...sychologyHow depression affects people Kim Branim Psychology 326 Sonja Bethune October 16, 2012 Introduction This study was design to find loci major depression via linkage analysis of a large sibling pair sample. Depressions in twins and families have been shown moderate high. “However the gene that caused depression had not been detected says” Lewis Cathryn but Gerome Breen “says that Chromosome3 it a link to severe depression. Breen study took 417 families with 479 concordant sibling pairs to perform genome-wide linkage analysis. Breen used the first wave of families, suggestive and modest suggestive and modest evidence for linkage was found on chromosomes 1p36, 12q, 13q, and 15q. The peaks on chromosomes 12q and 15q also showed evidence for linkage in other samples (8-10). In the present study, we report linkage analysis results using an expanded sample that includes 325 additional families contributing 474 sibling pairs, resulting in a total of 971 concordant sibling pairs with recurrent depression. The total sample also consisted of 118 discordant sibling pairs and 12 unaffected sibling pairs. Linkage can be detected when heterogeneity and error in phenotype are decreased. Also for depression, reliability is improved by focusing on severe cause ad indexed by symptom count or impairment. (Breen,2011) . Literature review The article name is Genome-Wide Association Study of Major Recurrent Depression in the U.K. Population. The Studies of major depression...
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...What is Depression? Depression is a medical illness that causes a constant feeling of hopelessness and lack of interest. Depression affects how the person feels, behaves and thinks. This can lead to emotional and physical problems. Typically, people with depression find it hard to go about their day-to-day activities, and may also feel that life is not worth living. However, depression is not uniform. Signs and symptoms may be experienced by some sufferers and not by others. How severe the symptoms are, and how long they last depends on the individual person and their illness. Warning signs include symptoms such as: constant feeling of sadness, anxiety, and emptiness , a general feeling of pessimism, feelings of restlessness or hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, low energy or fatigue, disturbed sleep patterns, and in extreme cases suicidal thoughts. Many people are ashamed to ask for help because they are afraid of what other people might think. However, depression is a common illness for which there are many treatments. Types of Depression There are many different types of depression. Events in your life can trigger some, while others are caused by chemical changes in your brain. A few examples include: Major Depression, in which you feel depressed most of the time for most days of the week. Bipolar depression, in which you have high and low extremes. During the low phase, patients have the symptoms of major depression, while in the high phase they exhibit mania...
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...(State of the art Basic concepts of depression Eugene S. Paykel, MD, FRCP, FRCPsych, FMedSci Historical background This paper reviews concepts of depression, including history and classification. The original broad concept of melancholia included all forms of quiet insanity. The term depression began to appear in the nineteenth century, as did the modern concept of affective disorders, with the core disturbance now viewed as one of mood. The 1980s saw the introduction of defined criteria into official diagnostic schemes. The modern separation into unipolar and bipolar disorder was introduced following empirical research by Angst and Perris in the 1960s. The partially overlapping distinctions between psychotic and neurotic depression, and between endogenous and reactive depression, started to generate debate in the 1920s, with considerable multivariate research in the 1960s. The symptom element in endogenous depression currently survives in melancholia or somatic syndrome. Life stress is common in various depressive pictures. Dysthymia, a valuable diagnosis, represents a form of what was regarded earlier as neurotic depression. Other subtypes are also discussed. © 2008, LLS SAS rior to the late 19th century, although detailed systems of classification abounded, the main problem for psychiatric nosology was the establishment of the broad major disorders. Melancholia was recognized as early as the time of Hippocrates, and continued through Galenic medicine and medieval...
