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Kristen Cookies

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PROGRAMA DE ESPECIALIZACION PARA EJECUTIVOS 2012/5

LEAN MANUFACTURING

TEMA:
CASO KRISTEN’S COOKIE COMPANY (A1)

PROFESOR:

Noviembre, 2012

INTRODUCCION

Kristen’s Cookie Company es una compañía que se fundará en Soldiers Field Park, con el propósito de vender cookies frescos elaborados sólo sobre pedido (estrategia pull), teniendo como clientes a los alumnos de primer año. Los clientes podrán solicitar los cookies, con la incorporación de algunos o todos los ingredientes de fantasía que se dispongan.
El Planeamiento Agregado es parte de un sistema de planeamiento más grande de producción. Por lo tanto, es una importante responsabilidad para los gerentes de operaciones ya que son la llave para la eficiencia de la producción.
En el trabajo realizado, se ha analizado el flujo de operaciones de proceso, los tiempos de producción y las alternativas que nos permitan lograr mejores resultados en la línea de producción, y para la empresa.

PREGUNTAS CLAVE ANTES DE LANZARSE EN EL NEGOCIO

A. ¿Cuánto tiempo necesitaréis para completar un pedido urgente?

Dependiendo de la cantidad de docenas que nos pidan nos demoraríamos entre 26 a 46 minutos. Considerando que luego del pedido, se cuenta con 1 hora para poder entregarlo, se analiza el tiempo a necesitar por cada docena.

Si el cliente pide más de cuatro docenas tendríamos problemas de tiempo, debido a que a partir de la cuarta docena se tiene que iniciar el proceso.

1.-Diagrama de los procesos para 1 docena de galletas
Materia prima
Lavado del recipiente. Preparación de la mezcla.
(T: 6 min)
Mezcla en bandeja.
(T: 2 min)
Colocar la bandeja en el horno .
Fijar termostato y el tiempo.
(T: 1 min)
Sacar las bandejas del horno.
Retirar las galletas.
Enfriar.
(T: 5 min)

Empaquetar galletas.
(T: 2 min)

Fin
( Ttotal : 26 min)
Entregar y cobrar.
(T: 1 min)
Hornear galletas.
(T: 9 min)
Persona 1
Persona 2
Horno
Pedido
Cliente

2. Flujo de los procesos – Cuadro de Gantt

A1. Produciendo un 1 docena de galletas * Tiempo de producción: Total: 26 minutos

A2. Produciendo 2 docenas de galleta * Tiempo de producción

Tiempo de la primera docena: 26 minutos Tiempo en horneo de la 2da docena: 10 minutos Total: 36 minutos A3. Produciendo 3 docenas de galletas * Tiempo de producción

Tiempo dos docenas: 36 minutos
Tiempo en horneo de la 3era docena: 10 minutos
Total: 46 minutos

A4. Produciendo de 4 a mas docenas de galletas Para visualizar mejor la producción de los siguientes lotes, y la diferencia de tiempo, tomaremos como ejemplo, que el turno de producción empiece a las 10 pm. Cuadro 1. Análisis de tiempos en el proceso Docenas | Inicio | Hora de termino de cada proceso | | | Persona 1 | Persona 2 | Termino | | | Preparación de Mezcla
(6 min/3 doc.) | Mezcla en bandeja
(2 min/ doc.) | Etapa en horno
(10 min/ doc.) | Enfriado
(5 min/ doc.) | Empacado
(2 min/ doc.) | Entregado
(1 min/ doc.) | | 1 docena | 10:00 p.m. | 10:06 | 10:08 | 10:18 | 10:23 | 10:25 | 10:26 | 10:26 | 2 docena | 10:08 p.m. | - | 10:10 | 10:28 | 10:33 | 10:35 | 10:36 | 10:36 | 3 docena | 10:10 p.m. | - | 10:12 | 10:38 | 10:43 | 10:45 | 10:46 | 10:46 | 4 docena | 10:12 p.m. | 10:18 | 10:20 | 10:48 | 10:53 | 10:55 | 10:56 | 10:56 | 5 docena | 10:20 p.m. | - | 10:22 | 10:58 | 11:03 | 11:05 | 11:06 | 11:06 | Como se observa en cuadro 1 la diferencia de tiempo entre lotes es de 10 minutos inclusive luego de la producción de la cuarta docena

