...News Media and Terrorism: Changing Relationship, Changing Definitions Zohar Kampf Department of Communication Hebrew University In this article I discuss two aspects that are important for understanding the relationship between Western news media and terrorism: the changing representation of terrorists and terrorist attacks in the media, and with it, the changing definition of terrorism. By calling attention to evolving news media practices in times of terrorism, I argue that advanced communication technologies and the emergence of global media ecology since the 1990s has made terrorism more visible in both national and international media landscapes. One consequence is that the more the news media expose terrorism to global audiences via the "front-door", the more controversial the use of the terms terrorism and terrorist become in social, political, and scholarly discourse. The paper addresses the new journalistic practices and their consequences as documented in previous studies on media reporting of terrorism in several national contexts, mostly the UK, the US and Israel. Terrorism, media, and the nation (or, reading about terrorists in the next day's newspaper) Classic definitions of terrorism evolved in a world in which a modernist view reigned supreme. Despite constant debates about how to define the term (Schmid 1983; Schlesinger 1981; Gibbs 1989; Nacos 2007), one conventional definition, at least under U.S. law, characterizing a nationalistic perception...
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...mission which still continues to grow as alluded to by the number of domestic problems to which the Department of Defense (DOD) has responded to in past years (Grange & Johnson 1997, p.108). The U.S has acknowledged and prepared for terrorist attacks for years. The terrorist events in the fall of 2001 put to test the extent to which the local, State, and Federal emergencies had in responding to emergency or disaster (Fema, 2004, p. 7). London bombings of 2005, Oklahoma City Bombings of 1995, and Centennial Olympic Park bombings of 1996 have challenged the effectiveness and efficiency of emergence services in the United Kingdom, and the U.S. London bombings on July 7, 2005 have revealed several serious emergency issues, which were similar to emergency issues in 1995 and 1996 in the United States. Terrorist acts seriously undermine the stability of any society. The role of emergency services is to provide victims and injured with full information and timely assistance. Critical accidents similar to Oklahoma or Olympic park bombings reveal the major emergency inconsistencies and failures. These failures are later evaluated and addressed in numerous after-action reviews. Emergency response to London bombings 2005 “Terrorists attacked London on 7 July 2005, claiming 52 innocent lives and injuring hundreds more. Many more people were affected by their experiences that day and in the days that followed” (Home Office Security, 2006). Emergency response to bombings was immediate and...
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...The Broad Street cholera outbreak was a severe outbreak of cholera that occurred near Broad Street in the Soho district of London, England in 1854. This outbreak is best known for the physician John Snow's study of the outbreak and his discovery that contaminated water, not air, spread cholera. This discovery came to influence public health and the construction of improved sanitation facilities beginning in the 19th century. Later, the term "focus of infection" would be used to describe places like the Broad Street pump in which conditions are good for transmission of an infection. In the mid-19th century, the Soho district of London had a serious problem with filth due to the large influx of people and a lack of proper sanitary services: the London sewer system had not reached Soho. Many cellars (basements) had cesspools underneath their floorboards. Since the cesspools were overrunning, the London government decided to dump the waste into the River Thames. That specific action contaminated the water supply, leading to a cholera outbreak. On 31 August 1854, after several other outbreaks had occurred elsewhere in the city, a major outbreak of cholera reached Soho. John Snow, the physician who eventually linked the outbreak to contaminated water, later called it "the most terrible outbreak of cholera which ever occurred in this kingdom."[1] Over the next three days, 127 people on or near Broad Street died. In the next week, three quarters of the residents had fled the area....
