...This volcano is the youngest in Hawaii. It is also 1 out of the 5 most active volcanoes in Hawaii. It is 60 km deep. The Kilauea Volcano is a shield volcano. The volcano got its name from the Hawaiian word meaning spreading or spewing. The last time it erupted was in November 2008. It reached sea level about 100,000 years ago but is between 300,000 to 600,000 years old. One of the major eruptions that has happened so far in 1790 killed about 80 people. The Kilauea volcano has had 62 eruptions so far. Its crater is 3,646 feet deep. Some of the hazards that come with this volcano are small earthquakes, lava entering the ocean which could harm some animals, volcanic gas, and explosive eruptions. It’s caldera is believed to be the volcano goddess...
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...can pose a bigger threat to these socio-economic factors as a result of the eruption. Firstly, the type of volcano will also depend on the type of eruption and where abouts it lies within the plate boundaries. A hot spot however does not lie on a plate boundary but causes a volcano due to the high pressures of heat flow. An example of this is in Hawaii, southwest of the United States. Kilauea is a shield volcano on the southern part of the island which erupts runny, non-viscous lava and tends to be large in size with a low profile. These eruptions are not very explosive but occur very regularly and due to it being located in Hawaii, it is a very developed country and therefore caused various hazards to the area. Another type of volcano is a stratovolcano, this is different to a shield volcano because it is tall with a steep profile and causes more explosive eruptions. For example the Pinatubo volcano is located in the Philippines between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate on a destructive plate boundary. The last biggest eruption of Pinatubo was in 1991 however it was in a less economically developed country and therefore the hazards proved to be very different than in Hawaii. Lastly, there are also volcanoes situated in Europe which pose different hazards and erupt in different ways. Iceland lies on a constructive plate boundary and Eyjafjallajökull consists of a volcano completely covered by an ice cap, the last major eruption of this was in 2010 and resulted in lava...
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...Types of volcanoes Most people have never seen a real volcano but have learned about them through movies or books. So when most people think of a volcano, they usually conjure up the Hollywood version: a huge, menacing conical mountain that explodes and spews out masses of lava which falls on rampaging dinosaurs, screaming cave people, or fleeing mobs of betogaed Romans--depending on their favorite volcano disaster movie. While those types of volcanoes do indeed exist, they represent only one "species" in a veritable zoo of volcano shapes and sizes. Some types of volcanoes are easily recognizable and some are not. The "Hollywood" types are easily recognized. Many are located in populated areas and have well-known names: Vesuvius, Krakatoa, Fujiyama, and Mount St. Helens. These volcanoes are typically tens of miles across and ten thousand or more feet in height. As illustrated in the figure above, they have moderately steep sides and sometimes have small craters in their summits. Volcanologists call these "strato-" or composite volcanoes because they consist of layers of solid lava flows mixed with layers of sand- or gravel-like volcanic rock called cinders or volcanic ash. Image of a cinder cone volcano.Another easily recognized type of volcano (seen at right) is the "cinder cone." As you might expect from the name, these volcanoes consist almost entirely of loose, grainy cinders and almost no lava. They are small volcanoes, usually only about a mile across and up to about...
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...John Mysliwiec Conversations with the Earth November 29th, 2012 Volcanoes A volcano is a landform that generally is circular in cross-section that is constructed from lava and tephra erupted onto the Earth’s surface, usually the crust. The opening through which the lava and tephra are emitted is called the volcanic vent. Lava is magma that reaches the Earth’s surface. Magma is melted rock at high pressure and temperature. Magma rises because it is initially less dense than the rock surrounding rock. It eventually equals the density of the surrounding rock and becomes a magma chamber. Tephra is pumice or ash that is blown into the air during eruptions. Volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates converge and diverge; but are usually not created where tectonic plates slide past one another. As a result volcanoes can be found in all sorts of climate locations. There are four primary types of volcanoes which all have varying effects on the environment. This paper will explore these various types of volcanoes and show how they differ, as well as giving examples of eruptions for each of the types discussed. Principle Types of Volcanoes Cinder cones: Cinder cones are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent; they are the simplest forms of volcanoes. Gas charged lava is violently blown into the air and breaks up into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval...
