...biological molecules. • List the different kinds of biological macromolecules and their monomers. • Summarize how polymers are made and broken down and how water participates in these reactions. • Describe the structure and functions of: o Simple sugars. o Nucleotides o Amino acids • Summarize the different forms and functions of complex carbohydrates. • Describe the possible levels of protein structure. • Summarize the fundamental property of all lipids • Illustrate the structure of triglycerides and phospholipids. Advanced learning objectives After the biomolecules lectures, students should be able to: • Predict what type of bond would be formed using electronegativity information. • Develop the critical thinking skills that allow you to evaluate scientific experiments that seek to explore how life started on earth. • Summarize why and where carbohydrates are commonly combined with other macromolecules. • Describe the relationship between functional groups and the molecules they are part of. • Compare and contrast the structure and functions of DNA and RNA. • Describe the four types of lipids. o Summarize and predict commonalities and differences in lipid structure and function • Describe how man-made fats are different from those found in nature and what their properties are. Be able to define, identify, and (where...
Words: 346 - Pages: 2
...1. Lipids to ATP * Hydrolysis is the first step in the breakdown of lipids. This happens in the cytoplasm, to produce fatty acids and glycerol. The glycerol is then metabolized into dihydroxyacetone phosphate. This hydroxyacetone is further metabolized into one of two compounds: pyruvic acid (for energy) or glucose-6-phosphate (during gluconeogenesis). * Fatty acids are catabolized into Acetyl Coenzyme-A, during something called the fatty acid spiral, which is then transformed into ATP, carbon dioxide, and water using the electron transport chain and the citric acid cycle. * ATP is created from both the citric acid cycle and the fatty acid spiral (Brandt, n.d.). 2. Saturated vs Unsaturated fatty acids * Saturated fatty acids: carbons are single bonded, solid at room temperature * Unsaturated fatty acids: carbons are double bonded, liquid at room temperature (Fatty Acid, 2015) 1. Saturated Fatty Acid 2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid 3. 4. No-Fat Diets * Non-fat diets are detrimental to the body, because vitamin-D, an essential vitamin, cannot be absorbed without lipids (fats). Vitamin D is essential to the absorption of vitamin C and phosphate. Vitamin C and phosphate are necessary for bone structure, neuromuscular function, and immune function. * Lipids are also necessary for the absorption of estrogen, one of the hormones responsible for reproduction, related to fetal growth and uterine changes during pregnancy. Without fat in the diet...
Words: 298 - Pages: 2
...the School of Biotechnology, International University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of B.S.c in Biotechnology STUDENT NAME: LE BAO – BTIU09080 SUPERVISOR: DR. HOANG TUNG Contents Acknowledgement ii Abstract 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Material and methods 5 3.1 Bacteria strain and medium 5 3.2 Inoculum preparation 5 3.3 Batch cultivations 5 3.4 Freeze-drying process 5 3.5 Analytical methods 6 3.6 Statistical analyses 8 3. Results 9 4.7 Bacterial density in 3-L batch fermentation 9 4.8 Dry cell weight 9 4.9 Protein content 10 4.10 Lipid content 10 4.11 Protein digestibility 11 4. Discussion 12 5.12 Biomass production 12 5.13 Protein and lipid content 12 5.14 Protein digestibility 13 5. Conclusion 15 Reference iii Appendix ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENT At first, I would like to express the deepest gratitude to my supervisors, Dr. Hoang Tung, who always gave the valuable instructions, and encouraged me to achieve the best from my working during the research time. I also thank Mr. Phan Cong Hoang for helpful discussions during the preparation of this thesis report and for providing the bacterial strains. In addition, I owe a debt of thanks to the lab technician of Applied Hydrobiology Lab - International University, Ms. Vo Thi Minh Thu for offering me the best working condition during my research...