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...Lone Wolf Terrorism Introduction Problem background and significance In the United States terrorism incidents such as the attack in 1995 in Oklahoma by Timothy McVeigh and the September 11th attack in 2001, have led to the realization that lone wolf terrorism posses a grave threat to the safety of the public. Terrorism analysts and law enforcement authorities have insisted that it is hard to spot lone terrorists before they strike and this is of great threat to the security of a nation. From FBI information it is evident that lone terrorism trends indicate that it is an ongoing risk both in side the United States and outside the country (Risen & Johnston, 2003) In 2003 the director of the FBI stated that there was an increased threat from persons who are affiliated or sympathetic with the Al Qaeda and they act without having any conspiracies surrounding them or external support. Scholars in the field of terrorism have in the past concentrated on the how terrorist groups work so as to explain how individuals work. The general view of terrorism is that it is a group activity which is mainly influenced by leaders training, recruitment, obedience and conformity, solidarity and moral disengagement. Due to the imbalance that exists between the focus by scholars on terrorism that is group based on one hand and apparent threat posed by lone wolf terrorist on the other hand, necessitates the empirical and conceptual analysis of lone wolf terrorism so as to establish a good understanding...
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...carried out (Bell, 2005). On the other side, a manager tend to have issue following the fact that some fields were created for some specific reasons and those reason may not be compatible with the management research question. However, in most cases not all the management issues are researchable and not all the research questions can also be answered and this becomes an issue that is said to happen in research process. Some management problems are very complicated and prove to be intractable to traditional form of analysis which becomes an issue to the research process which is slowed down. In this case research can not be handled with accuracy following the existence of the many interrelated facets which also reduces the susceptibility of attack from the quantitative research methods. The urge to attain genuine politically motivated research information is an issue that managers have to work on in order to attain the desired research process (Bell, 2005). The favored-technique syndrome is an issue resulting from post-purchase service dissatisfaction which ought to be avoided to prevent issues in the future. Company database strip-mining is as a result of specific reasons that were created for specific management problems and in most cases they are not...
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...carried out (Bell, 2005). On the other side, a manager tend to have issue following the fact that some fields were created for some specific reasons and those reason may not be compatible with the management research question. However, in most cases not all the management issues are researchable and not all the research questions can also be answered and this becomes an issue that is said to happen in research process. Some management problems are very complicated and prove to be intractable to traditional form of analysis which becomes an issue to the research process which is slowed down. In this case research can not be handled with accuracy following the existence of the many interrelated facets which also reduces the susceptibility of attack from the quantitative research methods. The urge to attain genuine politically motivated research information is an issue that managers have to work on in order to attain the desired research process (Bell, 2005). The favored-technique syndrome is an issue resulting from post-purchase service dissatisfaction which ought to be avoided to prevent issues in the future. Company database strip-mining is as a result of specific reasons that were created for specific management problems and in most cases they are not...
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...hacking are discussed, such as the motivations that were behind guiding hackers who were at first computer professional to perform unauthorized activities, at the same time a discussion about the types of attacks can be found. The society response to hacking attacks lacks till this moment the ability to stop or completely prevent attacks from happening because as long as security tools are developed, more sophisticated hacking attacks are invented. That’s why we should start to think about hacker’s psychology as the main way to prevent and stop attacks by understanding their needs or desires. Introduction The Oxford English Dictionary defines hacking as “cut or chop roughly; mangle: cut (one’s way)”… to its present definition as “gain unauthorized access (to data in a computer)”. Banks (1997:11) defines hacking as “something that boring mainframe computer operators did to improve performance and battle boredom.” Here banks focuses on boredom as the reason of hacking. A more technical definition of hacking according to Digital Guards data base (2001) is “unauthorized use, or attempts to circumvent or bypass the security mechanisms of an information system or network.” Darlington (2001) believes hacking is not limited to accessing data or information but also includes an attack on the privacy of all people. Almost all different opinions agree on the illegality of hacking. On the other hand the word...
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...Epidemiology Study Guide Introduction to Epidemiology History * John Graunt * Published Bills of Mortality in 1622 * Analysis of weekly reports of births and deaths in London by sex, age, and time. * Discovered that births and deaths of men occurred in excess; high death rates of infants; and seasonal pattern with highest mortality in winter. * John Snow * Conducted one of the first observational studies in the neighborhoods of 19th century London and discovered that contaminated drinking water was the cause of cholera. * Carefully documented what he called a “natural experiment” in which neighbors received water provided by different companies and had differing rates of disease. * Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill * Conducted groundbreaking studies on cigarette smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. * James Lind * Conducted one of the earliest experimental studies, which was the treatment of scurvy among sailors. * Using sound experimental principles, he found that the consumption of oranges and lemons were the most effective remedies for scurvy in this population. * William Farr * Compiled the Statistical Abstracts in Great Britain from 1839 through 1880. * He pioneered many activities encompassed by modern epidemiology, including the calculation of mortality rates using census data for denominators. Definitions * Epidemiology – the study of the distribution and determinants...