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...Presented here it is a critical evaluation of biological approach for treatment of depression. Antidepressant are the most common biological treatment for this type of disorder, but treatments such as Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT), alteration in sleep patterns following body temperature cycle are also used to relief the symptoms of depression. However antidepressant drugs provide an effective and inexpensive help, studies have found that the behavioural effects of these drugs could take over two weeks before showing any benefit and any perceived effect before this period would be a placebo effect (Kalat, 2001). Some studies proposed the existence of a two models markers for depression: Biological/endogenous & psychological/reactive depression. Based on this assumption an endogenous depression would only respond to a pharmacological treatment while a psychological depression would only respond to psychological treatment (Free & Oei, 1989). Further we will evaluate the effectiveness of a combined (cognitive-behavioural therapy and antidepressant) intervention in order to achieve a better outcome on treatment of depression. Depression is one of the most common illnesses and is characterised by symptoms such as loss of energy, sadness, difficulty in concentration and in the most serious cases the patient can contemplate or commit suicide. Research found that women are more likely to suffer from depression, with depressive episodes more probable to occur between 25 to 44 years old...
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...Running Head: Depression 1 Severe Depression from the Clinical Psychological Perspective Michelle Brummet Introduction to Applied Behavioral Sciences 200 Instructor Jeannine Jones October 6, 2014 \ 2 ` Severe Depression from the Clinical Psychological Perspective Let’s first define what psychology and applied psychology means and how it is applied. Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and why people act the way they do. Applied psychology is the professional application of knowledge, sometimes psychological, to the possible solution of problems associated with human behavior. Clinical psychologists, according to Davey (2011); “…are closely involved in helping people to recover from these kinds of problems. They attempt to help people to understand the causes of their difficulties, provide interventions that can help to alleviate specific symptoms associated with their difficulties, and provide support and guidance through the period of recovery” (sect. 2.1). Millions of people all over the world are affected every day by depression. It ranges in seriousness from mild, temporary episodes of...
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...et al., 2016). Consistent to this, numerous studies provided evidence that genetic inheritance was a key feature of the biological contribution on the development of major depression (e.g. Klein, Lewinsohn, Rohde, Seely & Durbin 2002; Schreier, Höfler, Wittchen & Lieb 2006). However, Mr. X’s case did not present any family history of depression which meant that there were no evidences that him having depression was associated with genetics. Ingram & Ritter (2000) noted that several cognitive theories suggested that disruptions on the basic bonding processes between a child and their caretaker produce...
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...Depression in Adolescents: A Look at Effects, Causes, and Treatments Christopher Marshall Jaffe Vanderbilt University Abstract This paper describes and analyzes the very general term of depression, specifically keying on depression in adolescents. The paper is split into four main sections, the first being the definition of the problem. This section will discuss what the problem is and how it is defined in the scientific world. The second section will outline and present the effects and importance of depression on the individual, family, and society as a whole. The third section will discuss the causes of depression using theories such as the Hopelessness Theory of Depression, the Response Style Theory of Depression, and Beck’s Cognitive Theory of depression. And lastly the fourth section of this paper will discuss different treatments to the problem and their effectiveness. Definition Depression Depression has been around before the ancient Greeks and even before it got deemed “depression” the famous, “Greek physician Hippocrates, called it melancholia” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012). It is so common in the psychological world now that some refer to it as the common cold. Depression can be described simply as, “A mood or emotional state that is marked by feelings of low self-worth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life” (Encyclopedia Britannica...
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...Major Depression Disorder Major Depression Disorde The topic of this case study is Major Depression Disorder (MDD). This disorder is one of the most common psychiatric disorders, which occurs in both the young and old. Of all of the types of depression MDD is prominent due to the extent and duration of the most severe form of depression. It is second to heart disease in the extent it collaborates to the lower qualities of life. MDD is characterized by the effects it causes during such extent, leading it to be the most severe form of depression. In this paper the details of MDD, diagnosis, treatment, family, and psychosocial aspects will be covered. MDD as described by the DSM-IV TR is said to have 5 of the 9 disabling condition characteristics. Symptoms of MDD include but, are not limited to depressed mood, lack of interest, weight changes, sleep patterns, concentration issues, suicidal tendencies and thoughts. This disorder is characterized from other forms of depression such as seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and grief. For example, forms have less magnitude and shorter durations due to circumstantial situations related to the cause. MDD can be distinguished from other types of depression such as dysthymia and loss which, involve long-term chronic symptoms that do not disable and individual but, keep them from feeling good. The majestic of MDD can be conveyed by the social and occupational functioning. The downiness exemption to MDD need to...