Words: 7723 - Pages: 31
...would be when added with Benedict's solution or the Iodine solution. Without the controls, you wouldn't know. Lipids 1.Fat molecules are made up of a molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. Each fatty acid consists of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. The glycerol molecule has three hydroxyl groups, each label to interact with the carboxyl group of a fatty acid. Removal of a water molecule at each of these three positions form a triglyceride. 2.Fats, oils and waxes are all lipids. Fats and oils are made from glycerol and three fatty acids joined by dehydration synthesis. (also known as triglycerides). Naturally occurring esters of long chain carboxylic acids with long chain alcohols are waxes. Waxes are low melting point solids. 3.A diet including large quantities of saturated fatty acids should be avoided because saturated fatty acids are a major risk factor for heart attacks and strokes. Diets high in saturated fatty acids lead to an increase in the production of cholesterol. They also lead to health problems including obesity, heart diseases, and cancers of the breast and colon. The build up in the arteries can cause atherosclerosis which leads to major heart problems. Proteins 1. 2. Denaturing is a process in which the protein loses functionality because bonds are broken and it returns to the primary structure. The causes of protein denaturing include: heat (temperature, fever), pH (interrupts...
Words: 322 - Pages: 2
...BioOrg.Chem By A J M Analysis of lipids Lipids are chemically heterogeneous mixtures. The only common property they have is their insolubility in water. We can test for the presence of various lipids by analyzing their chemical constituents. Foods contain a variety of lipids, most important among them are fats, complex lipids, and steroids. Fats are triglycerides, esters of fatty acids and glycerol. Complex lipids also contain fatty acids, but their alcohol may be either glycerol or sphingosine. They also contain other constituents such as phosphate, choline, or ethanolamine or mono- to oligo-saccharides. An important representative of this group is lecithin, a glycerophospholipid, containing fatty acids, glycerol, phosphate, and choline. The most important steroid in foods is cholesterol. Different foods contain different proportions of these three groups of lipids. Structurally, cholesterol contains the steroid nucleus that is the common core of all steroids. There is a special colorimetric test, the Lieberman-Burchard reaction, which uses acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid as reagents, that gives a characteristic green color in the presence of cholesterol. This color is due to the ˆOH group of cholesterol and the unsaturation found in the adjacent fused ring. The color change is gradual: first it appears as a pink coloration, changing later to lilac, and finally to deep green. When lecithin is hydrolyzed in acidic medium, both the fatty acid ester bonds and the phosphate...
Words: 1103 - Pages: 5
...Desiree Schmitt 208.5.5 In humans/animals, the main cells that store fat for energy are adipocytes. These fat cells are found under the skin, in the abdominal cavity and surround major organs. The fatty tissue is the body’s main means of storing energy for long periods of time. Lipids, like triglycerides are stored in the adipocytes until ready to be used by the body for energy. Fat is broken down through metabolism in the mitochondria of the cell. The triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and 3 fatty acids. The glycerol can be easily converted to glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis. From there it can go through the Krebs Cycle and electron transport chain to make ATP. The 3 fatty acids can be broken down into 2 carbon subunits that are converted to Acetyl CoA which goes directly into the Krebs cycle and then electron transport chain to make more ATP. Fats are actually more energy efficient than glucose and can generate 2 times the amount of energy. Saturated fats are deemed saturated because all of the carbons on their chain are fully saturated with hydrogen. Saturated fats can be created in the body and are usually solid at room temperature. Saturated fats are considered the “bad” fats because they come from animals and raise cholesterol levels contributing to clogged arteries. Unsaturated fats have double bonds which result in fewer hydrogen on the carbon chains. The body cannot make double bonded carbon chains; therefore...
Words: 601 - Pages: 3
...completely surrounds the sample then siphons back to the boiling flask. Fat content is measured by weight loss ofthe sample or by weight of fat extracted. The crude fat content was found to be 449o. Maleki et at.. (2003) reported that the crude fat content of toog of sunflower is 50°ro which is slightly higher as compared to the result obtained. This may be due to inefóciency of Soxhlet methods to extract bound lipids. INTRODUCTION The tota) lipid content of a food is commonly determined by organic solvent extraction methods. The accuracy of these methods greatly depends on the solubility of the lipid in the solvent used and the ability to separate the lipids fom complexes with other macromolecules. The lipid content of a food determined by extraction with one solvent may be quite different from the content determined with another solvent of the different polarity. In addition to solvent extraction methods there are non-solvent wet extraction methods and several instrumental methods that utilize the physical and chemical properties of lipids in foods for fat content determination. (David and Boff, 2003) The objective of this practical was to determine the crude fat content in sunflower through semicontinuous method using Soxhlet apparatus. For semi continuous solvent extraction, the solvent builds up in the extraction chamber for 5 to 10...