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...Right-wing Extremism Report of April 2009. The NYPD introduces a framework supporting the progression of impressionable, alienated individuals in the United States progressing into radical extreme Islam with the propensity for terrorism. The DHS takes a look back in comparison to the 1990s and the similar factors that may be influencing a potential rise in activity and recruiting of white supremacy groups and militias. The New York Police Department Intelligence Division explored the extreme Islamic radicalization process of “unremarkable” individuals living in the West since September 11, 2001. The NYPD compared and assessed cases from the Madrid attack of March 2004, Amsterdam’s Hofstad Group, London attack of July 2005 to The Toronto 18 Case, discussing the reference points of the al-Qaeda inspired ideology against the homegrown terrorism cases of Lackawana, New York, Portland Oregon, Northern Virginia, New York City’s Herald Square Subway, and The AL Muhajiroun Two of New York City. The NYPD analyzed the framework; pre-radicalization, self-identification, indoctrination to full blown jihadization which projects individuals from common citizen to jihadists attacking their cities of origin. Through expert reporting and analysis, they touch on the pace of the process, influential radical Imams, the efficiency of clandestine groups, schools, prisons and tools like the internet to recruit and gather like-minded groups, and “clean skins” for support, mentoring, and the slow...
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...white hats have permission to carry out their attacks on a company to fix the problems. (2) A majority of company owners say that white hat protection is the only true way to ensue security in their businesses. White hats use the same programs and knowledge as black hats do. They usually stay in the cyber underworld to keep updated on attacks and information. Black hat hackers are the most rare and elite of all the hacker groups. Most are connected with criminal activities, such as espionage. (2001) Not all hackers labeled black hat hackers are connected with criminal activities in real life. There are many "old school" hackers considered black hat. They are the ones that are usually from the 1960's and use the word hacker with honor and freedom. (Quinter 2) Most of these hackers do not have a negative intent they are usually programs from Stanford or MIT. They have good ethics and believe in open source and fixing flaws in programming. Most black hat hackers are criminals and are very powerful. (Glenn 8) Political and personal revenge is a major motivating factor in becoming a true black hat hacker, but the most elite hackers go for the money. Industrial espionage is one of the best paid jobs for a hacker. A typical espionage attacks takes about three weeks and they usually pull in a million dollars a job. Black hats are good at what they do and usually don't get caught. Around 90% of companies reported at least one attack in the last year. Three-fourths of them reported...
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...To what extent can “ethnic cleansing” in Bosnia be attributed to the manipulative influence of elites? In the years before the disintegration of Yugoslavia in 1990-91, ethnic relations were neighbourly and cooperative. However, Yugoslavia had been made up of six republics and it was a multi-ethnic country in which ‘nations and nascent states did not coincide’. Bosnia in particular was multi-ethnic. Its population consisted of Serbs, Croats and Muslims. There was undoubtedly potential for ethnic conflict and with the failure of communism and the disintegration of Yugoslavia, ethnic relation deteriorated rapidly. This was in large part due to the manipulative influence of elites who sought to establish nation states. Serbian nationalists looking to create a “Greater Serbia”, and Croatian nationalists attempting to establish a “Greater Croatia” manipulated ethnic relations with repetitive propaganda and “expert” opinion. Added to this, the fear and uncertainty created by the disintegration itself was a factor that led to ethnic cleansing, spawning nationalist ideologies and giving credibility rumours spread by elites. Furthermore, a history of ethnic cleansing in the Balkans made the transition from nationalism to ethnic cleansing short and easy, as well as making people more receptive to the influence of elite propaganda. Existing communal conflicts in Bosnia were also in small part responsible for the levels of ethnic cleansing however these were exaggerated and intensified...