B. ¿Cuántos pedidos podréis servir por noche (suponiendo que abrierais cuatro horas por noche)?

B.1. Producción de noche

Se trabaja 4 horas x noche (240 min) Detección de cuello de botella El horno: 1 docena/ 10 minutos (9 minutos+1 minuto) Capacidad máxima de producción en relación al proceso más lento: (60min/1 hora)*(1 docena/10min) = 6 docenas/hora Capacidad de producción por noche: 240 min – 26 min (del proceso) = 216 minutos* (1 docena/ 10 minutos)= 21.6 docenas En la noche se puede atender un pedido de 21 docenas + 1 docena= 22 docenas C. ¿Cuánto de vuestro valiosísimo tiempo va a requerir cada pedido?
C.1. Tiempo de mano de obra para 1 docena de galletas

Lavado y preparación de la mezcla: 6 minutos
Mezcla en bandeja: 2 minutos
Preparación del horno: 1 minutos
Empacado por pedido: 2 minutos
Entrega y cobranza: 1 minutos
Total: 12 minutos

C.2. Tiempo de mano de obra para 2 docenas de galletas

Tiempo de mano de obra para 1 docena: 12 minutos Mezcla en bandeja: 2 minutos
Preparación del horno: 1 minutos
Empacado por pedido: 2 minutos
Entrega y cobranza: 1 minutos

Se calculo que para una docena se necesitaban 12 minutos, a esto se le aumentara los 6 minutos adicionales para la segunda docena, obteniendo un tiempo total de 18 minutos.

C.3. Tiempo de mano de obra para 3 docenas de galletas

Tiempo de mano de obra para 2 docenas: 18 minutos Mezcla en bandeja: 2 minutos
Preparación del horno: 1 minutos
Empacado por pedido: 2 minutos
Entrega y cobranza: 1 minutos

Se calculo que para dos docena se necesitaban 18 minutos, a esto se le aumentara los 6 minutos adicionales para la tercera docena, obteniendo un tiempo total de 24 minutos. Cuadro 2. Tiempo de producción | 1 docena | 2 docenas | 3 docenas | Tiempo total | 26 min | 36 min | 46 min | Tiempo x galleta | 2.17 min | 1.50 min | 1.16 min | Ahorro de tiempo % (en relación a la producción de 1 docena) | | 30.87% | 46.54% | Cuadro 3. Tiempo mano de obra (MO) | 1 docena | 2 docenas | 3 docenas | Tiempo total | 12 min | 18 min | 24 min | Promedio | 12 min/doc. | 9 min/doc. | 8 min/doc. | Ahorro de tiempo % (en relación a la producción de 1 docena) | | 25% | 33% |

D. Como las bandejas son de 12 «cookies», vais a vender vuestro producto por docenas. ¿Vais a dar descuentos a quien os pida 2, 3 o más docenas? Si así es, ¿cuánto?
D.1. Costos de producción

Costos MP e Insumos por docena:
Electricidad (incluida en la renta)
Materia prima: $0.60 por docena *(2.63 soles/dólares) = S/. 1.578
Cajas x 12 – $ 0.10 c/u *(2.63 soles/dólares) = S/. 0.263

Costos de Personal por docena
Personal: S/ 3.20 x hora ( en base al sueldo mínimo)
El proceso incluye la operación de 2 persona, que para calculo se le ha asignado un sueldo mínimo con un costo de S/. 3.20 soles por hora.

Cuadro 4. Análisis de Costos por docena

Docenas | Electricidad | Materia Prima | Insumos | Tiempo empleado | Tiempo empleado | Gasto Personal | Costo total | Costo Promedio por doc. | Reducción en relación a producir 1 doc. | | Soles | Soles | Soles | Minutos | Hora | Soles | Soles | Soles | % | 1 | 0 | 1.578 | 0.263 | 26.00 | 0.43 | 1.39 | 3.23 | 3.23 | | 2 | 0 | 3.156 | 0.526 | 36.00 | 0.60 | 1.92 | 5.60 | 2.80 | 43% | 3 | 0 | 4.734 | 0.789 | 46.00 | 0.77 | 2.45 | 7.98 | 2.66 | 57% | 4 | 0 | 6.312 | 1.052 | 56.00 | 0.93 | 2.99 | 10.35 | 2.59 | 64% |

Como se observa en el cuadro 4, el costo promedio por docena disminuye en relación a un mayor pedido realizado. Por lo tanto es posible realizar descuentos a pedidos mayores a 1 docena.