Words: 357 - Pages: 2
...1.) A scientific theory is a widely accepted and both highly tested and proven explanation based on observable phenomenon that occurs in nature. Scientific theories are supported by a large amount of evidence. On the other hand, a hypothesis is an explanation for a scientific question, but is easily testable and falsifiable. A prediction is a guess of what will happen when conducting an experiment, but a hypothesis establishes a relationship that helps to explain how the conductor of the study came up with his/her prediction. For example, a prediction would be “salt is dissolvable in water”, and a hypothesis would be “the polar water molecules will separate the ionic NaCl compound causing the salt to dissolve.” If the predictions are accurate, the hypothesis is supported. Hypotheses that are useful for explaining the natural world are easily testable, falsifiable, and parsimonious. When proposing an explanation for why something happens in the natural world, the explanation (hypothesis) must not be ambiguous or difficult to test/prove. A hypothesis that would not be useful for explaining the natural world would be “dogs hate cats because cats resemble predators that walked the earth millions of years ago” because it is not falsifiable. There would be no way one could set up a study to either prove or disprove the hypothesis. A hypothesis that would be useful for explaining the natural world would be “tumors are caused by the build-up of certain radioactive molecules”...
Words: 1048 - Pages: 5
...Hi my name is Kortne Noblett. I'm A 35 year old mother of two. I Live in northwest Arkansas, and for the last eight years, i have worked for a bio-metric testing company out of Pennsylvania. I have traveled all over the united states as a team lead for my company, performing lipid panel profiles for our clients. Basically drawing blood and running labs on their total cholesterol, HDL(good cholesterol) LDL(bad cholesterol), triglycerides, glucose levels and then gathering a BMI workup, and finally health coaching. I have always enjoyed helping others, so this job has been very rewarding to me in that sense. The negative side to my job however, was having two children at home. Not being home with them all the time was the most difficult part of my job. The reason behind me leaving that job and pursuing a career in psychology is because I started going blind about 6 years ago. The doctors are still at a loss as to why I'm losing my sight. I Have been sent to several specialist and i still don't have any real answers. I Had hoped that we would have found the reason behind this and maybe given me a few more options; however i have had to start thinking about what my future will be like if and when I lose total use of my eye sight. My current profession will become more than I can manage if I am blind, so I have decided to change my profession to something that I not only will be able to use once blind; but also to something that I have been very passionate about most of...
Words: 612 - Pages: 3
...passive transport. This is a process which doesn’t require energy, diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are included in this. Active transport is a process which does need energy to function. Endocytosis and exocytosis are examples of this. Diffusion and the factors affecting how well it can occur will also be talked about. http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/@api/deki/files/26918/=17.6.new.jpg?revision=1 The phospholipid bilayer is a structural component that makes up all cell membranes. The lipid bilayer is named so because there are two layers of fat cells within the membrane. They are made up of a glycerol backbone with a phosphate group and two fatty acid chains attached to it. The phosphate group is polar while the fatty acids are no polar. Phospholipids are the main molecules found in the plasma membrane. The plasma membrane protects the interior of the cell which also has selective permeability. Most of the cell membrane is impenetrable to water soluble substances as it’s made up of lipids. Those water soluble substances and other molecules can pass through the membrane when it is made up of proteins. They can pass through by a channel protein or carrier protein. Cells need a membranes in order to control what substances go in and out. It also compartmentalises individual cell processes by containing the contents and organelles of the cells. Because of the bilayer, communication with the external environment can be achieved. This is also the site where many chemical reactions...
Words: 3544 - Pages: 15
...hopanoid’s effects on membrane structure are examined in prokaryotic membranes and compared with sterols. The authors hypothesized that the hopanoid, diplopterol (Dip), will function similarly to sterols in modulating the ordering lipids in membranes. Diplopterol Inhibits SM Gel State - Due...