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...Essay Plan P- Durkheim is a positivist E- Suicide is not an individual act its due to social integration, moral regulation and the 4 types of suicide (anomic, altruistic, fatalistic and egoistic) R- An example of Altruistic- Japanese kamikaze pilots who risk their life in a suicide attack in honour of their country. C- Interpretivists criticise the use of official statistics - social construct + doesn't explain the social factors that can cause an individual to commit suicide - due to suicidal forces being unable to be seen or measures, the theory has no true evidence= invalid or reliable Y- Durkheim’s theory contributes to our understanding of suicide as it explains the patterns within suicide statistics. P- Interpretivists look at the meaning of suicide rather than social structure- Douglas - suicide notes, diaries, interviews E- Social meaning -catholics are less likely to class the act as suicide as they are ashamed and therefore cover it up- no true representation of suicide rates -Four types of suicide (self repentance, sympathy, revenge and escape) Support (Jean Beachler) develops on Douglas- explained through personal factors instead of external thought case studies R- Sympathy example- dad kills himself after son shots himself with dad’s gun. C-definition of suicide may be different in cultures- japan sees suicide as an honour -provides an detailed explanation to why people commit suicide Y- This theory is useful as it look into depth of each...
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...1934 studying in different disciplines with a strong belief in Communism. They were all good friends with each other with the exception of Cairncross who was never really part of the circle. The first of the Cambridge Five group and probably the most famous was Harold Adrian Russell Philby, also known as Kim codenamed Sohnchen, then Tom and Stanley. He was born in India on January 1, 1912. His father is St John Bridger Philby who worked in the Indian Civil Service as a civil servant. He later became a Muslim, married a Saudi slave girl as his second wife, and lives in Mecca as an Arab. St John spoke seven different languages, wrote for The Times, stood for parliament twice, won international honour as an explorer, and was a member of London clubs....
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...end but this should be place here at the start of your report. Perhaps this was a computer error in your lay out? 1. INTRODUCTION We are all familiar with the fact that risk is a part of everyday life. Risk is evident in all walks of life from road traffic accidents, to terrorist attacks at airports, to leaks of radiation at nuclear power plants also well as health scares from MRSA. Risk is so prevalent today that we are said to live in a ‘Risk Society’. This has been defined as ‘an account of contemporary society that emphasizes the development of the side effects of modernisation and the growth of many people's awareness of risk.’ You need to include a source reference for this quotation. A lot of risks are invisible, like for example, radiation from the Chernobyl nuclear accident, so there is an absolute reliance on expert knowledge in order to manage people’s anxiety. Perhaps a reference to Beck’s theory could be included here. He argues that as society has become increasingly complex, we look to experts to help us with assessing risks. How we make sense of, manage and incorporate risk into our life is a focus of this report and a number of case studies will be examined to determine how both expert and lay knowledge is used to manage risk. We shall see that the provision of knowledge by experts is not necessarily accepted by people who tend to assimilate the knowledge provided in their own different ways. Yes this is an important point which needs...
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...Writing a Paper or Thesis Thesis Procedure Selecting a Topic An Outline Research and Analysis of the Topic Structure and Format Quotations, Paraphrasing, Plagiarism and Fraud Footnotes, References and the Bibliography Minimum Requirements and Grading 1 2 2 3 4 5 7 7 9 11 15 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the authors. 1 2. Introduction Writing skills are of eminent importance for a lawyer. That is why some courses require you to write a paper and the LL.M. Programme requires you to write a thesis at the end of your studies. There are strict requirements regarding the contents and the procedure. The following guidelines will provide you with information for successful completion. If you would like more guidance during the writing of your thesis, then you are advised to consult the following websites: http://www.learnerassociates.net/dissthes/ (structure and format) http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ (language) http://writingcenters.org/index.php (overview writing centres) The paper/thesis must be in English. This means for most of you, since English is not your native language, that you will encounter difficulties in the conversion of domestic law expressions in English. In order to assist you with translation of legal terms, refer to: Henry Campbell Black...
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