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...times and its last sudden eruption was in 1984. The USGS cerebrates the volcano has erupted about of once every 6 years over the past 3000 years. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory celebrated the 30th anniversary of Mauna Loa's last eruption (in 1984) on March 25, 2014. Mauna Loa is the worlds most sizably voluminous mountain and volcano, it is a basaltic shield volcano in its tardy mature stage of life about 600,000-1,000,000 years old. Albeit it does not erupt as much as the volcano adjacent to it (Kilauea) it is still one of the most active volcanos in the world. When it erupts, its eruptions are customarily astronomically immense and engender immensely colossal rivers of lava that have perpetually threatened the town of Hilo. Mauna Loa elevates virtually 9 km above the sea floor and the weight of the mountain has caused the sea floor below it sink down by eight kilometers. Virtually 90% of Mauna Loa's surface is covered by lavas less than 4000 years old, while about 50% of its surface is covered by lavas no older than about 1500 years old, while about 25% are covered by lava flows younger than about 750 years, i.e. emplaced after the formation of the Mokuaweoweo summit...
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...Volcanic Materials and Health Concerns Introduction: Basic Geology of Volcanoes A volcano can be a mountain like structure or a wide sloping hill that opens downwards to a pool of molten rock below the surface of the earth. When a break in the earth’s surface allows molten rock material to come up from the earth’s core, a volcano is formed. Volcanic eruptions can cause lateral blasts, lava flows, hot ash flows, mudslides, avalanches, falling ash and floods. These eruptions can also trigger tsunamis, flash floods, earthquakes, mudflows and rock falls. Examples of volcanic mountains are Mount St. Helens, Mount Fuji, and Pinatubo. (Kusky, 2010). The earth’s crust is made up of huge slabs known as plates. Plates fit together like a jigsaw puzzle and float on the mantle. They are in constant motion, either towards each other or away from each other. Plate tectonics is considered to be the main theory currently used by most Earth Scientists to describe motion within the outer-most layer of the sold Earth, which is also known as the lithosphere. It is this movement that induces friction that causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Volcanism is associated with two of the plate boundary types, divergent and convergent margins. Volcanoes are formed when two tectonic plates meet; the heavier plate slides underneath the light plate and melts down to become magma. This mixes with trapped gases and steam in the magma chamber (Gates, 2009). Pressure from surrounding rocks forces the...
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...Vic Camp Natural Disasters Study Guide — Extinctions, Impacts, and Volcano science What are tektites? * Natural glass rocks formed by impact of small meteorites on Earth’s surfaceWhat is Iridium? * Rare element in Earth’s crust, but high concentrations of some meteoritesWhat is shocked quartz? * Could only be produced with a strong impact on Earth; found commonly in relation to known meteorite impact sitesIn what way are tektites, Iridium, and shocked quartz related to the K/T extinction event? * In what way are the Deccan and Siberian flood basalt provinces related to mass extinction events? * Which of these is related to the Permian extinction (the greatest mass extinction event of all time)? * Siberian Flood basalt: Permian extinction (95% died). . . which is related to the K/T extinction? * Deccan Flood basalt: K.T. extinction (70% died)What is the anti-podal hypothesis? * The idea that pairs of opposite hot spots may result from the impact of a large meteorWhat geologic time unit (Eon, Era, Period, Epoch) represents the greatest expanse of geologic time? * Eon (An indefinitely long period of time)What is the Era of Ancient Life called? * Paleozoic Era (Age of invertebrates) - 543 m.y.a. . . . the Era of Middle Life? * Mesozoic Era (Age of dinosaurs) - 251 m.y.a.. . . the Era of Recent Life? * Cenozoic Era (Age of mammals) - 65 m.y.a.. . . the age of the Dinosaurs? * Era of Middle Life. . . the age of Mammals? * Era of Recent LifeKnow...
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...Lab Exercise 1 Ana Almeida Part.1 1. Mt. St. Helens It is an active volcano that is located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The last eruption killed 57 people, in the lateral blast, ashfall, and lahars. Those people died due to asphyxiation, thermal injuries, and trauma. Also, indirect death were caused by a cropduster hitting powerlines during the ashfall, a traffic accident during poor visibility, and two heart attacks from shoveling ash. An article about Mt. St. Helens says " For a limited time, some people living near the eruption suffered from post traumatic syndrome: depression, trouble sleep, irritability, and a sense of powerlessness.". Basically the impacts a volcano has in humans life are related to heatlh, and economical problems. Each time a volcano erupts lives can be in dangerous. 2. Kilauea Volcano It is a shield volcano located in the Hawaiian Islands, it is also the most active of the five volcanos that form the Hawaii island. The effect that it can have in humans lives is the same as the Mt.St.Helens, people are in dangerous because the volcano can erupt any time. One time the lava flows from the Kilauea volcanoes has destroyed a couple of towns and cut the highway on the east cost of the Big Island of Hawaii. The lava flowing into the sea is causing the island to grow, very slowly; also, the sulfurous fumes of the volcano are corrosive and toxic, and because of that hundreds of people were forced...