Words: 1625 - Pages: 7
...Effects of Temperature on Membrane Permeability on Beta vulgaris Abstract In this experiment, we studied the effect of temperature on the cell membrane of a common garden beet Beta vulgaris. Beet roots were washed thoroughly, cut into six cylinders and then placed in separate test tubes. We placed each test tube in separate water baths at different temperatures for a specific period of time. The test tubes were then removed from the water baths and the absorbance of the solutions containing betalain pigments was recorded using a spectrophotometer . Maximum absorbance was recorded at -8°C (followed by the absorbance at 78.9 °C) indicating maximum release of pigments from the cell while minimum absorbance was recorded at 8°C. The results of the experiment were mostly consistent with the expectations and it was found that with increase in temperature the absorbance increases and so does the release of pigments from the cell. Introduction Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life . The word cell comes from the Latin word ‘cella’ , meaning small room. Cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke as a descriptive term for the smallest living biological creature. The cell theory, developed by Schleiden and Schwann states that all cells arise from pre- existing cells by cell division , each cell acts as an elementary organism and all organisms are composed of one or more cells. On the basis of number of cells organisms can be classified as unicellular...
Words: 2164 - Pages: 9
...As the manager of the "cell team", i decided that the most valuable player is the cell surface membrane. Also known as plasma membrane, the cell surface membrane consists of a double layer of phospholipids. The hydrophilic heads of phospholipids face outwards into the water while the hydrophobic tails face inwards pointing each others. The two layered structure is known as the phospholipid bilayer. Intrinsic proteins will be found at the phospholipid bilayer to allow the transport of certain substances. Besides, cholesterols are present in the bilayer to maintain the mechanical stability of the membrane. Two scientists, Singer and Nelson made a hypothesis for the structure of the plasma membrane, which they named their model "fluid mosaic model"....
Words: 709 - Pages: 3
...surface of the membrane All of the following can cross the cell membrane by simple diffusion EXCEPT? O2 ethanol CO2 glucose All of the following factors affect membrane fluidity EXCEPT? temperature cholesterol cis/trans-configuration of double bonds all of the above affect membrane fluidity Which of the following is true when comparing facilitated diffusion to simple diffusion? facilitated diffusion does not occur down a concentration gradient, only simple diffusion does facilitated diffusion is faster than simple diffusion energy in facilitated diffusion is supplied by cellular energy, not by the gradient facilitated diffusion does not display saturation kinetics, while simple diffusion does Which type of diffusion for proteins and lipids is considered energetically very unfavorable in the membrane? transverse diffusion lateral diffusion simple diffusion facilitated diffusion 18. Which are of the following is NOT found in animal plasma membranes? glycoproteins cholesterol nucleic acids phospholipids 19. What type of protein in the cell membrane has a specific shape that only a particular molecule can bind to it? channel protein receptor protein carrier protein cell-recognition protein The diffusion of water across a permeable membrane is called? osmosis facilitated diffusion simple diffusion none of the above...
Words: 561 - Pages: 3
...Article 1|| Heart Doctor Explains Cholesterol Levels In this artic Dr. Suzanne Steinbaumle (Steinbaum, 2016) explains what cholesterol is, how it affects a female body and the differences between “good” and “bad” cholesterol. Cholesterol comes from two sources: your body and food. Your liver and other cells in your body make about 75 percent of blood cholesterol. The other 25 percent comes from the foods you eat. Cholesterol is only found in animal products. Understanding how cholesterol affects the female body and how females can regulate their good cholesterol and counteract the bad cholesterol will allow doctors to understand the differences between patients that could benefit from using the new drug. The new cholesterol guidelines advise doctors to consider a patient’s overall health in treatment decisions. And that’s why one of the biggest changes in the cholesterol guidelines could lead to more people taking cholesterol-lowering drugs called statins (Steinbaum, 2016). Article 2|| High Cholesterol In this article Dr. Andrew Weil explains the desirable levels of cholesterol, HDL or protective cholesterol, LDL or bad cholesterol and the triglyceride levels: Desirable levels of total cholesterol are 200 mg per deciliter of blood or less; levels between 200 mg/dL and 239 mg/dL are considered borderline high; 240 mg/dL or higher is considered high cholesterol and raises your risk of heart disease to twice what it would be if your total cholesterol were 200 mg/dL or lower...
Words: 615 - Pages: 3