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...Research Paper: Victory Over Depression Abstract: In today’s society depression can be seen as taboo and something that is not socially acceptable. However, it is the ongoing reality for many women. The struggle with depression in the life of women is more common than not, whether it is undiagnosed or diagnosis it is prevalent regardless of ones socioeconomically background. The paper will explore depression onset, treatment and explore how individuals can have work towards having complete victory over depression. Class session 9 – “Fox Meadows Assisted Living”, page 177-178, Sweeney-Feld and Oetjen textbook. The case study questions that you must respond to are found on page 178. The review of each team case should not exceed 12 double spaced pages, not including your APA cover page and a reference page. All type must be Times Roman 12 point pica. Use the APA style for citing all sources The team management paper (e.g., case analysis) accounts for 25 points, or 25 percent of your grade Background: The black box of depression can potentially have an unpredictable impact on the life of an individual. Those who struggle with this diagnosis on a day to day basis at times cannot predict the outcome of the situation if left untreated. That National Alliance of Mental Illness reports nearly 15 million Americans averaging one and ten adults experience some form of depression annually. The statistics amongst women are considerably startling because one...
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...individuals would argue that there are many causes for depression. Before getting into some of the contributing factors, many statistics show us that depression is hereditary and if your mother and father suffered from depression, then you yourself may find that you are more likely to be diagnosed as well ( Berger, Joshua L. 5). Clinical depression, also known as major depression or depression is defined as a mood disorder that may occur only once in an individual’s lifetime or in groups of episodes that typically last anywhere from 9 to 16 months ( Berger, Joshua L. 8). Statistics show that depression is hereditary and can be passed down from generation to generation.. This is an argumentative topic that I feel must be brought into the open as not many people who suffer from it realize that they are actually going through it and just how serious it can be. Those who are fortunate to have people to talk to have an opportunity to help themselves, but there are many who do not even know of the existence of this illness. With this paper, I aim to show how depression differs from the sadness or gloom everyone goes through at some periods in their lives. Along with that, I also aim to argue that depression is not at all uncommon and as extraordinary as people feel and think it to be, as statistics argue that 1 out of 4 individuals will suffer from depression at some point in their life (Barglow, Peter, M.D. 12). Many would argue that depression is not truly an illness, but it indeed is and...
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...Major Depression and Suicide Kathy Lightsey AB200 Introduction to Applied Behavioral Science Carol Abraham Nov. 03, 2014 Major Depression and Suicide The word depression is used for a wide range of mental states. On one side are passing moods of disappointments, regrets, or anxiety that almost everyone experience one time or another. On the other side there are symptoms which are described by many psychiatrists as clinical depression. This is a lingering feeling of despair that last for weeks at a time. Normally when a doctor or psychiatrists make a diagnosis of clinical depression is when a person suffers from most or all of a group of symptoms for longer than two weeks. Depression is the common cold of psychological problems. People with the run-of-the-mill depression may feel sad, blue, or “down in the dumps.” They may complain of lack of energy, loss of self-esteem, difficulty concentrating, loss of interest in activities, and other people ( Nezlek et al., 2000), uncontrollable crying, and thoughts of suicide. These feelings are more intense in people such as Joe in our course case study with major depressive disorder (MDD). According to the nationally representative sample of more than 9,000 adults in the United States, MDD affected 6% to 7% of the people within any given year, and one person in six over the course of their lives (Kessler, 2003). About half of those with MDD experience sever symptoms such poor appetite, serious weight loss, and agitation or psychomotor...