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...because the temperature is close to melting. One of the main influences of the Hawaii volcanoes is the fact that it sits on the Pacific plate the largest tectonic plate on the planet. As the sea floor spreads it causes the plate to continue to widen as well. That has the biggest impact of the growth of the Hawaiian Islands. Another key factor that not influences location, but the intensity is the changes in sea level. When the sea level began to change that made a decrease in the shorelines, so there was more land being submerged under water. The eruption of volcanoes in Hawaii is what influences an Earthquake. According to scientist Earthquakes are common after a volcano has erupted. The Hawaii was formed by a convergent margin of oceanic lithosphere plates. These plates join and on occasion can create a volcano. They can also be made in the middle of the plate where there is magma. If the magma erupts and hit the sea floor that is called a hot spot. A hot spot in the center of the Pacific plate is what formed the Hawaiian Islands. As the plate continued to move over the hot spot more...
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...the movies have given most of us the vivid image of red-hot lava spewing out of the top of a towering volcano, they do not share the entire story of volcanoes Magma and Lava * So what exactly is a volcano? Well, it can be defined as a vent in the earth's crust through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. In other words, a volcano is the earth's way of letting off a little steam. * The super-heated particles that eject out of a volcano come from deep below the earth's surface where temperatures can become so hot that rock actually melts. Magma is the term used to describe this hot molten rock from deep within the earth. * A volcano begins to form when magma, which is less dense than the rock it originated from, rises toward the earth's surface. This liquid rock collects in chambers called 'magma chambers,' where pressure builds due to expanding steam and gases associated with the magma. As pressure reaches a peak within these chambers, magma finds its way through a vent or fissure in the earth's surface, resulting in a volcanic eruption and the expulsion of the hot molten rock. * We now have hot molten rock outside of a volcano, and its name changes from magma to lava. So you can think of 'magma' as liquid rock in the 'middle' of the earth and 'lava' as liquid rock that's 'leaving' the earth. Origin of the Name Volcano * When a volcano erupts, it expels lava, gases and rocks with tremendous force. It's no wonder that the Romans...
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...damages. Mount Pinatubo is an example of an eruption which had been predicted and prepared for and thus helped eliminate some problems from developing and has helped other countires cope and prepare for forthcoming eruptions. Volcanic eruptions create hazardous conditions, which severely affect people and human infrastructure, near the volcano, in downstream valleys, and thousands of miles away. Evacuation of the population at risk had been the concern of local authorities as early as April 1991 when the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) declared a 6-mile-radius danger zone around the volcano. PHIVOLCS, jointly with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), had conducted intensive studies and monitoring of the volcano’s activity from which it forecast and declared an imminent eruption and issued early warnings to the communities at risk. Among the first to have evacuated were the indigenous Aeta highlanders who had lived on the slopes of the volcano. About 20,000 in population, the Aetas had been safely evacuated before the eruption. People from the lowlands heeded also the warnings and fled to safer distance from the volcano. Also, more than 15,000 American...
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...Volcanoes By Tyler Jusczak Submitted to Instructor Hutchinson GE101 Fall 2011 Introduction A volcano is a location on the surface of the Earth where magma has erupted out of the interior of the planet. Magma is molten rock, which has melted from the extreme heat (2200°C to 5000°C) and pressure that exists inside the Earth. Once molten rock has erupted onto the Earth’s surface, it is called lava. As lava spreads out on the surface, it cools and becomes solid rock again. The buildup of lava forms hills and mountains on land, and it forms islands if the volcano began on the ocean floor. The Hawaiian Islands, for example, exist because of volcanoes. Volcano Facts Stages of Volcanic Activity Volcanoes are classified as active or inactive. Inactive volcanoes are older and have usually erupted many times. A volcano is described as active if it is currently erupting or expected to erupt eventually. Eruption Stage A volcanic eruption occurs when lava, gasses, and other subterranean matter come out of the ground. The exact location of where they come out of is called a vent. A volcano usually has more than one vent. The following table lists three volcanoes and the date of the last eruption: Eruptions can be violent or quiet. Some eruptions send lava high above the surface in spectacular fountain shapes. Violent eruptions such as these often include chunks of solid rock that were blown off the interior walls of the vent. Quiet eruptions consist of lava simply flowing out...