E. ¿Cuántas batidoras y bandejas vais a necesitar?
Si contamos con una batidora y la masa nos rinde para 3 docenas, entonces serian necesarias 3 bandejas para empezar. Sin embargo el cuello de botella es el horno, en lugar de adquirir más batidoras y bandejas sería necesario en pensar en aumentar la cantidad de hornos, o de lo contrario adquirir un equipo que permita hornear dos a tres bandejas en simultaneo. Como se observa en el cuadro 1, el tiempo y capacidad de producción está de acuerdo al horno.

Luego de solucionar este cuello de botella, podemos continuar realizando mejoras en otras etapas que disminuyan la capacidad de producción de la cadena

F. ¿Podéis pensar en algún cambio en vuestros planes de producción que os permitan hacer mejores «cookies», o en menos tiempo, o a un coste menor? Si, por ejemplo, tenéis un cuello de botella en vuestro proceso, ¿podéis aumentar la capacidad a un coste razonable? ¿Qué pasaría si dispusiérais de otro horno? ¿Cuánto estaríais dispuestos a pagar por uno de alquiler? Alternativa 1
Si aumentamos la capacidad del horno a 2 docenas por batch, o de lo contrario se adquiere un horno con las mismas características, obtendríamos en 10 minutos de horneo: 2 docenas de galletas, se puede observar los resultados en tiempo en cuadro 5. Para visualizar mejor la producción de los siguientes lotes, y la diferencia de tiempo, tomaremos como ejemplo, que el turno de producción empiece a las 10 pm.
Cuadro 5. Análisis de tiempos considerando el horneo de 2 docenas en 10 minutos Docenas | Inicio | Hora de termino de cada proceso | | | Persona 1 | Persona 2 | Termino | | | Preparación de Mezcla
(6 min/3 doc.) | Mezcla en bandeja
(2 min/ doc.) | Etapa en horno
(10 min/2 doc.) | Enfriado
(5 min/ doc.) | Empacado
(2 min/ doc.) | Entregado
(1 min/ doc.) | | 2 docena | 10:00 p.m. | 10:06 | 10:10 | 10:20 | 10:25 | 10:29 | 10:31 | 10:31 | 4 docena | 10:10 p.m. | 10:16 | 10:20 | 10:30 | 10:35 | 10:39 | 10:41 | 10:41 | 6 docena | 10:20 p.m. | - | 10:24 | 10:40 | 10:45 | 10:49 | 10:51 | 10:51 | 8 docena | 10:24 p.m. | 10:30 | 10:34 | 10:50 | 10:55 | 10:59 | 11:01 | 11:01 | 10 docena | 10:34 p.m. | 10:40 | 10:44 | 11:00 | 11:05 | 11:09 | 11:11 | 11:11 |

Se puede observar una reducción en el tiempo de producción considerable, lo cual repercute en los gastos de personal, y aumenta la producción por hora. Sin embargo a pesar de esta mejora se puede observar que el cuello de botella, sigue siendo la etapa de horneo.
Cuadro 6. Reducción del tiempo al aumentar la capacidad de horneo a 2 doc./10 minutos Docena | Tiempo de Horneo
1 doc./10 minutos | Tiempo de Horneo
2 doc./10 minutos | Reducción en tiempo | | minutos | minutos | % | 2 | 36 | 31 | 13.9% | 4 | 56 | 41 | 26.8% | 6 | 76 | 51 | 32.9% | 8 | 96 | 61 | 36.5% | 10 | 116 | 71 | 38.8% |

Capacidad de producción máxima en un turno noche de 4 horas:
240 minutos – 31 minutos (proceso)= 209 minutos*(2 doc./10 minutos)= 41.8 docenas

Es decir, en un turno de 4 horas, se puede obtener 41.8 + 2 docenas= 43 docenas de galletas. Lo cual representa al doble de la producción obtenida cuando se trabajaba con un horneado de 1 docena en 10 minutos.