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...* Skip to page content OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS. EFFECTIVE SOLUTIONS. Site-wide navigation * About * Support RAND * Newsroom * Events * RESEARCH * LATEST INSIGHTS * POLICY EXPERTS * CAPABILITIES * GRADUATE SCHOOL * 中文(简体) * Sign In ------------------------------------------------- Top of Form Bottom of Form RAND > Published Research > Research Briefs > RB-9336 > Invisible Wounds Mental Health and Cognitive Care Needs of America’s Returning Veterans RESEARCHHIGHLIGHTS View the print-friendly version: PDF (0.2 MB) Key findings: * Approximately 18.5 percent of U.S. servicemembers who have returned from Afghanistan and Iraq currently have post-traumatic stress disorder or depression; and 19.5 percent report experiencing a traumatic brain injury during deployment. * Roughly half of those who need treatment for these conditions seek it, but only slightly more than half who receive treatment get minimally adequate care. * Improving access to high-quality care(i.e., treatment supported by scientific evidence) can be cost-effective and improve recovery rates. | Since October 2001, approximately 1.64 million U.S. troops have deployed to support operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many have been exposed for prolonged periods to combat-related stress or traumatic events. Safeguarding the mental health of these servicemembers and veterans is an important part of ensuring the future readiness of our military force and...
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...DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 2. Table of Contents Introduction …………………………………………………………………………….…....3. Background of Depression in Adolescence…….…………………………………………….4. Causes ...............................................................................................................................…...5. Symptoms………………………………………………………………………………….…6. Diagnosis….…………………………………………………………………………………. 7. Treatment……………………………………………………………………………………..7. Epidemiology of Depression in Youth……………………………………………………….9. Contextualised issues pertaining to Depression in Adolescence……………………………10. The impact of Culture on Adolescent Depression…………………………………………...10. Abnormal behaviours associated with Adolescent Depression….…………………………..11. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...11. References…………………………………………………………………………………...12. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 3. This research paper will address depression in adolescents. Depression is often labelled as ‘the sickness of our time’ due to its prolific nature. Some of the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of depression in adolescents as well as the contextualised issues, cultural implications and other abnormal behaviour associated with the disorder will be discussed. DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENTS 4. Background of Depression in Adolescence Adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood, a stage of major growth and development in which significant physiological, cognitive, psychological...
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...Case Study: Sara Goldfarb Case Study: Sara Goldfarb 2 Sara Goldfarb is an elderly widow who lived alone in a one-bedroom apartment in Brooklyn New York. She was slightly overweight, but otherwise she was relatively healthy. Sara had a few friends in her complex, but expressed feeling useless and lonely. She had one son named Harry who was the only family she had, but he rarely visited her. Sara loved Harry, but at the same time he frightened her. His struggle with drug addiction caused him to bully her and resulted in him frequently taking her television to get money for drugs. She attempted to prevent this by padlocking her television to the radiator, but she always gave in to him due to her fear. She suffered with the humiliation of having to retrieve her television from the hock shop regularly and also dealt with financial strain that this causes her. She refused to report her son to the police, because he was all she has left in the world. Most of her free time was spent alone in her apartment watching television and eating. Sara would refer to her deceased husband Seymore periodically, but up until recently she was in touch with reality. Sara received a phone call advising her that she was selected as a possible contestant on a television show, which seemed to have given her a renewed purpose for her life. She reminisced about the past and happier times; and became...
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...Elizabeth Rodriguez BEH/225 February 22, 2012 Richard Miller There are close to 15 million Americans who suffer from major depressive disorder today according to figure 12-1 in the Understanding Psychology textbook on page 396 (Morris & Maisto, 2010). Depression is a mood disorder in which a person is stuck in the emotional state of sadness regardless of any positive events in his life. Clinical depression last much longer than “normal” depression. Everyone, at some point in their lives, will experience “normal” depression which is usually a reaction to a stressful event or experience; when that depression continues long after the event it is considered a mood disorder. Depression is brought on by social, biological, and psychological factors and can be treated by therapies and medication. “Major depressive disorder is an episode of intense sadness that may last for several months…” (Understanding Psychology, Chapter 12, pg. 398). Besides the overwhelming feeling of sadness there are usually other symptoms. Concentration may be impaired making reading, working, or making decisions difficult. Problems with concentration and changes in short-term memory can be the first signs of depression. A person can lose interest in food, sex, or other activities he used to take pleasure in. Lack of sleep, Insomnia, or too much sleep is common. In some cases people may develop suicidal thoughts or tendencies; teenagers and young adults are more likely to act on these thoughts than...
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