cause the heart to weaken. Treatment should include restoration of the blood volume to normal, restricted fluid intake, and dialysis. * * Scenario B: Chronic renal failure...
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...Abstract Kidney stones are a very common and debilitating disorder that affects the urinary system. These stones are formed from substances that are naturally occurring in the body, but become problematic when they reach highly concentrated levels in the kidneys. Although the formation of kidney stones are not fully understood it is believed that certain foods can increase the risk for developing this urinary disorder. Changes in dietary lifestyles have been shown to help prevent the recurrence of kidney stones. During the acute phase of kidney stones, patients may experience certain symptoms such as painful urination, blood in their urine, or have sharp pains in their lower back, flank area, or lower abdomen. In order to diagnose kidney...
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...both kidneys to form urine from any cause is a life-threatening condition called end-stage kidney disease” (Wingerd 322). From the name of the disease you can see that it is the last stage in renal failure. End-stage kidney failure is preceded by chronic renal failure that gets worse “until less than 10% of renal function remains” (Huether and McCance 1253). It can lead to death if it is not treated immediately. According to Bruce Wingerd, an “aggressive course of action” is required to save the patient’s life (322). This can include “hemodialysis and, if possible, kidney transplant” (Wingerd 322). The symptoms of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) may vary from person to person. The most common symptoms are swelling, fever, weakness, muscle cramps, no or high urine output, and abdominal pain (Johns Hopkins Medicine). According to John Hopkins Medicine, high blood pressure, diabetic nephropathy, and cystinosis can cause kidney damage that may lead to the development of ESKD. When a person’s blood pressure is high for too long it puts pressure on the kidneys to filter more blood which causes stress. Stress causes damage that makes it harder for the kidneys to function adequately. The symptoms of kidney failure are similar to the symptoms of other common illnesses. Because of the similarities in symptoms, it is important to get a checkup with your doctor in order to know what is really going on....
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...Polycystic Kidney Disease This paper is about polycystic kidney disease (PKD). It will describe a case scenario about a newly diagnose patient with end-stage kidney failure. The reader will learn about the kidney and function. What would happen if the kidneys stop working correctly? Continue to read to find the answer. A 40-year-old white well-nourished pleasant male presented with nausea, fatigue, shortness of breath has bilateral lower leg edema with chief complains of not urinating on two days. He and his supportive wife have come to the emergency department. John Doe has not been to the doctors in 20 years. He denies smoking or alcohol abuse. He could not give any family history because he came from a closed adoption at birth. He is usually in good health but has been not feeling well the last couple of months. He currently works at a labor ware house as a manager who has worked there for the past 20 years. Him and his family have health insurance provided threw his place of employment. He and his married have two young children. His educational background is high school equivalent. After blood tests, urinalysis, and a computed tomography scan, confirmed he has PKD. I would further assess his and his wife’s needs after the Nephrologists has come firm his diagnoses with him. Some of the teaching methods for John Doe and his wife to learn about PKD would be to explain the anatomy of the human body and what the disease is all about. I would give him a packet he could take...
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...Kidney Failure HCA/240 Instructor: October, 2011 Axia College of University of Phoenix Kidney Failure I was given two scenarios to look at and answer questions about. This paper will show what the scenarios are. It will also include what I feel are the correct answers are by the research that has been done. Scenario A: Acute renal failure A 68 year old female named Ms. Jones underwent open-heart surgery to replace blocked vessels in the heart. The first day of her postoperatively the notes showed that Ms. Jones has had very little production of urine. What is happening to her kidneys and why it is causing the observed symptom? According to the symptom that was noted for Ms. Jones it looks like her kidneys are failing and leading to kidney failure. Kidneys filter the human body’s blood, producing about one milliliter of urine a minute and when the urine changes it is due to shutting down of the kidneys. This could be because the body is in shock due to the surgery that was preformed, and the abnormal amount of urine is also known as oliguria. What other symptoms and signs might occur? There are other systems and signs that might occur due to the kidney failure. One is due to accumulation of compounds containing nitrogen in the blood the smell of ammonia in the mouth. Others can include headaches and gastrointestinal distress. In some cases an elevated level of potassium in the blood known as hyperkalemia. Some other...
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...Shortage of Kidneys for Transplantation Introduction As a health care provider, everyday I see patients presenting to the Emergency Department due to renal failure. For kidney failure patients, we at least have the technology to keep them alive using hemodialysis. For liver failure patients, they are often left without real recourse and their mortality is almost certain. While a more permanent solution in the form of organ transplant is technological feasible, few organs are available for needed patients. The inequality between supply and demand is both expensive and fatal. In this paper, I will focus on the problem with insufficient kidney available for transplant, analyze its social and economic effects in the United States and evaluate the problem and a possible solution using economic sociology principles. Social and Economic Costs Currently, there are over 100,000 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant in the United States. (National Kidney Foundation, 2014) Patients have to wait anywhere between 5 to 10 years for a deceased organ. While they wait for available organs, most patients endure a four-hour session in a dialysis center three times per week. In 2009, the annual cost of taking care of an ESRD patient is around $70,000. The total cost was estimated to be over $40 billion. (USA Today, 2009) Because of Medicare rules written in the 1970’s, hemodialysis is a covered service, and no politician who desires to be...
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...Central University of Technology, Bloemfontein Early detection and prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Contents page Definition of key terms used in the assignment Abbreviations used in the assignment Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease, a condition characterised by a gradual loss of kidney function. CKD is often misdiagnosed owing to the lack of knowledge about the disease. With early detection and prevention of the progression of the disease CKD patients can still enjoy life to the fullest while they manage their disease, however if the healthcare professionals fail to identify the disease on time the patient can suffer dire consequences. Besides the financial implications associated with the disease, there are the emotional implications together with physical and psychological. This assignment seeks to explore such implications in an effort to highlight the importance of early detection and prevention of kidney disease, with the best interest of the patient at heart Background Normal kidney anatomy http://doctorstock.photoshelter.com/image/I000096SqkYwaLhE The bean-shaped kidneys lie in retroperitoneal position in the superior lumbar region. Extending approximately from T12 to L3, the kidneys receive some form of protection from the lower part of the rib cage (E.N. Marieb, K Hoehn, 2010) The kidneys functions can be divided into two, non-excretory functions and excretory functions. Under excretory we have Glomerular filtration, Tubule...
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