Alternativa 2
Aumentar el horno a tres veces su capacidad o de lo contrario, adquirir tres hornos con las mismas características. De esta forma se elimina el cuello de botella en la etapa de horneado. Para visualizar mejor la producción de los siguientes lotes, y la diferencia de tiempo, tomaremos como ejemplo, que el turno de producción empiece a las 10 pm.
Cuadro 7. Análisis de tiempos considerando el horneo de 3 docenas en 10 minutos Docenas | Inicio | Hora de termino de cada proceso | | | Persona 1 | Persona 2 | Termino | | | Preparación de Mezcla
(6 min/3 doc.) | Mezcla en bandeja
(2 min/ doc.) | Etapa en horno
(10 min/3 doc.) | Enfriado
(5 min/ doc.) | Empacado
(2 min/ doc.) | Entregado
(1 min/ doc.) | | 3 docena | 10:00 p.m. | 10:06 | 10:12 | 10:22 | 10:27 | 10:33 | 10:36 | 10:36 | 6 docena | 10:12 p.m. | 10:18 | 10:24 | 10:34 | 10:39 | 10:45 | 10:48 | 10:48 | 9 docena | 10:24 a.m. | 10:30 | 10:36 | 10:46 | 10:51 | 10:57 | 11:00 | 11:00 | 12 docena | 10:36 a.m. | 10:42 | 10:48 | 10:58 | 11:03 | 11:09 | 11:12 | 11:12 |

Como se observa en el cuadro 8, el tiempo de producción se reduce considerablemente. Asimismo se observa que el cuello de botella en la etapa de horneo se ha eliminado, y ahora el nuevo cuello de botella es la etapa de mezclado en bandejas. Por lo cual sería necesario realizar una mejora en esta etapa.
Cuadro 8. Reducción del tiempo al aumentar la capacidad de horneo a 3 doc./10 minutos Docena | Tiempo de Horneo
1 doc./10 minutos | Tiempo de Horneo
3 doc./10 minutos | Reducción en tiempo | | minutos | minutos | % | 3 | 46 | 36 | 21.7% | 6 | 76 | 48 | 36.8% | 9 | 106 | 60 | 43.4% |

Capacidad de producción máxima en un turno noche de 4 horas:
240 minutos – 36 minutos (proceso)= 204 minutos*(3 doc./10 minutos)= 61.2 docenas

Es decir, en un turno de 4 horas, se puede obtener 61.2 + 3 docenas= 64 docenas de galletas. Lo cual representa tres veces la producción que se obtenía cuando se trabajaba con un horneado de 1 docena en 10 minutos.

PROBLEMAS ADICIONALES
1. A lo mejor este es un negocio que no interesa a tu compañero. ¿Podrías hacerlo solo?
Según el flujo de producción analizado se observa, que las operaciones se han definido para dos personas, sin embargo, estas si se puede realizar con una sola persona a cargo para los casos en los cuales se produzca 1 docena de galletas por etapa de horneo a 2 docenas de galletas por etapa de horneo, si se aumenta esta capacidad de producción el operario no podrá realizar las tareas que se realizarían en simultaneo.

2. ¿Deberíais tener tarifas especiales para pedidos urgentes? Supón que tenéis una bandeja en el horno y os llama alguien desesperado por tener cuanto antes una docena de «cookies» de otro sabor. ¿Podéis servir este tipo de emergencias y cumplir con el pedido que está en el horno? Si no es posible, ¿cuánto debe pagar el cliente apurado?
Si se podría cumplir con el pedido urgente, la masa se podría ir elaborando mientras termina de hornearse la bandeja que ya está en el horno. Según lo evaluado anteriormente solo sería rentable atender pedidos urgentes si se tratan de más de una docena de galletas, el extra que deberá pagar el cliente sería del 20% del precio de venta, por los gastos extra en personal.
3. ¿Cuándo debéis comprometeros en una entrega? ¿Podéis mirar rápidamente a una lista de pedidos pendientes y decir a un cliente cuándo tendrá listo su pedido? ¿Qué margen de seguridad tendríais que tener?
La capacidad de entrega a tiempo, es fundamental para lograr la confianza con los clientes, y de esta forma lograr acuerdos comerciales, que permitan crecer tanto al productor como al cliente. Los pedidos se solicitan vía internet, este medio nos permite brindar a los clientes información en línea. La cual puede ser actualizada según el proceso de producción.