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...setting: San Andreas fault, the fault is a transform fault. Maps & effects: Effect: Shaking felt in La Paz, however damage done was light. Sources: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usc000cw0l#summary Volcano 1 Location: Kapaa, United States, 19°25'16" N 155°17'13" W Type of volcano: Shield volcano, the magma composition is basalt. Date-Time: October 1, 2012 7:24 AM, 17:24 UTC Elevation: 1247 m Plate tectonic setting: Kilauea is 1000+ miles from any plate boundaries Description of eruption: The lava lake level remained stable, started to drop slowly after 6 pm, and started to rise about 2:30 am - before the start of DI inflation. The most recent (preliminary) sulfur dioxide emission rate measurement was 1,200 tonnes/day on September 28, 2012; this value is rather high but not out of the range of values measured at the summit over the past several months. Very small amounts of ash-sized tephra (spatter bits and Pele's hair) were carried out of the vent in the gas plume and deposited on nearby surfaces. Seismic activity was low Sources: http://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/activity/kilaueastatus.php, http://sparkcharts.sparknotes.com/gensci/geology_earthsci/section7.php Earthquake 2 Location: 51.634°N 178.293°W, near 18mi SSW of Tanaga Volcano, Alaska Magnitude: 6.4 Date-time: 2012-09-26 23:39:54 UTC, 2:39 PM Hypocenter Depth: depth=9.9km Plate tectonic setting: Convergent Effect: strong shaking was felt in town, but damage was minimal Resources:...
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... Volcanic Threats in the United States Volcano eruptions cost the United States quite a lot of monetary values, as a result of damage to properties. In the United States there are up to sixty active volcanoes, some explosive and others non-explosive. Mitigating the effects of the volcano eruptions is important to reduce future deaths and damage. This essay considers possible ways of mitigating the future damage and deaths from volcano eruptions, as well as the volcano risk areas in the United States. The first step in mitigating the effects of volcanoes is establishing high technology detection systems that will forecast possible volcanoes activities. There are many seismic data collecting systems designed to monitor the activities of magma and the volcano sites. However, these systems ought to be upgraded into to newer technologies to ensure efficiency in forecasting volcano eruptions (Aditya, 2014). In addition, the findings of these systems ought to be taken with weight. Failing to act upon the indications from such systems marks the beginning of volcano eruption dangers. Therefore, it is not only a matter of establishing systems, but ensuring that they are functional and acting upon their findings. Secondly, timely warnings of possible eruptions will assist people to keep safe distances from the volcano eruption. It is inevitable to warn people when volcano activities indicate possible eruptions in the near future. For example...
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...the molten rocks that move down the slope of volcanic vents. a. Dome growth b. lahar c. Blasts d. Lava flow 4.This are series of sea waves caused by the displacement of large volumes of water because of an underwater earthquake or volcanic eruption. a. Gases b. Tsunami c. Tephra falls d. Lahar 5. This refers to glowing hot material that moves down the slope of an erupting volcano and comes in contact with the surface. a. Pyroclastic flow b. Pyroclastic surges c. Tsunami d. Lahar 6.These are volcanic materials of gases, ash, rock fragments, and water extruded above the ground. a. Pyroclastic flow b. Tsunami c. Pyroclastic surges d. Lahar 7. These are hot bursts of trapped gases that push their way through solid barriers and rapidly into the atmosphere. a. Dome growth b. Lava flow c. Lahar d. Blasts 8. The largest volcano in the solar system. a. MSAt. Mayon b. Olympus Mons c. Mt. Pinatubo d. Kilauea 9. These may consist of combinations of pumice, scoria, thick rock fragments and crystals. a. Tephra falls b. Blasts c. Lahar d. Lava flow 10. The cloud of ash that comes out of the crater. a. magma b. Lahar c. Lava flow d. ash plume Answers: 1. B 6. C 2. A 7. D 3. D 8. B 4. B 9. A 5. A 10. D ...
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