Una de los puntos que podría aclararse según las etapas de producción pueden definirse como: * Pedido verificado * En proceso de producción * Empaque * Listo para entregar
Asimismo es fundamental para la empresa, que mantenga un programa de producción según el turno u hora de producción, esto permite tener un control de proceso en línea, como también tener conocimiento de los pedidos lo cual permita realizar algún cambio por emergencia (sea cancelación o adelanto) solicitado por el cliente.

Para lograr que la producción siga la programación realizada, no sólo basta que se planifique los horarios y turnos de personal, sino es necesario que la empresa tenga planificado su proceso de abastecimiento de insumos y materias primas, de lo contrario se arriesga a tener paros de producción y aumento de costos por compras de a último momento.

4. ¿Qué otros factores deberíais considerar en esta fase de planificación?
Algunas alternativas a evaluar cuando se realiza la planificación. Opciones | Ventajas | Desventajas | Comentario | Cambio en los niveles de Inventario | No hay cambios precipitados en la producción, ni en personal. | Los costos para mantener mi inventario aumentan y a larga termina siendo una perdida | Se usa principalmente en la producción no en servicio, ni en operaciones. | La Variación de Labor | Evita los costos | El emplear, despedir y los costos de entrenamiento son significativos | Se usa donde hay mucho trabajo. | Variación de Razón de Producción: | Se realizan cambios sin considerar los costos de emplear gente nueva y de entrenamiento. | Mucho overtime, empleados cansados, lo cual no es el mejor camino para la demanda. | Permite flexibilidad en el plan agregado. | Sub.-Contracting | Permite flexibilidad en el output. | Pierdes privacidad, Pierdes calidad, es muy costosa. | Se usa principal mente para nivelar la producción | Uso de empleados Part-Time | Es menos costoso y más flexible | Mucho cambios de turnos y entrenamiento, la calidad se afecta | No todas las compañías optan por esta practica: los restaurantes, supermercados y tiendas sí. | Influenciar la Demanda | Intenta utilizar toda tu capacidad. | Incertidumbre en la demanda | Crear ideas de mercadeo | Back - Order durante el Periodo de Alta Demanda | Evita el Overtime y Mantienes una capacidad constante. | El cliente tiene que estar dispuesto a esperar algunos se cansan de esperar, otros no están dispuestos a esperar. | Muchas compañías utilizan esta estrategia. | Mezcla de productos opuesto en Época Demanda | Te permite hacer uso completamente de los recursos y te permite tener una producción estable. | Muchos requieren el conocimiento o el equipo externo o necesitas contratar un experto | Los productos o servicios los clientes los pueden ver de manera diferente a la demanda. |

CONCLUSIONES

Bueno llegamos a la conclusión que el factor limitativo es el horno ,consideramos que el proceso de horneado es el cuello de botella de todo este Proceso Productivo, puesto que es el proceso que toma mayor tiempo de ciclo. Por ello no conseguiremos aumentar la capacidad de producción o reducir costes si no se actúa sobre el cuello de botella .
Consideramos que no es suficiente con aumentar el número de batidoras ,o aumentar la mano de obra o cualquier otro proceso si no somos capaces de ampliar la capacidad del horno.
Por el contrario deberíamos duplicar el horno, existe la posibilidad de utilizar un segundo horno que actuaría en paralelo. Con el primer horno (procesos en paralelo) reduciría el tiempo de ciclo a la mitad. Es difícil calcular sin herramientas el tiempo de ahorro ya que no es un proceso lineal , ni cuanto estaríamos dispuestos en pagar por ese horno en calidad de alquiler.
Una vez más sabemos que los procesos no son lineales, y que puede existir otro cuello de botella que impida que el nuevo horno tenga la misma productividad que el primero y/o que por el contrario sobre otro proceso pueda aumentar la capacidad de segundo horno.
Lo que si tenemos claro que con este segundo horno mejoraría mucho la capacidad de producción y rebajaría de manera considerable el coste de producción.
Y por último para conseguir que la producción siga con la programación señalada no sólo es necesario planificar horarios y turnos sino es importante que la empresa planifique su proceso de abastecimiento de insumos y materias primas, caso contrario se arriesga a tener paros en la producción y generar costos innecesarios por las compras de último momento.

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